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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Aula 10: Figuras De Linguagem
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
Study the definition of figures of speech and their importance to the communicative system;
Analyze the main figures of speech.
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
“A figure is worth a thousand words”
 
A figure of speech is a rhetorical device that achieves a special effect by using words in distinctive ways. Figurative language is often associated with literature--and with poetry in particular. But the fact is, whether we're conscious of it or not, we use figures of speech every day in our own writing and conversations.
Figurative language is the opposite of literal language. Literal language means exactly what it says. Figurative language means something different to (and usually more than) what it says on the surface:
He ran fast. (literal)
He ran like the wind. (figurative)
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FIGURES OF SPEECH
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Using original figures of speech in our writing is a way to convey meanings in fresh, unexpected ways. Figures can help our readers understand and stay interested in what we have to say. The figure of speech comes in many varieties. The aim is to use the language inventively to accentuate the effect of what is being said. A few examples follow:
"Around the rugged rocks the rugged rascal ran" is an example of alliteration, where the consonant r is used repeatedly.
"Military Intelligence is an oxymoron" is the use of direct sarcasm to suggest that the military would have no intelligence. 
"I had butterflies in my stomach" is a metaphor, referring to my nervousness feeling as if there were flying insects in my stomach.
To say "it was like having some butterflies in my stomach" would be a simile, because it uses the word like which is missing in the metaphor.
FIGURES OF SPEECH
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Though differing in special character or effects, they all have one thing in common, and that is, they contribute beyond anything else to the embellishment of style. 
They contribute to perspicuity (clearness and lucidity), by the power which many of them have of throwing fresh light upon a subject by presenting it in a new and unexpected form. 
They add to the persuasiveness of style. They give variety to it, by enabling the author to change his form of expression at will. Thus a perpetual freshness and vivacity is the result, together with an attractive brilliancy. 
WHAT IS THE VALUE OF THE FIGURES OF SPEECH? 
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
FIGURES OF SPEECH
 
Though there are hundreds of figures of speech, here we'll focus on just 20 of the most common figures.
For definitions of more than 100 figures, visit 
The Tool Kit for Rhetorical Analysis.
1) ANAPHORA (AKA EPANAPHORA, ITERATIO, RELATIO, REPETITIO, REPORT - From the Greek, "carrying back")
It is the repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses.
Good food. Good cheer. Good times. 
I want her to live. I want her to breathe. I want her to aerobicize
2) ANTITHESIS (FROM THE GREEK, "OPPOSITION")
An antithesis is a figure of speech where two very opposing lines of thought or ideas are placed in a somewhat balanced sentenced. 
"Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing." (Goethe)
"We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools."(Martin Luther King, Jr., speech at St. Louis, 1964)
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
FIGURES OF SPEECH
3) APOSTROPHE (AKA: TURNE TALE, AVERSIO, AVERSION - FROM THE GREEK, "TURNING AWAY")
A figure of speech in which some absent or nonexistent person or thing is addressed as if present and capable of understanding.
"Oh! Stars and clouds and winds, ye are all about to mock me; if ye really pity me, crush sensation and memory; let me become as nought; but if not, depart, depart, and leave me in darkness.”(Mary Shelley, Frankenstein, 1818)
4) ASYNDETON ( AKA: ASYNDETISM - FROM THE GREEK, "UNCONNECTED") 
It is a figure of speech in which one or several conjunctions are omitted from a series of related clauses. 
Veni, vidi, vici and its English translation "I came, I saw, I conquered". 
They dove, splashed, floated, splashed, swam, snorted. 
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
5) POLYSYNDETON (FROM THE GREEK, "BOUND TOGETHER")
Polysyndeton refers to that figure of speech which makes good use of conjunctions and in close succession.
He ran and jumped and laughed for joy.
We lived and laughed and loved and left.
6) ALLITERATION (AKA: HEAD RHYME, INITIAL RHYME, FRONT RHYME- From the Latin, "putting letters together")
Alliteration is the duplication of a specific consonant sound at the start of each word and in quick succession. Although alliterations are all about consonant sounds, exceptions can be made, when vowels sounds are also repeated. This figure of speech is commonly seen in poems.
"Good men are gruff and grumpy, cranky, crabbed, and cross." (Clement Freud) (sounds of ‘g’ and ‘k’)
She sells seashells by the seashore. (sounds of ‘s’ and ‘sh’) 
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
FIGURES OF SPEECH
7) ASSONANCE (AKA: MEDIAL RHYME (OR RIME), INEXACT RHYME- FROM THE LATIN, "SOUND")
The repetition of similar vowel sounds in neighboring words like:
It beats . . . as it sweeps . . . as it cleans! (advertising slogan for Hoover vacuum cleaners, 1950s)
"The spider skins lie on their sides, translucent and ragged, their legs drying in knots."(Annie Dillard, Holy the Firm, 1977)
8) ELLIPSIS (AKA: ELLIPTICAL EXPRESSION, ELLIPTICAL CLAUSE - FROM THE ANCIENT GREEK, "OMISSION" OR "FALLING SHORT") 
In grammar and rhetoric, the omission of one or more words, which must be supplied by the listener or reader.
"Wise men talk because they have something to say; fools, (talk) because they have to say something." (Plato)
"Some people go to priests; others (go) to poetry; I (go) to my friends."(Virginia Woolf) 
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
FIGURES OF SPEECH
9) EUPHEMISM: (AKA SOFT LANGUAGE, EUPHEMISMUS, CONCILIATIO, PARADIASTOLE, SOOTHER - From the Greek, "use of good words")
A euphemism is a polite word or expression that people use when they are talking about something which they or other people may find unpleasant, upsetting or embarrassing. When we use euphemisms we are protecting ourselves from the reality of what is said. There are many euphemisms that refer to sex, bodily functions, war, death, etc. 
He passed away (i.e. died) after a long illness (i.e. cancer). 
We keep the adult (i.e. pornographic) magazines on the top shelf and the adult videos under the counter. 
You know that we're in the middle of a rightsizing exercise (i.e. compulsory redundancy programme). We have no alternative but to let you go (i.e. sack you). 
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
FIGURES OF SPEECH
10) HYPERBOLE (AKA OVERSTATEMENT, EXUPERATIO - FROM THE GREEK, “EXCESS”)
An exaggeration that is so dramatic that no one would believe the statement is true. 
They ran like greased lightning.
Her brain is the size of a pea.
I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.
I have told you a million times not to lie!
11) IRONY (ALSO KNOWN AS: EIRONEIA, ILLUSIO, DRY MOCK - FROM THE GREEK, "FEIGNED IGNORANCE”)
Irony is used to stress on the opposite meaning of a word. When people are looking to be sarcastic, they employ irony. 
He was so intelligent, that he failed all his tests. 
"Gentlemen, you can't fight in here! This is the War Room."(Peter Sellers as President Merkin Muffley in Dr. Strangelove,1964)
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
12) METAPHOR (FROM THE GREEK, "TRANSFER"). 
A metaphor is a figure of speech that says that one thing is another different thing. This allows us to use fewer words and forces the reader or listener to find the similarities. The word metaphor comes from the 
Her home was a prison.
George is a sheep.
FIGURES OF SPEECH
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
FIGURES OF SPEECH
13) METONYMY (ALSO KNOWN AS: DENOMINATIO, MISNAMER, TRANSMUTATION - FROM THE GREEK, "CHANGE OF NAME") 
 A metonymy is a figure of speech where one word or phrase is used in place of another. With metonymies, a name of a particular thing is substituted with the name of a thing that is closely related to it. 
 Tools/Instruments: Often a tool is used to signify the job it does or the person who does the job, as in the phrase "the press" (referring to the printing press), or as in the idiom.
The pen is mightier than the sword. 
The material that a thing is (actually, historically, or supposedly) made of referring to that thing
"steel" for a sword
"plastic" for a credit card (asking a merchant) Do you take plastic?
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
FIGURES OF SPEECH
13) METONYMY
 A container is used to refer to its contents:
I ate the whole box of chocolate.
The author for its work:
I bought a Picasso yesterday.
SYNECDOCHE (FROM THE GREEK, "SIMULTANEOUS UNDERSTANDING") is understood as a specific kind of metonymy. It is a figure of speech in which a term for a part of something is used to refer to the whole of something, or vice-versa. 
Describing a complete vehicle as "wheels"
Referring to people by a particular body part. For example, "head count", "counting noses", or "all hands on deck!", “She has ten mouths to feed.”
Referring to a part of a construction: “I don’t have a roof over my head.”
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
FIGURES OF SPEECH
14) ONOMATOPOEIA (AKA: ECHO WORD, ECHOISM - FROM THE LATIN, "MAKE NAMES")
Onomatopoeia is the use of words that sound like their meaning, or mimic sounds.  It is used to replicate sounds created by objects, actions, animals and people.
"Chug, chug, chug. Puff, puff, puff. Ding-dong, ding-dong. The little train rumbled over the tracks.”("Watty Piper" [Arnold Munk], The Little Engine That Could)
15) PERSONIFICATION (AKA: PROSOPOPOEIA - ANTHROPOMORPHISM - FROM THE GREEK, "FACE, MASK")
Personification gives human characteristics to inanimate objects, animals, or ideas. This can really affect the way the reader imagines things. This is used in children’s books, poetry, and fictional literature. 
The picture in that magazine shouted for attention.
The radio stopped singing and stared at me.
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
FIGURES OF SPEECH
16) PUN (AKA: PARONOMASIA – UNCERTAIN ORIGIN)
A pun is a form of word play which suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. Puns are used to create humor and sometimes require a large vocabulary to understand. 
Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight"(Dylan Thomas, "Do not go gentle into that good night")
"Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana."(Groucho Marx)
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
FIGURES OF SPEECH
17) OXYMORON (PLURAL: OXYMORA, OXYMORONS - FROM THE GREEK, "SHARP-DULL")
An oxymoron is a figure of speech that deliberately uses two contradictory ideas. This contradiction creates a paradoxical image in the reader or listener's mind that generates a new concept or meaning for the whole. 
a living death
a deafening silence
"The best cure for insomnia is to get a lot of sleep."(attributed to W.C. Fields)
"A yawn may be defined as a silent yell."
Here are some common examples of oxymoronic expressions: act naturally, random order, original copy, conspicuous absence, found missing, alone together, criminal justice, old news, peace force, even odds, awful good, student teacher, deafening silence, definite possibility, definite maybe, open secret, exact estimate.
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
FIGURES OF SPEECH
18) PLEONASM (AKA: PLEONASMUS, SUPERABUNDANCIA, MACROLOGIA, TAUTOLOGY, PERISSOLOGY - FROM THE GREEK, “PLEON”: MORE, TOO MUCH)
 It is the use of superfluous or redundant words. There are two kinds of pleonasm: syntactic pleonasm and semantic pleonasm.
Syntactic pleonasm - Syntactic pleonasm occurs when the grammar of a language makes certain function words optional. For example, consider the following English sentences:
"I know you are coming."
"I know that you are coming."
In this construction, the conjunction that is optional when joining a sentence to a verb phrase with know. Both sentences are grammatically correct, but the word that is pleonastic in this case. 
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
FIGURES OF SPEECH
18) PLEONASM (AKA: PLEONASMUS, SUPERABUNDANCIA, MACROLOGIA, TAUTOLOGY, PERISSOLOGY - FROM THE GREEK, “PLEON”: MORE, TOO MUCH)
Semantic pleonasm - Semantic pleonasm is more a question of style and usage than grammar. Linguists usually call this redundancy to avoid confusion with syntactic pleonasm, a more important phenomenon for theoretical linguistics. It can take various forms, including:
"He entered into the room."
"What therefore God hath joined together, let no man put asunder."
"He raised up his hands in a gesture of surrender."
"This particular item": this item.
"Please R.S.V.P."
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
FIGURES OF SPEECH
19) SIMILE (FROM LATIN, "LIKENESS" OR "COMPARISON")
A simile is a figure of speech that says that one thing is like another different thing. We can use similes to make descriptions more emphatic or vivid. We often use the words as...as and like with similes. Common patterns for similes, with example sentences, are:
 
1) something [is] AS adjective AS something (stative verb: be, feel, smell, taste etc.) [is] AS adjective AS something	meaning
His skin was as cold as ice.
It felt as hard as rock.
She looked as gentle as a lamb.  
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
FIGURES OF SPEECH
2) something [is] LIKE something (stative verb: be, feel, smell, taste etc.)
[is] LIKE something	possible meaning (depending on context)
My love is like a red, red rose.
These cookies taste like garbage.
He had a temper (that was) like a volcano.
 
3) something [does] LIKE something (action verb)
[does] LIKE something	meaning
He eats like a pig.
He smokes like a chimney.
They fought like cats and dogs.
 
To see a list of similes, go to:
http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/figures-similes-list.htm
 
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
20) ZEUGMA (FROM THE GREEK, "A YOKING, A BOND")
Zeugma refers to the employment of a word to bridge two or more words, but here the word makes sense to one word or all words in dissimilar ways. 
She lowered her standards by raising her glass, her courage, her eyes and his hopes.
You are free to execute your laws, and your citizens, as you see fit."(Star Trek: The Next Generation)
"Kill the boys and the luggage!"(Fluellen in William Shakespeare's Henry V)
"She arrived in a taxi and a flaming rage."(John Lyons, Semantics. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1977)
"We were partners, not soul mates, two separate people who happened to be sharing a menu and a life."(Amy Tan, The Hundred Secret Senses. Ivy Books, 1995)
FIGURES OF SPEECH
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
TAKE A LOOK!
Figures of speech – list and exerciseshttp://changingminds.org/techniques/language/figures_speech/figures_speech_alpha.htm
http://www.kidskonnect.com/subjectindex/20-educational/language-arts/343-figurative-language.html
http://www.ereadingworksheets.com/figurative-language/figurative-language-examples/
http://languagearts.mrdonn.org/figurative.html
Figures of speech quiz
http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=figures-speech-quiz
http://quizlet.com/3962217/figurative-language-definitionsexamplespictures-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/7690380/top-20-figurative-language-examples-flash-cards/
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
TAKE A LOOK!
Figurative Language found in Pop Culture
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Spt9cVyIHYw
Figurative Language in Movies 
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14SEC1vuvoc
Figurative Language in POPULAR MUSIC 2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4IfWpYg67U4
Disney Songs Mash-Up Figurative Language
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvpLdM-3mTc
Figures of speech
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itJ1Z1gKMkY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-l-qHP2Bai4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9RQcFaBabM
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
TAKE A LOOK!
Figures of Speech video teaching part 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEiNh5VcCDY
Figures of Speech video teaching part 2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJAv3Q8qFUs
Figures of Speech video teaching part 3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJAv3Q8qFUs
English Conversation - Figures of speech - Lesson 9
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2k0v_UXGPU
Alliteration
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZhrY5ZCYtlU
Hyperbole in Music 
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KQFuRG3qOOw
Songs with Onomatopoeia
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpTV5i9CKuw
Figuras De Linguagem – Aula 10
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
Studied the definition of figures of speech and their importance to the communicative system;
Analyzed the main figures of speech.