Literaturas em inglês_ Austrália e Canadá

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<p>Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>Professor Ruan Nunes Silva</p><p>Descrição</p><p>Você aprenderá sobre a história e a literatura de dois países populares</p><p>de língua inglesa, Canadá e Austrália.</p><p>Propósito</p><p>Considerando que as literaturas em língua inglesa abrangem uma série</p><p>de países que normalmente não são treinados em cursos de graduação</p><p>(Nigéria, África do Sul, Jamaica, Canadá, Austrália, etc.), esta é uma</p><p>oportunidade para ampliar horizontes e compreender pontos de vista</p><p>divergentes, aproximando dois países que fazem parte da</p><p>Commonwealth e cujas histórias estão inextricavelmente entrelaçadas</p><p>com a colonização britânica.</p><p>Preparação</p><p>Como há muitas oportunidades de leitura de trechos, é aconselhável que</p><p>você tenha acesso fácil a dicionários impressos/online para verificar</p><p>diferentes palavras e termos. Também é aconselhável ter um bloco de</p><p>notas no qual possam ser feitas anotações e cronogramas elaborados.</p><p>Essas estratégias de estudo podem ajudar a tornar o aprendizado não</p><p>apenas mais divertido, mas também mais organizado.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 1/49</p><p>Metas</p><p>Seção 1</p><p>O passado da Austrália e do Canadá</p><p>Identificar os principais eventos históricos e projetos de lei na história</p><p>australiana e canadense.</p><p>Seção 2</p><p>Literatura australiana</p><p>Reconhecer dois temas principais na literatura australiana,</p><p>nomeadamente a diferença entre espaço e lugar, e a condição dos</p><p>anglo-australianos.</p><p>Seção 3</p><p>Literatura canadense</p><p>Descrever a literatura canadiana de acordo com preocupações</p><p>temáticas, nomeadamente a questão da sobrevivência e a questão da</p><p>natureza.</p><p>Aquecimento</p><p>sala de reuniões</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 2/49</p><p>Embora a Austrália e o Canadá sejam destinos populares para</p><p>migrantes, não são necessariamente países sobre os quais</p><p>muitas pessoas conheçam factos. As pessoas muitas vezes</p><p>acreditam em estereótipos relativos às suas culturas, o que</p><p>muitas vezes leva a percepções erradas e mal-entendidos. O</p><p>Canadá e a Austrália são nações ricas em diversidade e as suas</p><p>práticas literárias refletem isso. Nesse sentido, esta Unidade tem</p><p>como objetivo discutir a literatura escrita por autores australianos</p><p>e canadenses, bem como alguns temas predominantes nesses</p><p>escritos.</p><p>Então, sem mais delongas, vamos começar!</p><p>1 – O passado da Austrália e do Canadá</p><p>Ao �nal desta seção, você será capaz de identi�car os principais eventos históricos e projetos</p><p>de lei na história australiana e canadense.</p><p>Comunidade das Nações</p><p>Dê uma olhada no mapa abaixo. O que os países em verde têm em</p><p>comum?</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 3/49</p><p>Se você disse que todos eles têm laços históricos com o Império</p><p>Britânico, você estava certo. Todos estes países partilham uma história</p><p>de colonização que ainda os afecta de múltiplas maneiras.</p><p>Independentemente da sua independência e pontos de vista políticos,</p><p>estes países são comumente agrupados como a Comunidade das</p><p>Nações . De acordo com o Dicionário Cambridge, a palavra</p><p>“comunidade” significa um grupo de países que partilham objectivos</p><p>políticos e económicos semelhantes.</p><p>The term Commonwealth of Nations was adopted in the early 20th</p><p>century with the Balfour Declaration which stated in 1926 that all British</p><p>states and territories were united in their allegiance to the Crown while</p><p>also remaining independent in many aspects. In this sense, they were</p><p>seen as autonomous communities and were allowed to have their own</p><p>organized political system. This is one of the reasons, for instance, why</p><p>Canada and Australia are known to have Prime Ministers (PMs) and not</p><p>necessarily presidents. However, other members of the Commonwealth</p><p>have presidents such as India and Pakistan, which clearly showcases</p><p>the diversity of the countries and communities in the Commonwealth.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 4/49</p><p>Balfour Declaration, 1926.</p><p>King George V (front, centre) with his prime ministers at the 1926 Imperial Conference. Standing</p><p>(left to right): Monroe (Newfoundland), Coates (New Zealand), Bruce (Australia), Hertzog (Union</p><p>of South Africa), Cosgrave (Irish Free State). Seated: Baldwin (United Kingdom), King George V,</p><p>William Lyon Mackenzie King (Canada).</p><p>It is important to notice that the members of the Commonwealth,</p><p>despite their historical connections, are vastly different, which makes it</p><p>difficult to homogenize them. While British occupation in Australia had to</p><p>do with penal/exile colonies, the arrival of British people in Canada had</p><p>political and economic motivations after the loss of areas when the USA</p><p>became independent.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 5/49</p><p>Commonwealth Flag.</p><p>In addition, this cannot be compared, for instance, to the history of</p><p>Jamaica which has layers of colonial history – the Spanish, the British,</p><p>and the enslavement of Africans. This is why it is so necessary to study</p><p>the Commonwealth carefully to understand the historical connections</p><p>behind the creation of the term/group.</p><p>Interestingly enough</p><p>Rwanda and Mozambique were never British colonies and are now part</p><p>of the Commonwealth.</p><p>Australian history</p><p>Before the name Australia was consolidated, the territory was called</p><p>New Holland, due to Dutch navigations, and Terra Australis, a Latin term</p><p>that meant “southern land”. The latter was part of a hypothesis that</p><p>believed that there was land on the other pole of the planet to balance</p><p>the planet whereas the former comes from real and based investigation</p><p>by explorers.</p><p>Australia is currently divided into six states and three territories. The</p><p>states are New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia,</p><p>Tasmania, and Western Australia. The territories are the Australian</p><p>Capital Territory, the Northern Territory, and the Jervis Bay Territory.</p><p>Prior to British occupation, the territory was occupied by indigenous</p><p>populations. There is a tendency to divide indigenous people into two</p><p>groups:</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 6/49</p><p>The Aboriginals who occupy the mainland.</p><p>The Torres Strait Islanders (of Melanesian ancestry who occupy the area</p><p>of the Torres Strait, close to Papua New Guinea).</p><p>Some Aboriginal groups are the Wodiwodi, who lived in what is now</p><p>South Sydney, the Yuin and the Wiradjuri.</p><p>The history of indigenous groups in Australia, like other processes of</p><p>colonization, is not an easy one. In 1770, James Cook mapped the east</p><p>coast and named it New South Wales. In 1788, Arthur Phillip arrived with</p><p>the First Fleet carrying over 1400 people (out of which more than 700</p><p>were convicts). The 26th of January marks this arrival and has become a</p><p>national holiday, known as Australian Day.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 7/49</p><p>Australian Day Parade, 1938.</p><p>Although Cook and Phillip have become celebrated figures, their</p><p>presence in Aboriginal land meant the displacement of indigenous</p><p>groups, the dispossession of their land, and the wiping out of several</p><p>cultural practices. The arrival of immigrants meant that unknown</p><p>diseases were spread as well as violence was practiced against</p><p>indigenous groups.</p><p>In recent times, the Australian government has tried to make amends by</p><p>promoting social justice as in the event known as National Sorry Day,</p><p>celebrated on 26th May. Along with other projects, such as Closing the</p><p>Gap, the objective</p><p>of National Sorry Day is to demand recognition of the</p><p>violence perpetrated against indigenous groups by colonial settlers.</p><p>National Sorry Day, 2015.</p><p>The mistreatment of indigenous populations has been the theme of</p><p>several literary works, such as Gail Jones’ Sorry, in which she deals with</p><p>the Stolen Generation.</p><p>While New South Wales consolidated itself as a penal colony, a colonial</p><p>expansion made sure other territories were conquered. This is reflected</p><p>in the current division of the country in areas such as:</p><p>Victoria</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 8/49</p><p>Queensland</p><p>South Australia</p><p>Except for South Australia, all the others were penal colonies. By 1857,</p><p>the population of Australia had already reached one million and would</p><p>reach 4 million in 1901. The population would continue to grow</p><p>exponentially to 25.5. million in 2020.</p><p>Learn more</p><p>An important fact that helped increase the number of people in Australia</p><p>was the discovery of gold in the mid-19th century which started the</p><p>Australian Gold Rushes, especially in Victoria. The arrival of immigrants</p><p>encouraged the governments of colonies to adapt their rules to welcome</p><p>a diversity of professions. Even if no gold was found by some explorers,</p><p>they would remain in Australia and find themselves attached to the</p><p>burgeoning society. From the first notice of gold in 1851 to 1871, the</p><p>population grew from 790.000 to 1.7 million people, representing a</p><p>growth of more than 100%.</p><p>Although Australia has become recently known as an immigrant</p><p>destination, this is not necessarily new. After the end of World War II, the</p><p>media encouraged migration under the rubric of “populate or perish”,</p><p>meaning that the country was open to welcoming waves of foreigners.</p><p>Yet, this is not the full story as documents from the period show.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 9/49</p><p>Tomorrow's Australians booklet advertising migration to Australia.</p><p>As can be noticed in the image above from 1948, the newspaper</p><p>encouraged a very specific type of immigrant – European ones. This is</p><p>the result of the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901, which would be</p><p>replaced only in 1958 with the Migration Act. The Immigration</p><p>Restriction Act of 1901 became known as the White Australian policy</p><p>which meant that anyone who was not European was to be denied entry.</p><p>These restrictions would be repealed in the 1970s and the doors open to</p><p>Vietnamese subjects affected by the Vietnam War, a conflict of which</p><p>Australian citizens disapproved the country’s involvement.</p><p>In contemporary times, Australia has become a major destination for</p><p>tourists as well as immigrants. Despite being the sixth largest country in</p><p>the world, it has fewer than 30 million dwellers. In popular culture, it has</p><p>been associated with the outback (a semi-arid territory that</p><p>encompasses different ecosystems), tropical rainforests (with animals</p><p>such as the koala, the platypus, and the echidna), and adventurous tours.</p><p>This is a direct outcome of the work of institutions such as the National</p><p>Trust of Australia, responsible for beginning a wave of cultural changes</p><p>since its establishment in the 1960s.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 10/49</p><p>The Norm Harris bridge at Thomas Boyd Trackhead that crosses the Goobarragandr River.</p><p>Terra Australis or New Holland?</p><p>The Commonwealth of Nations is a political association majorly</p><p>comprised of former British colonies. Australia is one of them. In this</p><p>video, you will learn more about the history of this famous tourist</p><p>destination.</p><p>Canadian history</p><p>The second largest country in the world, Canada is home to almost 40</p><p>million people and famous for its multicultural perspective. Having</p><p>signed the Canadian Multiculturalism Act in 1988, it was the first</p><p></p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 11/49</p><p>country in the world to acknowledge the importance of different cultures</p><p>living in harmony. Canadian government had already by then recognized</p><p>the importance of bilingualism, especially after French Canadians</p><p>stressed the importance of their language and culture being respected.</p><p>Canadian provinces.</p><p>By recognizing the importance of multiple cultures in the same land,</p><p>Canada has managed to establish an important division of 10 provinces</p><p>and three territories. The provinces are Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia,</p><p>Manitoba, Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and</p><p>Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Saskatchewan. The territories are</p><p>Yukon, Northwest, and Nunavut. In addition to their political history,</p><p>territories and provinces have many differences such as their legal</p><p>jurisdiction and federal representation.</p><p>Canada as we know it is a product of the British North</p><p>America Act which, on 1st July 1867, joined the three</p><p>colonies (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and United</p><p>Canadas) into a single dominion: Canada. This is why</p><p>1st July is considered Canada Day.</p><p>Much like Australian history, the arrival of the British came after other</p><p>countries had already been to Canadian land. Prior to Sir Humphrey</p><p>Gilbert’s founding of St. Johns in Newfoundland in 1583, French</p><p>explorers had already claimed some areas. While the British went on to</p><p>establish more settlements (along with the Thirteen Colonies in the</p><p>USA), the French also dealt with theirs, one of which was Quebec,</p><p>founded in 1608.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 12/49</p><p>Interestingly enough</p><p>Although Quebec was founded by the French, they chose to use the</p><p>Algonquin (an indigenous group) name of Quebec.</p><p>Due to involvement in wars, France later ceded their areas in Canada to</p><p>the British Crown. Although the changes meant that New French</p><p>territories were under British control, the British Parliament passed the</p><p>Quebec Act in 1774, which granted Quebec enough autonomy to govern</p><p>itself. One of the results was the reestablishment of French as the</p><p>language of communication as well as the Catholic faith, an important</p><p>aspect of society then.</p><p>Quebec Act, 1774.</p><p>It is important to remember that this was also the period in which the</p><p>Thirteen Colonies (in the US) were experiencing growing unrest due the</p><p>dissatisfaction with some of the Crown’s decisions, so it makes sense</p><p>that the British wanted to establish harmonious relations with the colony.</p><p>The American Wars of Independence, which would later see the</p><p>recognition of the independence of the USA, also saw the displacement</p><p>of several British people who lived in what was then a British colony.</p><p>Called Loyalists for their loyalty to the crown, they left the colonies and</p><p>migrated to northern territories which would later become Canada.</p><p>Attention</p><p>The mistreatment of indigenous groups is also noticeable in Canadian</p><p>history. In this section, we are using the term indigenous to encompass</p><p>all different groups and ethnicities in Canada. It is important to recognize</p><p>that First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples are not the same. Each</p><p>carries a history of occupation and connection to the land.</p><p>In 1857, the Gradual Civilization Act “volunteered” that any male</p><p>indigenous subjects over 21 could learn English or French and choose a</p><p>government-approved surname if they wanted to be legally recognized</p><p>by the state or acquire land. In addition, they would lose any tribal</p><p>connection once they accepted this land (which had originally belonged</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 13/49</p><p>to them). In 1876 the Indian</p><p>Act not only aimed to erase First Nations’</p><p>cultures but also required any legally registered indigenous person</p><p>(“Status Indian”) to give up on their rights to vote for the federation.</p><p>First publication of the Indian Act.</p><p>Another controversial chapter in Canadian history is the establishment</p><p>of residential schools in the 1880s. These were schools to which</p><p>indigenous children were sent after being forcibly removed from their</p><p>families. Although residential schools already existed since the 17th</p><p>century, the ones for indigenous children were a result of the Indian Act</p><p>of 1876 which sought assimilation into European models of culture.</p><p>Residential schools were a reality throughout the 20th century and, when</p><p>they closed, children were sent to foster homes that had little or no</p><p>connection at all with indigenous cultures.</p><p>Since the 1970s, a lot has changed in Canada. In addition to recognizing</p><p>land claims such as the Nunavut territory and the Northwest territories,</p><p>Canada has also taken responsibility for the history of violence against</p><p>indigenous groups.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 14/49</p><p>Groups of First Nations march on Parliament Hill to protest the elimination of aboriginal rights in the</p><p>constitution, 1981.</p><p>After the end of World War II, Canada lifted many immigrations bans it</p><p>had kept such as the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923 or the revised</p><p>Immigration Act of 1919 which barred countries that had been involved</p><p>in World War I against Canada. It was in the 1960s that a new system of</p><p>immigration was effectively established: race, colour and nationality</p><p>were no longer factors to be taken into account for entry.</p><p>Canada's and Quebec's Flags.</p><p>This led to the innovative Immigration Act of 1976 which encouraged</p><p>the growth of Canada in terms of social, cultural, and political features.</p><p>For the first time, diversity was the focus and even refugees were legally</p><p>considered eligible, establishing multicultural perspectives as valid and</p><p>essential for the construction of the nation.</p><p>According to the Canadian census, most of the population identifies as</p><p>white, but 7% identifies as South Asian, 5% as Chinese and 4.3% as</p><p>black. These numbers help us understand how multicultural Canada truly</p><p>is.</p><p></p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 15/49</p><p>A multicultural country?</p><p>How multicultural is Canada? And do you know why? Give this video a</p><p>watch to learn more about the second largest country in the world.</p><p>Você está muito perto de alcançar seus objetivos.</p><p>Vamos praticar!</p><p>Question 1</p><p>Although Australia and Canada diverge in many aspects, both</p><p>belong to the Commonwealth of Nations. Considering the impact of</p><p>British colonization, what is the meaning of Commonwealth?</p><p>A</p><p>Representa um grupo de países que têm pouco ou</p><p>nada em comum.</p><p>B</p><p>Representa um grupo de países cujas histórias</p><p>estão ligadas aos processos de colonização</p><p>britânica.</p><p>C</p><p>Representa um grupo de países da América do</p><p>Norte que foram colonizados pelos britânicos.</p><p>D</p><p>Representa uma parte dos países anteriormente</p><p>colonizados pelos portugueses.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 16/49</p><p>Parabéns! A alternativa B está correta.</p><p>The term Commonwealth represents the group of nations and</p><p>territories which were affected by British colonization and that now</p><p>have political and economic connections. There are two exceptions</p><p>which were never British colonies and that have become members</p><p>of the Commonwealth: Mozambique and Rwanda.</p><p>Question 2</p><p>Australia and Canada are former British colonies. Considering</p><p>Canadian and Australian history, what do 26th January and July 1st</p><p>mean?</p><p>Parabéns! A alternativa ESTÁ correta.</p><p>National Sorry Day is celebrated on 26th May. Canada Day is on 1st</p><p>of July, which marks the British North America Act that united</p><p>E Representa os países afetados pela colonização</p><p>britânica na África.</p><p>A</p><p>O primeiro é o Dia da Austrália, enquanto o último é</p><p>o Dia do Canadá.</p><p>B</p><p>O primeiro é o Dia do Canadá, enquanto o último é o</p><p>Dia da Austrália.</p><p>C</p><p>O primeiro é o Dia Nacional do Desculpe, enquanto o</p><p>último é o Dia do Canadá.</p><p>D</p><p>O primeiro é o Dia da Austrália, enquanto o último é</p><p>o Dia Nacional do Desculpe.</p><p>E</p><p>O primeiro é o Dia do Canadá, enquanto o último é o</p><p>Dia Nacional do Desculpe.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 17/49</p><p>Canadian provinces to form the nation. Australia Day is on 26th</p><p>January, which marks the arrival of the First Fleet in Australia.</p><p>2 - Literatura australiana</p><p>Ao �nal desta seção, você será capaz de reconhecer dois temas principais na literatura</p><p>australiana, nomeadamente a diferença entre espaço e lugar, e a condição dos anglo-</p><p>australianos.</p><p>Themes in Australian literature</p><p>Space and place</p><p>Writer and historian Paul Carter in Turning the tables – or grounding</p><p>postcolonialism says that the first step of any colonist is to create a line</p><p>on the ground and to clear the land by removing obstacles. Albeit</p><p>reductive for some, this understanding is clear when it comes to the</p><p>discussion of the importance of space in postcolonial fiction, especially</p><p>Australian.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 18/49</p><p>Paul Carter.</p><p>As we read previously, the history of Australia is inextricably intertwined</p><p>with the idea of exploration of terra nullius, a Latin term which means</p><p>“land that belongs to no one”. The transformation of the land into “lost</p><p>grounds” is, in Carter’s view, the history of Imperialism. The land was</p><p>never empty and waiting for colonizers to arrive. Instead, it was invaded</p><p>and had a long history of occupation erased by the British.</p><p>The images of landscape associated with Australia –</p><p>the outback, tropical rainforests, sandy beaches, etc. –</p><p>have become stereotypes that reinforce the notion of</p><p>the country as a dangerous location. This is the</p><p>process by which space, the landscape, becomes</p><p>place, a cultural transformation of ascribing meanings.</p><p>An example which can help us grasp this idea is the common</p><p>understanding of Australia as a desert: it certainly has many arid areas,</p><p>but this is not all the country is. Yet, this is a common dominant</p><p>interpretation of Australia.</p><p>Uluru (Ayers Rock), a large sandstone formation in the centre of Australia.</p><p>The myth of the empty land attracted imperial attention and brought</p><p>exploratory voyages in the 18th and 19th centuries, helping keep in place</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 19/49</p><p>the idea that this empty space should be civilized. This is one of the</p><p>ideas professed by Mr. Bonner, Voss’ wealthy patron in Sydney, in Patrick</p><p>White’s novel to be discussed ahead. Mr. Bonner is a character who has</p><p>made money in Australia and disregards his family’s interests. There is,</p><p>thus, a connection between success, money, and masculinity, something</p><p>which is also present in discussions of space.</p><p>The processes of race (“Australian white policy”) and gender in Australia</p><p>helped establish the previously mentioned myth. It is again Carter that</p><p>helps understand that space becomes a place by having histories and</p><p>cultures erased and inscribed: Aboriginal names and histories are</p><p>excluded from national re-imaginings, rendering them invisible in their</p><p>own territory. To summarize, space and place here do not share the</p><p>same meaning, so they are not interchangeable.</p><p>Comments</p><p>We use “place” to express how space, a geographical idea, has been</p><p>appropriated with histories and meanings.</p><p>In another popular</p><p>recent novel by Australian author Gail Jones called</p><p>Sorry, this tension between space and place is clear. Jones reimagines</p><p>the plot of a Shakespearean play in Sorry to narrate the story of a couple</p><p>who moves from England to Australia. While in Australia, they raise their</p><p>daughter, Perdita, in a city near Perth.</p><p>Gail Jones.</p><p>Read this excerpt from Sorry, by Gail Jones, to see how space and place</p><p>are problematized in a different perspective:</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 20/49</p><p>What draws attention in the excerpt above is not how the land is</p><p>described, but how it acquires meaning from Stella’s perspective – a</p><p>woman who has just arrived in Australia. Space becomes place in this</p><p>extract. It is from Stella’s viewpoint that readers “learn” about Australia</p><p>and not once is it questioned that Stella is the foreigner and that the</p><p>“foreign faces” she sees are the original inhabitants of the territory.</p><p>Stella thinks that what she sees, protected in the truck, is “a place of</p><p>utter barbarity”, which means that she is interpreting what she sees as</p><p>something negative and from which she needs protection. In other</p><p>words, Stella represents the Imperial forces which tries to take</p><p>“civilization” to that “empty” land.</p><p>To stay or to go?</p><p>In his essay The prodigal son, published originally in 1958, Australian</p><p>writer Patrick White expresses how torn he had been about returning to</p><p>Australia after a period in Europe. He expresses that he had attempted to</p><p>write a novel with singular features which would not fall into previously</p><p>established categories of realism, something White thought many</p><p>Australian novels adhered to. By realism, we mean the notion that</p><p>literary stories carry representations of society. We could say that</p><p>realism is about adding touches of local colour and not necessarily what</p><p>is “possible” or “impossible” in real life.</p><p>Realism is not about trying to give the “real” picture of a</p><p>society, but an attempt to describe how it can be.</p><p>He expresses how he grew up with the “maxim” that the British were</p><p>always right, meaning that any type of art which did not follow their</p><p>forms would be unsuitable. This is a theme that is present in many</p><p>Australian works. Whether they write their novels in Australia or about</p><p>Australia, this tension is an ever-present element as Australian writers</p><p>are faced with the challenges of using their knowledge of British</p><p>literature to produce their own. There is no magic formula as the writings</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 21/49</p><p>of Peter Carey, Michele de Kretser, and Richard Flanagan, just to name a</p><p>few contemporary authors, illustrate. Their works have dealt with</p><p>realism, but not by trying to portray “the real Australian”. They have tried</p><p>innovative ways to capture how diverse Australian identities are.</p><p>Read this excerpt from The prodigal son to understand how Patrick</p><p>White expresses his desire to find new ways to produce Australian</p><p>literature:</p><p>In the excerpt above, White tries to detach himself from “civilised</p><p>surroundings”, which means Europe, because he feels the need to open</p><p>new windows. He says he sees things for the first time, for he realizes</p><p>how he had been taught to despise his own territory due to external</p><p>influences. This is the realization he had that led him to remain in</p><p>Australia for the rest of his life – and also write about Australian</p><p>experiences.</p><p>Another writer, this time a more contemporary one, who deals with the</p><p>same issue of “staying or leaving” is Helen Garner. In her five-decade</p><p>career, Garner has written novels, short stories, and essays in which she</p><p>problematizes the idea of Australia as a spectacle for bright-eyed</p><p>foreigners and residents.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 22/49</p><p>Helen Garner.</p><p>In an essay titled Suburbia, Garner describes her experience of having</p><p>left and gone back to live in the suburbs. She writes about her time in</p><p>Paris, which was extremely unfruitful and during which she terribly</p><p>missed Australia. She also expresses her own distaste for her past self</p><p>as she realizes how disdainful she had been about her origins.</p><p>Read this excerpt from Suburbia to understand Helen Garner’s point of</p><p>view regarding life in contemporary Australia:</p><p>I’m ashamed now of my bohemian contempt</p><p>for the suburbs of my childhood, of my</p><p>longing to be sophisticated. In the 1990s I</p><p>lived in Sydney, in Elizabeth Bay, a part of</p><p>town full of flats and cool cafés, but empty of</p><p>children; then on the border of Bellevue Hill</p><p>and Bondi Junction, to me a place of</p><p>loneliness and strange humiliation, where the</p><p>young residents of my apartment building</p><p>would sail through the lobby each morning</p><p>without even granting the fact of their</p><p>neighbours’ existence.</p><p>(GARNER, 2016, p. 23-24)</p><p>In the excerpt above, Garner explains how she was able to understand</p><p>that her desire for cosmopolitan cities and her hatred of suburban life</p><p>came from external pressures to adopt a different standard of living. In</p><p>Suburbia, she criticizes the tendency to think of suburban life as a</p><p>lifeless expression of self or even something to be mocked.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 23/49</p><p>What Patrick White and Helen Garner have in common is their</p><p>experience of having lived abroad and the feeling of something missing.</p><p>In different ways, their writings portray the desire for sophistication</p><p>abroad (Europe is the model) and the later realization of life in Australia</p><p>as something different (the search for new ways to express Australian-</p><p>ness).</p><p>When space becomes place</p><p>In this video, we will discuss two central themes in Australian literature.</p><p>You are definitely in for a treat!</p><p>Patrick White: Australia’s �rst Nobel</p><p>in Literature</p><p>Born in London in 1912, Patrick White was taken to Australia when he</p><p>was six months old. He spent his formative years in Sydney before being</p><p>sent to a boarding school in England. As a young adult, he studied</p><p>German and French at Cambridge University and wrote plays in the</p><p>1930s. His first published work came out in 1939, Happy valley.</p><p>Patrick White.</p><p></p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 24/49</p><p>While serving in WWII, White met Manoly Lascaris, a Greek army officer,</p><p>with whom he would spend the rest of his life. After a short period in</p><p>Cairo, they moved to Sydney from where White would develop his writing</p><p>career. By 1955 he had already published three popular novels, such as</p><p>The tree of man, yet he had not achieved success in Australia. His</p><p>breakthrough came with Voss, published in 1957 and winner of the</p><p>inaugural Miles Franklin Literary Award – Australia’s most prestigious</p><p>literary award.</p><p>First edition cover of The tree of man.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 25/49</p><p>Front cover art of Voss.</p><p>White would go on to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1973, being</p><p>the first Australian writer to receive the accolade. White had a prolific</p><p>career and published 13 novels, three short story collections and several</p><p>plays.</p><p>Interestingly enough</p><p>White was an avid supporter of the arts, encouraging painters and</p><p>sculptors. He also spoke publicly against nuclear weapons and</p><p>expressed his distaste for the Royal Family.</p><p>The first novel to receive the Miles Franklin Literary Award, Voss is</p><p>White’s fifth book. Drawing from the real account of Ludwig Leichhardt’s</p><p>disappearance, Voss tells the story of Johann Ulrich Voss, a German</p><p>explorer who</p><p>undertakes a journey in Australia and goes missing before</p><p>managing to complete it. His desire was to cross the whole country and</p><p>explore the “mysteries” which no one had then seen.</p><p>Set in mid-19th century, Voss defies the single categorization of a</p><p>historical novel. It does not aim to tell the story of Australian</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 26/49</p><p>colonization. Rather, it juxtaposes the encounter between Voss and</p><p>Laura Trevelyan, and the tension of exploring the Australian mainland. On</p><p>his journey, Voss is supported financially by Mr. Bonner, Laura’s uncle.</p><p>Neither Voss nor Laura was born in Australia, the former being German</p><p>and the latter being British. Yet, both are deeply connected to Australia</p><p>and their relationship highlights the tensions between what it means to</p><p>be Australian as well as a foreigner.</p><p>Voss book frontispiece.</p><p>Voss’ appreciation of Australia verges on obsession, which makes him</p><p>unlikeable to certain characters. However, it is his defiance of certain</p><p>social rules that encourages and draws Laura closer. In a scene in which</p><p>they are in Mr. Bonner’s garden, both express their minds freely and</p><p>speak out against the control they feel others have over the land. The</p><p>scene very much resembles metaphorically the garden of Eden, when</p><p>Adam and Eve come across the apple, itself forbidden knowledge. At the</p><p>same time, it can be argued that their reluctance to accept social rules is</p><p>a metaphor for how Australian territory also refuses to be “tamed” by</p><p>explorers.</p><p>Read this excerpt from Voss to understand Voss’ desire to explore the</p><p>territory.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 27/49</p><p>That remains to be seen. Every man has a</p><p>genius, though it is not always discoverable.</p><p>Least of all when choked by trivialities of daily</p><p>existence. But in this disturbing country, so</p><p>far as I have become acquainted with it</p><p>already, it is possible more easily to discard</p><p>the inessential and to attempt the infinitive.</p><p>You will be burnt up most likely, you will have</p><p>the flesh torn from your bones, you will be</p><p>tortured probably in many horrible and</p><p>primitive ways, but you will realize that genius</p><p>of which you sometimes suspect you are</p><p>possessed, and of which you will not tell me</p><p>you are afraid.</p><p>(WHITE, 2011b, p. 35)</p><p>Another important metaphor in Voss is the impossibility of fulfilling one’s</p><p>dream. Once Voss departs from Sydney, it becomes clear that he and</p><p>Laura are never going to meet again because they have revealed to each</p><p>other their innermost truths. We learn about their aspirations and desires</p><p>in their letters, of which all but two get lost.</p><p>Voss is not alone on his journey, having as company several other men –</p><p>among them an ornithologist (Palfreyman), a young and uneducated</p><p>man who admires Voss (Harry Robarts), a convict who has been</p><p>emancipated (Judd) and two aboriginal men (Dugald and Jackie). After</p><p>many days, the group begins to disagree on everyday matters and things</p><p>escalate to dangerous levels when Palfreyman dies. It is then that many</p><p>men rebel against Voss and leave him to his own devices. Later, Voss is</p><p>killed by his own company, Jackie, who needs to prove his loyalty to an</p><p>aboriginal group they came across.</p><p>Despite the controversial depiction of aboriginal</p><p>groups, Voss is an engaging novel in which the idea of</p><p>terra nullius is deconstructed: the deeper Voss goes</p><p>into the bush/outback, the more we learn about</p><p>Australia.</p><p>In the end of the novel, only Judd, the former convict, survives and Laura</p><p>Trevelyan manages to keep Voss’ memory alive by helping create the</p><p>legend of his heroic journey. This can be read also as a metaphor for the</p><p>way colonization has operated in Australia, showing the complicity of</p><p>two non-Australian citizens who “play” with history-making. In the end,</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 28/49</p><p>Voss dies in the land of which he was so fond, finding peace in rest.</p><p>Australia is really the protagonist of the story.</p><p>Who was Patrick White?</p><p>Patrick White was the first Australian writer to win the Nobel Prize in</p><p>Literature. But who was he? And is Voss a historical novel? Watch this</p><p>video for the answers.</p><p>Martin Boyd: the life of European-</p><p>Australians</p><p>Born in 1893 in Switzerland while his parents were travelling, Martin à</p><p>Beckett Boyd, more commonly known as Martin Boyd, was part of a well-</p><p>established family in Australia. Many of his relatives were connected to</p><p>the world of arts and justice in Australia. As a young man, Boyd joined</p><p>the military and fought in World War I, which marked him for the rest of</p><p>his life and became a theme in the Langton quartet he would later write.</p><p>Martin Boyd.</p><p></p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 29/49</p><p>He drew attention with the publication of his 1928 novel The Monforts</p><p>which tells the story of a family who settles in Australia during the</p><p>Victorian gold rush of the mid-19th century. He received the first</p><p>Australian Literature Society Gold Medal and got positive reviews. Boyd</p><p>would receive the accolade again in 1957 with A difficult young man.</p><p>Despite this critical acclaim, his works were never widely read or</p><p>appreciated in Australia as many felt his focus on Anglo-Australians (or</p><p>even the excessive attention British characters received) was conducive</p><p>to the nationalist sentiment of Australia.</p><p>Front cover art of The Montforts.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 30/49</p><p>First edition cover of A difficult young man.</p><p>In spite of having fallen out of favour after his death, some of his novels</p><p>have been reprinted and become part of school and university syllabi</p><p>because of their depictions of Australia. In addition to The Montforts, his</p><p>tetralogy of the Langton family also offers an interesting critique of</p><p>Anglo-Australian society in the first half of the 20th century. The four</p><p>books in this series can be read isolated as they explore the toils and</p><p>hardships faced by different members of the Langton family.</p><p>Diana von Flugel told her husband not to eat some hard toast because</p><p>he might break his teeth. This is the beginning of the story of Outbreak of</p><p>love when Diana needs to go to Melbourne to fix her husband’s broken</p><p>tooth and comes across an old acquaintance, Russell Lockwood. After</p><p>this unexpected moment, Diana and Russell share many moments</p><p>together as they plan – in different ways – to leave Australia and live in</p><p>Europe together.</p><p>While Diana’s narrative seems to be the centre of Outbreak of love, other</p><p>Langton members’ stories are told:</p><p></p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 31/49</p><p>We learn about Guy's desire to spend time with his twin cousins, Anthea</p><p>and Cynthia. They, in turn, present themselves as knowledgeable yet</p><p>unlikeable characters.</p><p></p><p>Diana's adult children also play a central role in the description of</p><p>Australia, especially two of them: Harry, who changes his name as he</p><p>does not want any connections with his German ancestry; and Josie, the</p><p>youngest who marries an English soldier. By doing so, they keep</p><p>“colonial connections” intact.</p><p>Outbreak of love depicts life in Melbourne prior to World War I and is</p><p>interested in dissecting the conditions of upper-class families. Boyd</p><p>describes the tensions between Anglo-Australians who value British</p><p>ideals and understate Australian culture.</p><p>To many characters in Outbreak of love, what matters</p><p>the most in Australia is keeping up appearances while</p><p>exploiting</p><p>the country financially.</p><p>This tension is materialized in Russell Lockwood as he spent his youth in</p><p>Australia, when he met Diana, and then left the country for Europe. In a</p><p>way, he serves as a contrast to Diana who, as the novel progresses,</p><p>becomes the symbol of Australia. This metaphor makes it clear why she</p><p>finds it hard to leave Australia in search of a different life.</p><p>Read this excerpt from Outbreak of love to understand Russell</p><p>Lockwood’s position:</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 32/49</p><p>As the extract above shows, Russell Lockwood is in two minds about his</p><p>position in the world. On one hand, he feels he does not belong in</p><p>European society where he has lived for many years. On the other, back</p><p>in Australia he does not find himself as comfortable as he had felt. His</p><p>attitude represents the condition of many Anglo-Australians who, in spite</p><p>of liking the land where they are, still love and feel attached to British (or</p><p>even European) attitudes. In contrast, Diana, who is married to a German</p><p>musician who cheats on her, sees herself as an ally to a new blooming</p><p>culture in Australia.</p><p>Martin Boyd and the Anglo-Australians</p><p>In this video, you will learn about Martin Boyd’s work and his view on</p><p>Anglo-Australians.</p><p>Você está muito perto de alcançar seus objetivos.</p><p>Vamos praticar!</p><p>Question 1</p><p>Space and place are not synonymous and their difference in</p><p>meaning plays an important role in shaping Australian imagination.</p><p>The concept which refers to the myth of the empty land is:</p><p></p><p>A civilização.</p><p>B</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 33/49</p><p>Parabéns! A alternativa ESTÁ correta.</p><p>The concept terra nullius, which means in Latin "land which belongs</p><p>to no one" or "nobody's land", is associated with the history of</p><p>colonialism and the idea that Australian land was, for instance,</p><p>empty. Making a space (devoid of civilization) a place underlies the</p><p>colonization process.</p><p>Question 2</p><p>Patrick White was the first Australian to win a Nobel Prize in</p><p>Literature. An important characteristic of Voss, Patrick White's</p><p>award-winning novel, is that:</p><p>política branca.</p><p>C lugar.</p><p>D terra nullius .</p><p>E espaço.</p><p>A</p><p>concentra-se em contar a história da colonização</p><p>australiana da forma como aconteceu.</p><p>B</p><p>é um romance histórico porque descreve a história</p><p>australiana.</p><p>C conta uma história de amor na Austrália.</p><p>D</p><p>desafia a definição de romance histórico, pois utiliza</p><p>a justaposição como técnica.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 34/49</p><p>Parabéns! A alternativa ESTÁ correta.</p><p>Voss is not simply a historical novel because, in spite of dealing with</p><p>historical facts, it plays with fictional elements. In addition, it</p><p>focuses on different relationships, especially the one between Voss</p><p>and Laura Trevelyan. This is why it cannot be reduced to a single</p><p>love story in the context of Australia. Rather, it is by juxtaposing the</p><p>history of Australia and the aforementioned romantic relationship</p><p>that Voss manages to challenge the notion of a historical novel.</p><p>3 – Literatura canadense</p><p>Ao �nal desta seção, você será capaz de descrever a literatura canadense de acordo com</p><p>preocupações temáticas, nomeadamente a questão da sobrevivência e a questão da natureza.</p><p>Themes in Canadian literature</p><p>Survival</p><p>Some historical divisions consider Canadian literature in different ways.</p><p>In A history of Canadian literature, William Herbert New divides his study</p><p>into pre-and-post-1867 literature, taking into consideration the year in</p><p>E</p><p>concentra-se exclusivamente na jornada de Voss</p><p>pela Austrália.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 35/49</p><p>which Canada became a nation. However, this historical take is not what</p><p>Margaret Atwood does in her 1972 Survival, a critical analysis of</p><p>Canadian literature in terms of themes and not years. Since it has</p><p>become a canonic piece in Canadian criticism, we are going to use two</p><p>themes studied by Atwood in her work. The first one is survival.</p><p>Margaret Atwood.</p><p>Atwood suggests that, while the symbols of the US can be the Frontier</p><p>and the one of England is the Island, Canada has survival as its symbol.</p><p>By the idea of survival, she underlines the struggles French Canadians</p><p>have faced to have their language and culture recognized, which, in her</p><p>view, is now similar to the assimilationist challenges faced by English</p><p>Canada. In this sense, then, survival is about trying to have one’s cultural</p><p>practices seen and validated institutionally.</p><p>Another sense of survival which is highlighted is less metaphorical: the</p><p>physical obstacles such as the weather and the land. The writings of the</p><p>past, especially from British Canada (thus, pre-1867), exemplify this</p><p>trend of survival because (im)migrants wrote diaries, testimonies, and</p><p>travel records to showcase their dedication to the new land and their</p><p>sense of finding new roots.</p><p>Survival as a theme in Canadian literature can be</p><p>summarized as both a physical as well as a metaphorical</p><p>exercise.</p><p>Post-1867 Canadian literature also represents a survival test, especially</p><p>for women writers. In spite of their presence in writing diaries and</p><p>speeches and producing newspapers and literary journals, women faced</p><p>what William Herbert New calls the “anglocentric” and “male-dominated”</p><p>nationalist sentiment. This also shaped the construction of the country</p><p>and has been a theme contested in literature written since the 1960s</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 36/49</p><p>when Canada saw emerge a wave of women writers such as Margaret</p><p>Laurence, Alice Munro, Carol Shields, Mavis Gallant and Atwood herself.</p><p>Nature</p><p>Nature is usually unfairly understood to be just a part of the background</p><p>of scenes. However, in Canadian literature, it is an essential part of the</p><p>construction of identities and lives. Nature can be an expression of the</p><p>psychological life of characters while also being a key element in the</p><p>country. Mixing internal and external lives, Canadian literature has</p><p>appropriated nature (weather, climate, geographical features, etc.) with</p><p>an eye to problematizing their own identity.</p><p>Let’s use a literary example: in Winter wind, Alice Munro tells the story of</p><p>a woman who learns to appreciate her time with her grandmother. As an</p><p>adult woman who is reminiscing about her life, the protagonist</p><p>understands now what her grandmother was telling her in the past,</p><p>especially in terms of female restrictions and social expectations. As a</p><p>way to explore the restraints imposed on women, the grandmother told</p><p>the girl the story of an aged neighbor who died in the middle of a storm.</p><p>Alice Munro.</p><p>Read this excerpt from Winter wind and analyze how the weather is not</p><p>the centre of the plot but present in the construction.</p><p>Poor Susan had to go out by herself</p><p>to milk the cow. She would keep on</p><p>her cows and go on by herself. She</p><p>went out last night and she should</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 37/49</p><p>have tied the clothesline to the door,</p><p>but she didn’t, and on the way back</p><p>she lost her path, and they found her</p><p>this noon.</p><p>(MUNRO, 2004, p. 204-205)</p><p>The excerpt above does not describe how strong or violent the</p><p>snowstorm was. Rather, what it focuses on is the punishment women go</p><p>through when they do not stand in line with societal ideas. Nature, then,</p><p>is not simply there to hurt people: it represents punishment according to</p><p>expected social norms and rules. Rather than part of the backdrop,</p><p>nature plays a central</p><p>role in the representation of the inner life of</p><p>characters. This is prominent, for instance, in contemporary novels such</p><p>as Marian Engel’s Bear in which a woman, emotionally distressed due to</p><p>social expectations, enters a relationship with a bear. Almost becoming</p><p>a bear herself, this process of transformation into an animal is also part</p><p>of how nature in Canadian literature works to represent psychological as</p><p>well as physical states.</p><p>Canadian literature themes: nature</p><p>How is nature seen in Canadian literature? As a mere backdrop to human</p><p>actions? Give this video a watch for the answers.</p><p>Margaret Atwood: the greatest</p><p>Canadian writer alive</p><p>One of the most popular voices in contemporary literature, Margaret</p><p>Atwood was born in 1939 and remains an active and prolific writer.</p><p></p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 38/49</p><p>Having published more than 15 novels, 10 short story collections as well</p><p>as poetry, critical essays and non-fiction materials, Atwood has tackled</p><p>many national and international issues in her works. Having begun her</p><p>career with a specific focus on women’s subjectivity in The edible woman</p><p>and Surfacing, she has moved to themes of dystopian societies (The</p><p>handmaid’s tale, Oryx and crake) and rewritings of history and literature</p><p>(Alias grace and Hag-seed).</p><p>Margaret Atwood.</p><p>In addition to several awards, Atwood has won the Booker Prize twice,</p><p>the second woman to do so. Her critical analysis of Canadian literature</p><p>entitled Survival was published in the 1970s and offers a different</p><p>perspective on how one can investigate Canadian literature. In it, she</p><p>describes how she was raised to disregard Canadian writings in favour</p><p>of British and even American materials, highlighting the difficult position</p><p>in which Canadian writers have often found themselves.</p><p>Atwood has always addressed political themes in her works. One worthy</p><p>of mention is the plot of Rape fantasies, a short story from the 1970s</p><p>which addresses the culture of rape and how it has been dismissed as</p><p>irrelevant. Because of the controversial treatment in the story, it has</p><p>become a staple in many anthologies and collections.</p><p>Although the plot of The handmaid’s tale has little to do with Canadian</p><p>identity, it certainly offers an interesting take on the meaning of survival.</p><p>Set in the future, it tells the story of a dystopian society called Gilead</p><p>which has overthrown the previous government of the United States. In</p><p>Gilead, women have been stripped of their rights, individuality, and</p><p>agency. Agency is a complex term that basically means the ability one</p><p>has to act according to their context. In feminist studies, it refers to how</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 39/49</p><p>female characters are free or not to act according to their own desire</p><p>and needs.</p><p>Front cover art of The handmaid’s tale.</p><p>We learn about Gilead from a woman’s point of view. Offred is a</p><p>handmaid who, to survive, describes her own story to remember and</p><p>record what has happened. She describes how woman have forcibly</p><p>been made to wear different outfits and colours to represent their social</p><p>classes: the wives of the commanders wear light blue; handmaids wear</p><p>red and the aunts brown. This colour division – which applies to many</p><p>other women – is a strategy to control women’s bodies and sexualities,</p><p>especially when we find out that infertility is an issue in Gilead. This is</p><p>why handmaids’ bodies are violated and used for childbearing. Power is</p><p>inextricably intertwined with patriarchy.</p><p>Read this excerpt from The handmaid’s tale to understand the lack of</p><p>power and agency Offred experiences:</p><p>‘Thank you,’ I say. I must leave the</p><p>impression that I'm not offended,</p><p>that I'm open to suggestion. He</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 40/49</p><p>takes his hand away, lazily almost,</p><p>lingeringly, this is not the last word</p><p>as far as he's concerned. He could</p><p>fake the tests, report me for cancer,</p><p>for infertility, have me shipped off to</p><p>the Colonies, with the Unwomen.</p><p>None of this has been said, but the</p><p>knowledge of his power hangs</p><p>nevertheless in the air as he pats my</p><p>thigh, withdrew himself behind the</p><p>hanging sheet.</p><p>(ATWOOD, 1998, p. 76)</p><p>Offred’s name is itself a symbol of the power society has over women’s</p><p>bodies. It is a combination of “of” and “Fred”, meaning that she belongs</p><p>to Fred, an object of Fred’s. The handmaid’s tale has been called science</p><p>fiction by some reviews, yet Atwood herself has declined to accept this</p><p>term, preferring the idea of speculative fiction. In Atwood’s opinion,</p><p>speculative fiction is a term which encompasses already-existing</p><p>experiences such as genetic modification, coup d'états and violence</p><p>against women. This way, Atwood is not using any futuristic or non-</p><p>existent element in The handmaid’s tale: all she uses has already</p><p>happened in our society, which makes the plot even more terrifying.</p><p>At the end of the novel, a chapter entitled “Historical notes”</p><p>contextualizes Offred’s narrative: all we have read is part of recordings</p><p>found after Gilead fell apart. The recordings are being discussed in a</p><p>symposium of Gilead Studies in 2195 and part of a larger panel. It is</p><p>stated then that these recordings by Offred are being studied and having</p><p>their authenticity questioned by researchers who diminish the effects of</p><p>the authoritarian government of Gilead. Once again, the theme of</p><p>survival becomes a central element in literature.</p><p>Survival as a central theme: Atwood’s</p><p>works</p><p>Margaret Atwood is one of the greatest writers alive. Her speculative</p><p>fictions deal with gruesome aspects of our society. Watch this video for</p><p></p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 41/49</p><p>more on Atwood.</p><p>Michael Ondaatje: writing across</p><p>cultures</p><p>Born in Sri Lanka, Michael Ondaatje studied in England before migrating</p><p>to Canada. There, he began a career in English and would later become a</p><p>professor at different universities such as York University and the</p><p>University of Western Ontario. He started his career as a novelist in the</p><p>1970s with Coming through slaughter, which received critical acclaim</p><p>and attracted attention.</p><p>Michael Ondaatje.</p><p>Following his second novel in the 1980s, Ondaatje achieved widespread</p><p>acclaim with his third novel, The English patient. The book tells the story</p><p>of four different characters from different nationalities and backgrounds</p><p>who are caught amidst events during World War II. Upon revelations</p><p>made by the “patient” whose identity is revealed, all the characters find</p><p>themselves affected by growing tensions. An Indian who has</p><p>volunteered to fight for the British, Kip Singh realizes, for instance, how</p><p>violence is intertwined with Western society after witnessing the nuclear</p><p>bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.</p><p>The English patient won the Booker Prize in 1992 and was adapted into</p><p>an Oscar-winning picture of the same name in 1996. After The English</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 42/49</p><p>patient, Ondaatje has published four more novels and has remained</p><p>involved in play adaptations of his works.</p><p>First edition cover of The English patient.</p><p>Considered a novel of immigrants, In the skin of a lion tells the story of</p><p>Patrick White, a working-class Canadian citizen. We learn that he was</p><p>raised by his father on a farm in which workers cut down trees. As a</p><p>young man, Patrick is fascinated by what he sees and this experience</p><p>marks him, showing his commitment to working-class life.</p><p>While telling the story of Patrick, the novel also focuses on other minor</p><p>characters</p><p>such as Nicholas Temelcoff, a Macedonian immigrant who</p><p>works in Toronto and tries to make ends meet. Patrick also learns, for</p><p>instance, that the loggers he used to observe in his childhood were</p><p>Finnish immigrants who used to gather as part of a union in search of</p><p>rights and better working conditions. These small stories inside a larger</p><p>one emphasize the condition of In the skin of a lion as an immigrant</p><p>novel. Also, it carries a political tone which is part of postmodern works.</p><p>Learn more</p><p>Postmodernism is a term that has different definitions. Here we follow</p><p>the suggestion that postmodern works are fragmentary and, because of</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 43/49</p><p>it, are able to explore how life is not a linear construction. In addition,</p><p>fragmentation helps describe the presence of political matters in literary</p><p>works.</p><p>After Patrick begins a romantic relationship with Alice, a woman whose</p><p>former lover was a political figure that ended up killed, he learns about</p><p>his own alienation concerning issues of immigration. His connections</p><p>take him to a Macedonian area of Toronto, where Nicholas now works as</p><p>a baker. During his time in this neighbourhood, Patrick finds himself</p><p>“estranged” in his own land and he is finally able to put himself in</p><p>someone else’s shoes. This is when the titles of chapters such as “The</p><p>bridge” and “Little seeds” matter for interpretation: they emphasize the</p><p>importance of connections instead of separation.</p><p>What may appal some readers is the number of characters in In the skin</p><p>of a lion and how it is hard to keep up with so many different stories.</p><p>However, this is definitely a sign of the novel’s power: by playing with</p><p>different characters and their influence on Patrick’s life, Ondaatje</p><p>stresses the importance of life as a mosaic, itself a metaphor for the</p><p>building of Toronto by hands of immigrants and working-class subjects.</p><p>Read this excerpt from In the skin of a lion to understand how the</p><p>condition of immigrants is depicted:</p><p>By exploring Toronto in the 1930s, In the skin of a lion also plays into its</p><p>narrative the conditions of immigration – such as those established by</p><p>the Immigrant Act of 1919. These small fragments make up the whole of</p><p>the novel, again emphasizing a tendency in postmodern literature:</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 44/49</p><p>fragmentation becomes a way to stress the political aspect of everyday</p><p>life.</p><p>Life as a mosaic: Michael Ondaatje</p><p>This video is all about Michael Ondaatje’s works. Don’t go anywhere!</p><p>Você está muito perto de alcançar seus objetivos.</p><p>Vamos praticar!</p><p>Question 1</p><p>Canadian literature may be studied through different lenses. One of</p><p>them is the historical perspective, another, however, is from a more</p><p>thematic approach. Two major themes in Canadian literature are:</p><p></p><p>A sobrevivência e agência.</p><p>B agência e natureza.</p><p>C survival and terra nullius.</p><p>D place and nature.</p><p>E nature and survival.</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 45/49</p><p>Parabéns! A alternativa E está correta.</p><p>Agency is a concept which explains the absence or presence of</p><p>autonomy, thus not being a theme which can be addressed in</p><p>novels. According to Margaret Atwood, two themes present in</p><p>Canadian literature are nature and survival.</p><p>Question 2</p><p>Although The handmaid's tale is not a story about Canada as a</p><p>nation, like Michael Ondaatje's In the skin of a lion, it focuses on the</p><p>issue of survival of women. A concept which refers to the existence</p><p>or lack of autonomy is:</p><p>Parabéns! A alternativa A está correta.</p><p>Agency is a concept which explains the absence or presence of</p><p>autonomy. It describes the possibility (or impossibility) of subjects</p><p>making their own decisions according to the contexts in which they</p><p>are. In this sense, Atwood’s novel exploits women lack of agency</p><p>and their struggles to regain a voice that was silenced.</p><p>A Agency</p><p>B Immigration</p><p>C Multiculturalism</p><p>D Space</p><p>E Speculative fiction</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 46/49</p><p>Final issues</p><p>In this Unit, we studied the literary output of Canada and Australia. It is</p><p>important to highlight that the concepts and themes which were</p><p>presented – space/place, leaving or staying, agency, nature as</p><p>internal/external life, etc. – may be applied to both productions. In their</p><p>position as postcolonial literatures, Australia and Canada have managed</p><p>to question the idea that they did not possess their own individualities</p><p>while also paying attention to the negotiations between their heritage</p><p>and blooming identities.</p><p>What this study aims to offer is a limited analysis of the complex</p><p>materials produced by Canada and Australia in the 20th century as well</p><p>as some historical contexts. By approaching history and literature, one</p><p>can become reasonably informed on themes and concepts which come</p><p>in handy when investigating the literature of the Commonwealth.</p><p>Podcast</p><p>Let’s recap!</p><p></p><p>Ir além</p><p>Peter McDonald escreveu um artigo importante sobre questões de</p><p>migração na Austrália relativas às exclusões asiáticas: Migração</p><p>para a Austrália: da exclusão asiática à predominância asiática .</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 47/49</p><p>O governo canadense oferece uma visão abrangente de sua</p><p>história em seu site oficial: Descubra o Canadá – os direitos e</p><p>responsabilidades da cidadania .</p><p>Referências</p><p>ATWOOD, M. Survival : um guia temático para a literatura canadense.</p><p>Toronto: Casa de Ananais, 1972.</p><p>ATWOOD, M. O conto da serva . Toronto: Seal Press, 1998.</p><p>BOYD, M. Explosão de amor . Londres: John Murray, 1957.</p><p>CARTER, P. Virar a mesa – ou fundamentar o pós-colonialismo. Em :</p><p>DARIAN-SMITH, K. et al . Texto, teoria, espaço: terra, literatura e história</p><p>da África do Sul e da Austrália. Londres e Nova York: Routledge, 1996. p.</p><p>26-36.</p><p>GARNER, H. Para onde quer que eu olhe . Melbourne: The Text</p><p>Publishing Company, 2016.</p><p>GELDER, K.; SALZMAN, P. A nova diversidade : ficção australiana 1970-</p><p>1988. Melbourne: Editores McPhee Gribble, 1989.</p><p>JONES, G. Desculpe . Londres: Harvill Secker, 2007.</p><p>MOODIE, S. Desbaste no mato : ou vida na floresta no Canadá. Toronto:</p><p>Próspero, 2000.</p><p>MUNRO, A. Algo que queria lhe contar . Nova York: Livros Antigos, 2004.</p><p>NEW, WH Uma história da literatura canadense . Montreal e Kingston:</p><p>McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003.</p><p>ONDAATJE, M. Na pele de um leão . Londres: Picador, 1987.</p><p>WHITE, P. Patrick White fala . Londres: Pinguim, 2011a.</p><p>BRANCO, P. Voss . Londres: Vintage, 2011b.</p><p>Material para download</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 48/49</p><p>Clique no botão abaixo para fazer o download do</p><p>conteúdo completo em formato PDF.</p><p>Baixar material</p><p>O que você achou do conteúdo?</p><p>Relatar problema</p><p>05/06/2024, 15:56 Literaturas em inglês: Austrália e Canadá</p><p>https://stecine.azureedge.net/repositorio/00212hu/07824/index.html?brand=estacio# 49/49</p><p>javascript:CriaPDF()</p>