Neurociência Para Leigos_230512_220338

Neurociência\ue603 Para \ue603Leigos Por\ue603que\ue603a\ue603Neurociência\ue603é\ue603importante?\ue603A\ue603estrutura\ue603mais\ue603complexa\ue603do\ue603universo\ue603é\ue603a massa\ue603de\ue6031,36kg\ue603de\ue603células\ue603dentro\ue603de\ue603nosso\ue603crânio\ue603chamada\ue603cérebro.\ue603O\ue603cérebro consiste\ue603de\ue603cerca\ue603de\ue603100\ue603bilhões\ue603de\ue603neurônios,\ue603o\ue603que\ue603é\ue603cerca\ue603da\ue603mesma quantidade\ue603de\ue603estrelas\ue603na\ue603Via\ue603Láctea\ue603e\ue603o\ue603número\ue603de\ue603galáxias\ue603no\ue603universo conhecido.\ue603Ele\ue603também\ue603contém\ue603cerca\ue603de\ue603um\ue603trilhão\ue603de\ue603células\ue603da\ue603glia,\ue603que contribuem\ue603para\ue603o\ue603funcionamento\ue603adequado\ue603dos\ue603neurônios.\ue603Como\ue603qualquer máquina\ue603complexa,\ue603o\ue603cérebro\ue603contém\ue603várias\ue603partes,\ue603cada\ue603qual\ue603com\ue603subpartes, que\ue603também\ue603têm\ue603subpartes,\ue603seguindo\ue603até\ue603seus\ue603\u201celementos\ue603mais\ue603básicos\u201d\ue603\u2014\ue603os neurônios\ue603e\ue603a\ue603glia.\ue603Nesta\ue603Folha\ue603de\ue603Cola\ue603você\ue603encontra\ue603informações\ue603sobre\ue603as partes-chave\ue603do\ue603cérebro\ue603e\ue603o\ue603papel\ue603e\ue603função\ue603das\ue603células\ue603que\ue603formam\ue603o\ue603sistema nervoso. NEUROCIÊNCIA:\ue603OS\ue603TIPOS\ue603E\ue603FUNÇÕES\ue603DAS CÉLULAS\ue603NO\ue603SISTEMA\ue603NERVOSO\ue603CENTRAL O\ue603sistema\ue603nervoso\ue603consiste\ue603do\ue603sistema\ue603nervoso\ue603central\ue603(cérebro\ue603e\ue603medula espinhal),\ue603do\ue603sistema\ue603nervoso\ue603periférico\ue603(neurônios\ue603sensoriais\ue603e\ue603motores)\ue603e\ue603do sistema\ue603nervoso\ue603autônomo\ue603(que\ue603regula\ue603os\ue603processos\ue603corporais\ue603como\ue603a\ue603digestão\ue603e a\ue603frequência\ue603cardíaca). Todas\ue603as\ue603divisões\ue603do\ue603sistema\ue603nervoso\ue603são\ue603baseadas\ue603universalmente\ue603nas\ue603funções dos\ue603neurônios,\ue603células\ue603especializadas\ue603que\ue603processam\ue603informação.\ue603Neurônios geram\ue603impulsos\ue603nervosos\ue603que\ue603causam\ue603a\ue603liberação\ue603de\ue603substâncias\ue603químicas\ue603em junções\ue603especializadas\ue603chamadas\ue603sinapses,\ue603as\ue603quais\ue603permitem\ue603que\ue603neurônios diferentes\ue603falem\ue603uns\ue603com\ue603os\ue603outros.\ue603O\ue603funcionamento\ue603adequado\ue603dos\ue603neurônios depende\ue603de\ue603células\ue603especializadas\ue603da\ue603glia.\ue603Todos\ue603os\ue603sistemas\ue603nervosos\ue603em\ue603todas as\ue603espécies\ue603animais\ue603têm\ue603sete\ue603tipos\ue603básicos\ue603de\ue603células\ue603funcionais: Neurônios\ue603 sensoriais: \ue603 Estes\ue603 neurônios\ue603 informam\ue603 ao\ue603 resto\ue603 do\ue603 cérebro\ue603 sobre o\ue603ambiente\ue603externo\ue603e\ue603interno. Neurônios\ue603 motores\ue603 ou\ue603 efetuadores: \ue603 Neurônios\ue603 motores\ue603 contraem músculos\ue603 e\ue603 medeiam\ue603 comportamentos,\ue603 e\ue603 neurônios\ue603 de\ue603 outras\ue603 saídas estimulam\ue603glândulas\ue603e\ue603órgãos. Neurônios\ue603 de\ue603 comunicação: \ue603 Neurônios\ue603 de\ue603 comunicação\ue603 transmitem\ue603 sinais de\ue603uma\ue603área\ue603do\ue603cérebro\ue603para\ue603a\ue603outra. Interneurônios\ue603 ou\ue603 associativos: \ue603 A\ue603 grande\ue603 maioria\ue603 dos\ue603 neurônios\ue603 em vertebrados\ue603 é\ue603 de\ue603 neurônios\ue603 de\ue603 associação.\ue603 Eles\ue603 extraem\ue603 e\ue603 processam informações\ue603 vindas\ue603 dos\ue603 sentidos,\ue603 comparam\u2013nas\ue603 com\ue603 o\ue603 que\ue603 está\ue603 na memória\ue603e\ue603as\ue603 utilizam\ue603para\ue603planejar\ue603e\ue603 executar\ue603o\ue603comportamento.\ue603 Cada\ue603uma das\ue603 várias\ue603 centenas\ue603 de\ue603 regiões\ue603 do\ue603 cérebro\ue603 contém\ue603 aproximadamente\ue603 várias dúzias\ue603 de\ue603 tipos\ue603 distintos\ue603 de\ue603 neurônios\ue603 de\ue603 associação,\ue603 que\ue603 medeiam\ue603 a\ue603 função dessa\ue603área\ue603do\ue603cérebro. Mielina: \ue603 Muitos\ue603 axônios\ue603 estão\ue603 envolvidos\ue603 em\ue603 processamentos\ue603 da\ue603 célula\ue603 da glia\ue603 que\ue603 fornecem\ue603 isolamento\ue603 extra.\ue603 Esse\ue603 isolamento\ue603 é\ue603 composto\ue603 de oligodendrócitos,\ue603 que\ue603 formam\ue603 a\ue603 mielina,\ue603 dando\ue603 origem\ue603 a\ue603 axônios mielinizados.\ue603 As\ue603 lacunas\ue603 entre\ue603 os\ue603 envólucros\ue603 de\ue603 mielina\ue603 são\ue603 chamadas nódulos\ue603 de\ue603 Ranvier.\ue603 É\ue603 aqui\ue603 que\ue603 o\ue603 potencial\ue603 de\ue603 ação\ue603 (impulso\ue603 nervoso elétrico)\ue603 é\ue603 repetido,\ue603 permitindo,\ue603 assim,\ue603 que\ue603 o\ue603 sinal\ue603 mantenha\ue603 sua\ue603 força\ue603 por longas\ue603 distâncias.\ue603 Axônios\ue603 mielinizados\ue603 têm\ue603 velocidades\ue603 rápidas\ue603 de condução\ue603 em\ue603 que\ue603 os\ue603 potenciais\ue603 de\ue603 ação\ue603 viajam\ue603 várias\ue603 centenas\ue603 de\ue603 metros por\ue603 segundo.\ue603 Muitos\ue603 axônios\ue603 menores\ue603 no\ue603 sistema\ue603 nervoso\ue603 não\ue603 são mielinizados\ue603e\ue603conduzem\ue603potenciais\ue603de\ue603ação\ue603mais\ue603lentamente. Astrócitos: \ue603 Astrócitos\ue603 são\ue603 células\ue603 em\ue603 formato\ue603 de\ue603 estrela\ue603 que\ue603 fornecem suporte\ue603 metabólico\ue603 para\ue603 neurônios,\ue603 bem\ue603 como\ue603 formam\ue603 a\ue603 barreira hematoencefálica.\ue603 Astrócitos\ue603 contribuem\ue603 significativamente\ue603 com\ue603 a\ue603 funç ão sináptica,\ue603 mantendo\ue603 a\ue603 concentração\ue603 adequada\ue603 de\ue603 substâncias\ue603 químicas\ue603 na sinapse,\ue603 e\ue603 também\ue603 são\ue603 conhecidos\ue603 por\ue603 liberar\ue603 gliotransmissores\ue603 que\ue603 podem regular\ue603 a\ue603 transmissão\ue603 sináptica.\ue603 A\ue603 habilidade\ue603 dos\ue603 astrócitos\ue603 de\ue603 integrar\ue603 a atividade\ue603 sináptica\ue603 e\ue603 sua\ue603 localização\ue603 física\ue603 próxima\ue603 a\ue603 sinapses\ue603 deu\ue603 origem ao\ue603 termo\ue603 sinapse\ue603 tripartite.\ue603 A\ue603 sinapse\ue603 tripartite\ue603 se\ue603 refere\ue603 a\ue603 três\ue603 entidades:\ue603 o terminal\ue603 pré-sináptico\ue603 do\ue603 neurônio,\ue603 o\ue603 terminal\ue603 pós-sináptico\ue603 do\ue603 neurônio\ue603 e o\ue603processo\ue603adjacente\ue603de\ue603um\ue603astrócito. Micróglia: \ue603 Estas\ue603 células\ue603 são\ue603 as\ue603 únicas\ue603 células\ue603 imunes\ue603 residentes\ue603 no cérebro.\ue603 Elas\ue603 agem\ue603 como\ue603 a\ue603 primeira\ue603 linha\ue603 de\ue603 defesa\ue603 imunológica\ue603 no cérebro.\ue603 As\ue603 micróglias\ue603 são\ue603 células\ue603 de\ue603 limpeza\ue603 que\ue603 removem\ue603 células\ue603 mortas e\ue603 agentes\ue603 infecciosos\ue603 por\ue603 um\ue603 processo\ue603 chamado\ue603 fagocitose.\ue603 Embora\ue603 a micróglia\ue603 possa\ue603 ser\ue603 ativada\ue603 em\ue603 estados\ue603 de\ue603 doença\ue603 para\ue603 liberar\ue603 substâncias químicas\ue603nocivas\ue603que\ue603danificam\ue603neurônios,\ue603 ela\ue603demonstrou\ue603fornecer\ue603suporte trófico\ue603 para\ue603 neurônios.\ue603 Estudos\ue603 mais\ue603 recentes\ue603 demonstraram\ue603 que\ue603 a micróglia\ue603 suprime\ue603 sinapses\ue603 desnecessárias\ue603 durante\ue603 o\ue603 desenvolvimento,\ue603 o que\ue603é\ue603requerido\ue603para\ue603uma\ue603maturação\ue603adequada\ue603do\ue603sistema\ue603nervoso\ue603central. Há\ue603diferenças\ue603estruturais\ue603óbvias\ue603entre\ue603os\ue603neurônios\ue603e\ue603a\ue603maioria\ue603das\ue603outras células.\ue603Enquanto\ue603a\ue603maior\ue603parte\ue603das\ue603células\ue603não\ue603neuronais\ue603lembra\ue603esferoides achatados,\ue603os\ue603neurônios\ue603normalmente\ue603têm\ue603uma\ue603\u201cárvore\ue603dendrítica\u201d\ue603de\ue603ramos\ue603(ou processos)\ue603surgindo\ue603do\ue603corpo\ue603celular\ue603(ou\ue603soma),\ue603além\ue603de\ue603um\ue603único\ue603processo, chamado\ue603de\ue603axônio,\ue603que\ue603também\ue603emana\ue603do\ue603corpo\ue603celular,\ue603mas\ue603que\ue603percorre grandes\ue603distâncias\ue603(às\ue603vezes\ue603até\ue603vários\ue603metros)\ue603antes\ue603de\ue603ramificar.\ue603Enquanto\ue603os dendritos\ue603recebem\ue603entradas\ue603sinápticas\ue603de\ue603outras\ue603células,\ue603o\ue603axônio\ue603envia\ue603o resultado\ue603da\ue603célula\ue603para\ue603outras\ue603células. Neurociência Neurociência Tradução\ue603da 2 a \ue603Edição Frank\ue603Amthor,\ue603Ph.D. Neurociência\ue603Para\ue603Leigos ® \ue603\u2014\ue603Tradução\ue603da\ue6032 a \ue603Edição Copyright\ue603©\ue6032017\ue603da\ue603Starlin\ue603Alta\ue603Editora\ue603e\ue603Consultoria\ue603Eireli.\ue603I SBN:\ue603978-85-508-0173-5 Translated\ue603 from\ue603 original\ue603 Neuroscience\ue603 For\ue603 Dummies ® ,\ue603 2nd\ue603 Edition.\ue603 Copyright \ue603 ©\ue603 2016\ue603 by\ue603 John\ue603 Wiley\ue603 & Sons,\ue603 Inc.\ue603 ISBN\ue603 978-1-119-22489-1.\ue603 This\ue603 translation\ue603 is\ue603 published\ue603 and\ue603 sold\ue603 by \ue603 permission\ue603 of\ue603 John\ue603 Wiley\ue603 & Sons,\ue603 Inc.,\ue603 the\ue603 owner\ue603 of\ue603 all\ue603 rights\ue603 to\ue603 publish\ue603 and\ue603 sell\ue603 the\ue603 same.\ue603 PORTUGUESE\ue603 language\ue603edition\ue603 published by\ue603Starlin\ue603Alta\ue603Editora\ue603e\ue603Consultoria\ue603Eireli,\ue603Copyright\ue603©\ue6032017\ue603by\ue603Starli n\ue603Alta\ue603Editora\ue603e\ue603Consultoria\ue603Eireli. Todos\ue603 os\ue603 direitos\ue603 estão\ue603 reservados\ue603e\ue603 protegidos\ue603 por\ue603 Lei.\ue603 Nenhuma\ue603 parte\ue603 deste\ue603 livro,\ue603 sem\ue603 autorização\ue603 prévia por\ue603 escrito\ue603 da\ue603 editora,\ue603 poderá\ue603 ser\ue603 reproduzida\ue603 ou\ue603 transmitida.\ue603 A\ue603 violação\ue603 dos\ue603 Direit os\ue603 Autorais\ue603 é\ue603 crime estabelecido\ue603na\ue603Lei\ue603n°\ue6039.610/98\ue603e\ue603com\ue603punição\ue603de\ue603acordo\ue603com\ue603o\ue603artigo\ue603184\ue603do\ue603Código\ue603Penal. A\ue603editora\ue603não\ue603se\ue603responsabiliza\ue603pelo\ue603conteúdo\ue603da\ue603obra,\ue603formulada\ue603exclusivamente\ue603pel o(s)\ue603autor(es). Marcas\ue603 Registradas: \ue603 Todos\ue603 os\ue603 termos\ue603 mencionados\ue603 e\ue603 reconhecidos\ue603 como\ue603 Marca\ue603 Registrada\ue603 e/ou Comercial\ue603 são\ue603 de\ue603 responsabilidade\ue603 de\ue603 seus\ue603 proprietários.\ue603 A\ue603 editora\ue603 i nforma\ue603 não\ue603 estar\ue603 associada\ue603 a\ue603 nenhum produto\ue603e/ou\ue603fornecedor\ue603apresentado\ue603no\ue603livro. Publique\ue603 seu\ue603 livro\ue603 com\ue603 a\ue603 Alta\ue603 Books.\ue603 Para\ue603 mais\ue603 inf ormações\ue603 envie\ue603 um\ue603 e-mail\ue603 para autoria@altabooks.com.br Obra\ue603 disponível\ue603 para\ue603 venda\ue603 corporativa\ue603 e/ou\ue603 personali zada.\ue603 Para\ue603 mais\ue603 informações,\ue603 fale\ue603 com projetos@altabooks.com.br Erratas\ue603 e\ue603 arquivos\ue603 de\ue603 apoio: \ue603 No\ue603 site\ue603 da\ue603 editora\ue603 relatamos,\ue603 com\ue603 a\ue603 devida\ue603 correção,\ue603 qualquer \ue603 erro encontrado\ue603 em\ue603 nossos\ue603 livros,\ue603 bem\ue603 como\ue603 disponibilizamos\ue603 arquivos\ue603 de\ue603 apoio\ue603 se\ue603 aplicáveis\ue603 à\ue603 obra\ue603 em questão. Acesse\ue603 o\ue603 site\ue603 www.altabooks.com.br \ue603 e\ue603 procure\ue603 pelo\ue603 título\ue603 do\ue603 livro\ue603 desejado\ue603 para\ue603 t er\ue603 acesso\ue603 às\ue603 erratas, aos\ue603arquivos\ue603de\ue603apoio\ue603e/ou\ue603a\ue603outros\ue603conteúdos\ue603aplicáveis\ue603à\ue603obra. Suporte\ue603 Técnico: \ue603 A\ue603 obra\ue603 é\ue603 comercializada\ue603 na\ue603 forma\ue603 em\ue603 que\ue603 está,\ue603 s em\ue603 direito\ue603 a\ue603 suporte\ue603 técnico\ue603 ou orientação\ue603pessoal/exclusiva\ue603ao\ue603leitor. Dados\ue603Internacionais\ue603de\ue603Catalogação\ue603na\ue603Publicação\ue603(CIP) Vagner\ue603Rodolfo\ue603CRB-8/9410 A528n \ue603 Amthor,\ue603Frank Neurociência\ue603para\ue603leigos\ue603/\ue603Frank\ue603Amthor;\ue603traduzido\ue603por Samantha\ue603Batista.\ue603-\ue603Rio\ue603de\ue603Janeiro\ue603:\ue603Alta\ue603Books,\ue6032017. 384\ue603p.\ue603:\ue603il.;\ue60317cm\ue603×\ue60324cm. 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Neurociência Para Leigos_230512_220338

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