Redes Ópticas Passivas: Estado Atual e Perspectivas Futuras

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Passive Optical Networks: Present Status and Future 
Outlook 
(Invited Paper) 
 Murilo A. Romero 
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department 
University of Sao Paulo – EESC/USP 
São Carlos, Brazil 
murilo.romero@usp.br 
 
 
Abstract—This invited paper discusses the present status and 
evolution trends for passive optical networks (PONs). A brief 
historical overview is provided, leading to the recent NGPON2 
(T-WDM) standard. Next, the main technological contenders for 
the future PON generations are discussed. Emphasis is given on 
the WDM-PON self-seeded configuration. 
Keywords—optical access, passive optical networks, GPON, 
wavelength division multiplexing, WDM-PON. 
I. INTRODUCTION 
Access networks have evolved drastically in recent years, 
driven by the disruptive demand for bandwidth-hungry 
services and applications, including HDTV, video-on-demand 
and cloud computing, among others. In addition, issues such 
as quality of service (QoS) and energy consumption now play 
an increasingly larger role, in a scenario where the number of 
subscribers, the variety of services and the network throughput 
all experience continuous growth. Traditional wireline 
technologies, such as HFC and x-DSL, clearly cannot keep up 
with all those requirements. In fact, even the most advanced 
digital subscriber line (DSL) access networks, based on the 
VDSL2 standard, cannot deliver much more than 25 Mbits/s, 
even over distances as short as 600 meters. 
FTTH (Fiber-to-the-Home) optical fiber architectures 
become a natural solution to address the reach and bandwidth 
challenges. The most obvious network configuration is a 
point-to-point (PtP) deployment, where each end user is 
connected to a central office (CO) by means of a dedicated 
optical fiber and Ethernet switches. However, the growth in 
the number of subscribers leads to unmanageable increase, 
both in the fiber count and the number of Ethernet ports. 
 For this reason, the Full Service Access Network (FSAN) 
working group, composed initially by seven 
telecommunications service providers and system vendors, 
was created in 1995. The goal was to agree upon a point-to-
multipoint passive optical network (PON) tree architecture, in 
which the downstream optical signal power transmitted by the 
OLT (Optical Line Terminal, at the CO) passes through a 
single feeder fiber before being divided by a passive optical 
splitter, in order to simultaneously connect a large number of 
multiple subscribers (Optical Network Terminals, ONTs). In 
upstream transmission, the optical splitter becomes a power 
combiner and the several ONTs are assigned to specific time 
slots, usually managed by means of some kind of time division 
multiplexing access (TDMA) protocol. 
System parameters such as optical fiber reach of 20 km, 
average data rate per user of 40 Mb/s and splitting ratios of 32 
subscribers, were already common place even in the initial 
PON generations [1], making these technologies very 
attractive for broadband access. In fact, during the five-year 
period between 2000-2005, capital expenditure (CAPEX) for 
FTTH installation had dropped by a factor of four while 
operation-and-maintenance-expense (OPEX) costs could be 
reduced by about 125 US dollars (per year, per user) when the 
legacy DSL copper plant is replaced by fiber optics [2]. This 
improved outlook boosted the efforts by the FSAN and lead to 
the standardization of the Gigabit Capable Passive Optical 
Network (G-PON) by the ITU-T, in 2009. 
Since the G.984-x series consolidation [3], efforts have 
been carried out in order to increase the data rate provided to 
the end users by the TDM technologies. Those efforts resulted 
on the standardizations of both the 10 Gigabit Capable Passive 
Optical Network (XG-PON) [4] as well as the Time-and-
Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Networks 
(TWDM-PON) [5] in a relatively short period of time (2010– 
2015). The more recent TWDM-PON standard, widely known 
in the literature as NG-PON2 (next-generation PON 2), is 
designed to aggregate up to eight independent channels, each 
one carrying up 10 Gb/s (80 Gb/s network capacity overall). 
Alternative optical access techniques, such as pure WDM-
PON, OFDM-PON and coherent-PON have been actively 
proposed and pursued by research groups worldwide. 
However, for the moment, TWDM techniques are not only 
capable of fulfilling the data rate requirements for FTTH 
services, but are also expected to be a longstanding 
technology, both in market predictions and FSAN 
expectations [6, 19]. Therefore, two questions can be 
immediately brought up: a) when a next-generation passive 
optical networks (NGPON 3) will be needed ? b) which 
technological options are available ? 
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 To help answer those questions, we review the evolution 
path of PONs, through the standardized technologies in each 
generation. Next, we discuss how PONs might move forward, 
based not only on WDM-PON, in general, but also on the 
qualitative analysis of our own WDM-PON self-seeded 
topologies results [7-10]. Other completely different 
approaches found in the literature, including OFDM-PON and 
coherent PON [11-12], will also be discussed. 
The paper is organized as follows: In section II the 
standardized PONs are described. In section III we discuss the 
most promising candidates for PON evolution and carry out a 
discussion on the next steps of research in PONs. Whenever 
appropriate, the technical contributions from our research 
group at the University of Sao Paulo will be contextualized. 
II. PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK GENERATIONS 
Passive optical networks have been installed around the 
world in two basic variants: GPON and EPON (Ethernet 
PON), put forward by the IEEE 802.3 family of standards. 
Both are based on TDMA access and NRZ line coding but 
differ on protocol details, power budget and aggregated data 
rates, among other features [13]. EPON is generally dominant 
in South Korea and Japan while GPON has been more widely 
deployed in Europe, US and, also, Brazil. In this paper, we 
will focus more closely on the ITUT-T activities but the 
EPON standards will be mentioned when needed. 
Work at the FSAN started in the mid-90´s. The initial 
version of the ITU-T G.983 standard used Asynchronous 
Transfer Mode (ATM) as the TDMA access protocol and was 
referred to as ATM-PON. Subsequent versions of the standard 
were renamed broadband PON (BPON). A typical BPON 
deployment based on the ITU-T G983.1 version provided 622 
Mbit/s downstream rates and 155 Mbit/s for the upstream 
traffic. The later versions of this family of standards 
accommodated higher rates: for the ITU-T G983.3, there is the 
possibility of symmetrical 622 Mbit/s traffic or asymmetrical 
1.244 Gbits/s-622 Mbit/s for downstream and upstream 
aggregate rates, respectively [14]. 
The ITU-T G.984 GPON standard represented an 
evolution not only regarding data rates but also on protocol 
efficiency, by handling variable-length packets and distinct 
classes of traffic. Specifically, the GPON Encapsulation 
Method (GEM), designed after the ITU-T G.7041 Generic 
Framing Procedure (GFP), allows very flexible transport of 
network data, efficiently mixing ATM cells, Ethernet frames 
and TDM (voice) traffic [3]. The standard allows 7 
combinations of downstream/upstream bit rates. Among those, 
the most usual network capacities are 1.244 Gbit/s for 
upstream and 2.488 Gbit/s for downstream. The typical 
physical distance between OLT and ONTs is around 20 km, 
while the logical distance, determined by the interplay 
between the GPON ranging protocol and the signal round-trip 
time, is 60km. Longer-reach operation using conventional 
GPON equipment/SLV 
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by our research group, by means of adjustments at the time-
cycle of the OLT ranging process as well as optical 
amplification [15]. In fact, long-reach (LR) PONs (> 100km) 
may be an attractive solution from a networking point of view, 
by reducing the number of central-office (CO) nodes and 
consolidating equipment usage within the network. This is 
because a long-reach configuration allows the elimination of 
the metro-ring backhaul, by connecting the access network 
directly to the optical backbone [16]. Several groups, 
including ourselves, have investigated the amplification 
options for the LR configuration, not only SOAs [15] but also 
EDFAs and Raman amplifiers [17]. 
After GPON, the next drive of evolution was to increase 
the data rate provided to the end users by the TDM 
architecture. This lead to the 10 Gb/s PONs (ITU-T XG-PON) 
standard. In 2009, when the standard was proposed, the data 
rates were defined as asymmetrical: 10Gbits/s downstream but 
only 2.5 Gbits/s upstream. At that time, the main focus of 
PON technologies was residential customers and it was widely 
accepted that those asymmetrical rates would suffice, without 
the need for a costly 10 Gbits/s transmitter at the subscriber 
side. In addition, it should be noted that the upstream TDMA 
access scheme of the XGPON operates by assigning specific 
time-slots for the ONTs in the network. Since each ONT in the 
system is located at a different physical distance from the 
OLT, the OLT optical receiver need to operate in burst-mode, 
with a decision-threshold level adjustment every time the 
ONT being interrogated is changed. The design of the required 
hardware to operate this process at 10Gbits/s was considered 
to be challenging, also contributing to the selection of an 
asymmetrical XGPON architecture. 
Just a few years later, the cost difference had dropped and, 
also, the focus of PON technologies shifted away from the 
residential customer to a more mixed portfolio, including 
business services and backhaul/front-haul in high-speed 
mobile networks, which favor symmetric data rates. That is 
why the symmetric XG-PON configuration was brought into 
play, under the name XGS-PON, in line with the IEEE 
10GEPON system [4]. 
Next, in 2011, the FSAN proposed the NG-PON2, a time- 
and-wavelength division multiplexing (T-WDM) PON which 
increases the overall system capacity by stacking up to eight 
wavelengths in each transmission direction, all modulated at 
the same data rate as the XG-PON or XGS-PON [19]. From a 
network operator point of view, the architecture is very 
attractive, because it can be deployed over the conventional 
GPON optical distribution network (ODN), splitters included, 
while allowing the reuse of the XG-PON transceiver 
technology. The essentials of T-WDM PON were agreed upon 
by the ITU-T in 2012 and for the immediate future, in short 
and medium terms, the major trend seems to be an increase in 
channel date rate to 25 Gbits/s (40 Gbits/s possibly would 
require duobinary modulation, in order to alleviate chromatic 
dispersion effects), in parallel to the evolution path taken by 
the EPON family, given that the IEEE P802.3ca task force 
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was established to propose the standardization of 25 and 100G 
EPONs [20]. 
 
 
Fig. 1: Photo of the electronic channel selector circuit, part of an 
optoelectronic receiver for WDM-PON [18]. To the left, four 
microwave switches (3 FETs each, in a π−shaped connection) select 
the detected wavelength to be amplified by the transimpedance 
amplifier (right side). 
 
To finish this section, it is worth mentioning that, in the 
late 90´s, still in the ATM-PON era, our research group at 
University of Sao Paulo investigated a PON network topology 
similar to today´s NG-PON2 [18]. However, we devised a 
fairly complex dynamic bandwidth allocation scheme in the 
wavelength domain, requiring fast tuning (ns range) for the 
tunable optical receivers. Since those fast tuning speeds cannot 
be attained with conventional optical filters (even including 
those today under consideration for NG-PON2), the essence of 
the project was to design a tunable receiver architecture, 
without tunable optical filters. Specifically, in our design, the 
incoming wavelengths were demultiplexed in the optical 
domain and photodetected, each wavelength by its own PIN 
photodiode. In other words, the tunable optical filter is 
replaced by a fixed demux and an array of PDs. Next, a 
electronic selector circuit composed by FET microwave 
switches and a transimpedance amplifier selects the 
wavelength to be processed (see Fig. 1). The work was carried 
out in collaboration with the University of Rome, Tor Vergata, 
and both 4x1 and 16x1 circuits were successfully 
demonstrated, with tuning times smaller than 2 ns [18]. 
 
III. BEYOND TWDM-PON 
 The predominant view today within the FSAN is that there 
will be no need for a NG-PON3 standard for the next few 
years, entering into the next decade [19]. On one hand, the 
mix of available standards, composed by GPON (focusing on 
residential subscribers), XGS-PON (possibly able to meet 
most business needs) and NG-PON2 (with 80 Gbits/s overall 
capacity and possibility of adding additional PtP WDM links) 
should be able to address all demands for bandwidth, even 
considering the most stringent new driver: backhaul/fronthaul 
in 5G mobile networks. In addition, two new standards 
(XGPON and NG-PON2) were introduced in a relatively short 
5-year period. Therefore, it will take some time for these two 
technologies to be fully established within the telecom market, 
thereby assuring complete interoperability between distinct 
vendors [19]. 
For the longer term (maybe by 2025), there are a variety of 
technological options to move forward as NG-PON3, which 
were already considered when FSAN was discussing NG-
PON2 [21] and could potentially provide disruptive increases 
in network capacity: self-seeded WDM-PON, coherent-PON 
and OFDM-PON. Among those options, WDM-PON have 
been proposed and investigated very intensively, since the 
early 90´s (see [22] for an excellent review on this early 
work). In simple terms, in the WDM-PON configuration each 
ONT in the network can receive a dedicated wavelength, on a 
permanent basis. In other words, WDM-PON establishes a 
logical PtP network topology. 
Despite the very large bandwidth offered by WDM-PON 
architectures, the choice of the T-WDM technology to base 
the NGPON-2 standard was related not only to technological 
maturity (XG-PON transceivers could be reused) but also 
because it could employ the same ODN, splitters included, as 
previous PON generations, thereby avoiding the need to 
replace power splitters by wavelength demultiplexers, the 
AWGs. In fact, although there has been reports of commercial 
operation of WDM-PON networks in South Korea [23, 28], a 
major hurdle to widespread deployment of WDM-PONs has 
been the need of WDM-PON to be backward compatible with 
the previous generations of PONs, thereby coexisting on the 
same ODN. It should pointed out, however, that the problem 
of coexistence between TDM and WDM-PON schemes is not 
unsurmountable. It has been addressed in the literature and 
graceful migration strategies can be devised [24, 28]. One of 
the possibilities is illustrated in Fig. 2 [24]. 
Another issue posing a hurdle for widespread WDM-PON 
dissemination is the need for each ONT to have its own 
upstream wavelength. The simplest solution, to use fixed 
wavelength transmitters, creates a formidable burden in terms 
of operational costs, given that a high number of different 
laser devices (equaling the number of wavelengths in use), 
must be kept in inventory by the network operator. 
This issue has been identified since the very early daysof 
WDM-PON research. The answer is to develop WDM-PON 
architectures in which the same hardware is used to generate 
any wavelength required by a given ONT. The most obvious 
of those colorless sources would be to use identical tunable 
lasers at each ONT, where each laser is then tuned to a 
specific and pre-assigned upstream wavelength. Tunable lasers 
for T-WDM PON have been developed by starting from 
conventional DWDM tunable transmitter modules and 
eliminating features such as thermoelectric coolers and 
wavelength-lockers, in order to reduce costs [25]. Concerning 
tunable lasers for more demanding WDM-PON applications, 
multi-section DFB lasers are promising but the technology is 
still maturing, as the continuous tuning range is typically 
below 10 nm [26] and the device may suffer from instability 
and mode hopping. 
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CO
OLT XGS-PON
(legacy)
Tx,Rx, 
λ2
M
UXTx,Rx, 
λ17
Feeder Fiber 
RN
WC1 WC2
AW
G
PS
λ1
λ1
λ1
λ2 λ17
λ2
λ17
λ4
ONTs
 
 
Fig. 2: Proposed coexistence strategy between XGS-PON and 
WDM-PON (adapted and modified from [24]). In the CO premises 
there are XGS-PON and WDM-PON (16 wavelengths) equipments. 
All 17 lambdas are launched together into the feeder fiber by the 
wavelength coupler WC1 and decoupled at the remote node by WC2. 
λ1 is the XGS-PON designated wavelength passing through the power 
splitter (PS) and sent the XGS-PON ONTs (in black). The other 16 
lambdas are demultiplexed by an Arrayed Waveguide Grating 
(AWG) and sent to the WDM-ONTs (in grey). Eventually, one (or 
more) of the WDM-PON wavelengths can be diverted to the legacy 
PON (λ8, dashed lines, in the picture above), progressively creating a 
T-WDM scheme, “pay as you go”. 
 
Due to the lack of tunable lasers, the initial experiments on 
WDM-PONs during the 90´s were often based on the spectral 
slicing of broadband incoherent light sources (BLS), such as 
LEDs or the ASE from an EDFA [22]. As expected, those 
attempts suffered from several problems, including power 
budget issues. That is why subsequent experiments reported in 
the literature used the BLS not to generate the optical carrier 
itself but to provide an optical seed to lock an specific 
wavelength within the gain bandwidth of an active 
semiconductor device located at the ONT. Such externally 
seeded optical sources were first implemented in the form of 
injection-locked Fabry-Perot semiconductor lasers [27] but 
there are some drawbacks. Even with the use of long-cavity 
lasers to increase the modal content, the locking range and, 
consequently, the number of available wavelength channels 
are limited. 
Alternatively, in later work colorless ONTs are often based 
on reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers (RSOAs) and 
the optical seed for the upstream carrier is generally provided 
by the optical line terminal (OLT) at the central office (CO) 
[28]. The technology is mature and has been installed for 
commercial operation by Korea Telecom in Gwangju, since 
March 2009 [28]. However, the whole architecture is 
dependent on a single BLS ASE source at the OLT. In other 
words, a BLS failure brings down the whole WDM-PON 
network. This is one of the motivations behind the self-
seeding scheme, in which the optical seed required for 
upstream transmission is provided by the RSOA itself [29]. 
Specifically, the ASE output light from each RSOA is 
spectrally sliced by an AWG at a remote node (RN) and 
injected back into the RSOA by means of a reflective optical 
path. Colorless operation is possible because each AWG arm 
will provide a distinct wavelength seed. 
In our work [8], we developed a WDM-PON architecture 
(Fig. 3) in which self-seeding occurs in RSOAs located at the 
OLT, allowing upstream transmission based on wavelength 
reuse and carrier remodulation at the ONT. This remodulation 
scheme allows the sharing of a single wavelength for both data 
flows, enabling more efficient optical spectral usage because 
the same wavelength per user can be employed for both traffic 
directions. Downstream data is erased by operating the RSOA 
in deep saturation and crosstalk between downstream and 
upstream data can be further minimized by using distinct 
extinction ratios in each direction, associated to proper 
electronic hardware at the ONT [8]. 
 
(a) 
 
Fig. 3: Top (a): Self-seeding architecture where FRM is the 
Faraday rotator mirror, the reflective element used to avoid 
instabilities caused by polarization fluctuations [30]. Bottom (b) 
BER optical transmission measurements up to 140 km [31]. 
 
Accordingly to Fig. 3(b) we were able to demonstrate 
optical transmission within the BER-limit up to a distance of 
140km, with a 2.7 power penalty compared to the back-to-
back condition. In the literature, most experiments (including 
ours) have been performed at 1.25 Gb/s. However, the recent 
development of high-speed RSOAs has allowed 10 Gb/s 
operation, not only at the conventional C-band, but also at the 
O-band [32], making possible to explore a generally untapped 
wavelength band for PON applications. Finally, in yet another 
demonstration that self-seeding is ready for commercial 
deployment, Huawei has carried out the field-test of a full 
mobile fronthaul in a LTE environment [33]. 
Regarding the future NG-PON3, beyond WDM-PON self-
seeding, the two other main contenders are OFDM [11] and 
Ultra-Dense Coherent PON [12]. In short, both OFDM and 
coherent PONs are very powerful albeit complex techniques, 
relying heavily on expensive high-speed DSP processors. 
OFDM configurations allow excellent bandwidth granularity. 
This is because downstream traffic to a particular ONT can be 
transported by a flexible mix of OFDM subcarriers and 
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timeslots. For upstream transmission, OFDMA bandwidth 
allocation schemes are implemented [11]. On the other hand, 
ultra-dense WDM coherent PONs [12] take advantage of the 
recent advances in coherent transmission and digital signal 
processing techniques related to the 100G QPSK standard for 
backbone networks. It is a very spectrally efficient technique 
because coherent detection allows very closed spaced channels 
and huge network capacity. Although today´s transceivers are 
still too costly for practical deployment in access networks, 
those costs are likely to come down as the 100G QPSK 
standard for core networks matures and moves deeper into 
mass production. In conclusion, among the three options, self-
seeding is probably the most cost-effective today. However, 
OFDM has potential for faster cost reduction and coherent 
access techniques maybe ready for some niche high-capacity 
applications by the time when the NG-PON 3 standardization 
process is under way. 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
The author would like to thank his former graduate 
students Getúlio E.R. de Paiva, Stilante K. Manfrim and 
Ulysses R. Duarte and many collaborators, in particular, João 
B. Rosolem (CPqD), Franco Giannini and Giancarlo Orengo 
(Univ. Rome, Tor Vergata). Over the years, this research was 
supported by the CPqD Foundation, by the Brazilian branch of 
NEC as well as by the funding agencies CNPq and Fapesp. 
 
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Authorized licensed use limited to: Instituto Nacional De Telecomunicações (INATEL). Downloaded on November 22,2024 at 19:36:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 
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