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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
REV1 – Classes 1 To 5
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
Study the word classes (parts of speech) and analyze their relation with clause elements in the discourse;
Analyze the types of prepositions and their use;
Study the semantic meaning of the prepositions;
Learn the definition and the particularities of Prepositional Phrases;
Learn the definition and particularities of adjectives and their order;
Study the adjective and the adjectival phrases and their syntactic uses.
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
WORD CLASSES
VERBS
NOUNS
DETERMINERS
ADJECTIVES
INTERJECTIONS
PRONOUNS
ADVERBS
CONJUNC
TIONS
PREPOSI
TIONS
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
WORD CLASSES
Determiners: Demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, articles, possessive adjectives, numerals
Let’s analyze some examples:
Both of the students came – In this case, both is a determiner, as it which co-occurs with a noun (students). 
Both came.. – In this case, both is a pronoun, as it is replacing a noun (students).
Try to ignore the few who sneer. (indefinite pronoun)
Try to ignore the few people who sneer.(determiner)
This is a fast moving train. (demonstrative pronoun)    
This train is moving fast. (determiner)
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
WORD CLASSES
Some words, such as NUMBERS, do not fit in any of the word classes given above. They can behave as adjectives (one loaf or two?) or pronouns (I want one now!). 
NOTE: There are some authors that will divide them: 
a) Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.
b) Lexical verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, auxiliary verbs, numerals, determiners, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions.
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
ONE WORD, MULTIPLE CLASSES
The word class of a word is a permanent characteristic of a word and part of its definition, but many words can belong to more than one word class. 
 
Items may belong to more than one class. In most instances, we can only assign a word to a word class when we encounter it in context. 
The unfolding spectacle astonished the child. - VERB
The astonished child watched the spectacle unfold. - ADJECTIVE
It looks good. - verb
She has good looks. – NOUN
I know that they are abroad – CONJUNCTION
I know that. – PRONOUN
I know that man. - DETERMINER
One must be careful not to offend them. – GENERIC PRONOUN
Give me one good reason. - NUMBER 
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
THE WORD CLASSES AND THE CLAUSE ELEMENTS
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
THE WORD CLASSES AND THE CLAUSE ELEMENTS
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
PLACE
“In” - place which have some boundary
“On” - surface 
“At” - specific place. 
TIME
“In” - Month or year - particular time of day or month or year - century or specific time in past “On” - day – date - particular day “At” - time of clock - short and precise time or age
PREPOSITIONS - AT – ON -IN
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
PREPOSITIONS OF DIRECTION (AND PLACE)
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
ACROSS AND THROUGH 
The difference between across and through is like the difference between ON and IN. Compare:
We walked across the desert. (We were on the desert.)
I walked through the wood. (I was in the wood.)
 
Other examples:
She swam ACROSS the Thames. 
You were running THROUGH the crowd 
The cat was going ACROSS the empty street. 
ACROSS AND THROUGH
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
EXERCISE:
What is the semantic meaning of the prepositions in these sentences?
I. He stayed there for 20 minutes.
II. He bought everything, besides milk.
III. Despite the rain, we went to the party.
IV. He killed the intruder with a knife.
V. They fought against each other.
VI. He placed the ladder against the wall.
a) place – exclusion – concession – cause – opposition - place
b) duration – reference – concession – instrument – opposition - place
c) duration – exclusion – concession – instrument – opposition - place
d) place – exclusion – separation – cause – place - opposition
e) duration – exclusion – concession – instrument – place - opposition
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
Some verbs need a preposition before an object or another verb. The preposition is only grammatical, it doesn't change the meaning of the verb. 
 
A prepositional phrase should not be confused with the sequence formed by the particle and the direct object of a phrasal verb, as in turn on the light. 
This sequence is structurally distinct from a prepositional phrase. In this case, "on" and "the light" do not form a unit; they combine independently with the verb "turn". A word that looks like a preposition but is actually part of a verb is called a Particle.
1. He came by the office in a hurry (by = preposition – PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE)
He came by his fortune honestly (by = particle – NOT A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE)
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A preposition initiates a noun, adjective or adverb.
A conjunction initiates a clause.
An adverb is never followed by an object.
Before/after/since the end of the summer. - PREPOSITION
Before/after/since the summer ended. - CONJUNCTION
It looks like another rainy day. - PREPOSITION
It looks like it's going to rain again today. - CONJUNCTION
He wants to color outside. - ADVERB
He wants to color outside the lines. - PREPOSITION
It will be some time before his schedule settles down. -ADVERB
One need only look down the roster to see the impact of so much travel. PREPOSITION
 
 
PREPOSITION OR ADVERB OR CONJUNCTION?
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
EXERCISE:
Choose the alternative that classifies correctly the words in PREPOSITIONS OR ADVERBS:
I. Below the water, there are many dangers 
II. Turn the television on so that we can see the news.
III. The athletes ran outside. 
IV. Throughout high school, there are many opportunities to do volunteer work. 
V. The security guards would not allow Mike through. 
a) adverb – preposition – preposition – adverb - preposition
b) preposition – adverb – adverb – preposition - adverb
c) preposition – preposition – adverb – preposition - adverb
d) preposition – adverb – preposition – preposition - adverb
e) preposition – adverb – adverb – preposition - preposition
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Prepositional phrases can have the following syntactic function:
ADVERBIAL (adverb) - When, where, how, why, to what degree?
PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT (noun) – preposition + what or who?
INDIRECT OBJECT (noun) – preposition + what or who?
ADNOMINAL ADJUNCT (adjective) - What kind of? Which one? (comma)
PREDICATIVE(adjective) - What kind of? Which one? (no comma)
The man from China was enjoying his noodles. (PREDICATIVE)
She ran under him. (ADVERBIAL) 
A student of physics. (ADNOMINAL ADJUNCT) 
She argued with him. (PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT) 
She handed the money TO ME. (INDIRECT OBJECT) 
Give this man your name. (INDIRECT OBJECT WITH PREPOSITION UNDERSTOOD)
The boy from the shop (PREDICATIVE) is waiting at the corner (ADVERBIAL)
 
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES – SYNTACTIC FUNCTION 
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
EXERCISE:
Are the followingprepositional phrases adverbial or adjective?
I. The book on the bathroom floor is swollen from shower steam.
II. Freddy is stiff from yesterday's long football practice.
III. Before class, Josh begged his friends for a pencil.
IV. The sweet potatoes in the vegetable bin are green with mold.
V. Feeling brave, we tried the Dragon Breath Burritos at Tito's Taco Palace.
a) adjective – adverbial – adverbial – adjective - adverbial
b) adverbial – adjective – adjective – adverbial - adjective
c) adjective – adjective – adverbial – adjective - adverbial
d) adjective – adverbial – adverbial – adjective - adjective
e) adverbial – adverbial – adverbial – adjective - adverbial
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
TYPES OF ADJECTIVES
A given occurrence of an adjective can generally be classified into one of four kinds of uses:
ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES - I saw three happy kids
PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVES - They are happy.
ABSOLUTE ADJECTIVES - The boy, happy with his lollipop, did not look where he was going.
SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVES - I read two books to them; he preferred the sad book, but she preferred the happy.
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
ATTRIBUTIVE adjectives come before the noun which they modify. 
He ate a delicious mango.
Poor can’t afford expensive clothes. 
 
PREDICATIVE adjectives come after a verb.
Your problem seems difficult.
POSTPOSITIVE adjectives come immediately after the modified noun. In some languages this is the normal syntax, but in English it is rare. Aplenty, galore, and the informal extraordinaire are examples of adjectives that are primarily used postpositively in modern English. 
Aplenty: "There were warning signs aplenty for their candidates as well" (Michael Gelb).
Galore: "with balloons and hot dogs . . . and fireworks galore" (Anne Armstrong).
Extraordinaire: a jazz singer extraordinaire.
POSITION OF ADJECTIVES
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
OR: OPINION SIZE AGE SHAPE COLOR ORIGIN MATERIAL PURPOSE
MNEMONIC RESOURCE: OPSISACORMAP
ADJECTIVE ORDER
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
ADJECTIVE ORDER
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
A PHRASE is a group of words that make sense, but only partly. It is a part of a sentence, but it does not have a finite verb.
Group of boys, red colored, backward rural
 
An ADJECTIVE is a word that describes a noun or a pronoun.
Blue dress
The rich chocolate melted in her mouth.
An ADJECTIVE PHRASE is a group of words that does the function of an adjective in a sentence.
A dress of blue color
The rich and creamy chocolate melted in her mouth.
  
My old father locked his keys in the trunk of a rental car
Old – refers to father – only one adjective 
Of a rental car - refers to trunk – group of words - adjective phrase
PHRASE – ADJECTIVE – ADJECTIVE PHRASE
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
THE USES OF ADJECTIVE PHRASES
 
Adjective phrases have two primary uses.:
 …the unusually tall boy - The adjective tall is modified by the adverb unusually to form the adjectival phrase. It expands the noun phrase the boy. (ATTRIBUTIVE)
They are keen on football - The adjective keen combines with the prepositional phrase, on football. The head of the phrase is keen, and the phrase describes the keenness, so it’s an adjectival phrase. (PREDICATIVE)
Other examples:
Sentences can contain tremendously long phrases. - ATTRIBUTIVE
This sentence is not tremendously long. - PREDICATIVE
A player faster than you was on their team. - ATTRIBUTIVE
He is faster than you. - PREDICATIVE
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
THE SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADJECTIVE
Adnominal Adjectives 
The black cat drank the fresh cream. 
The audition calls for young, female actresses. 
Subject Predicative
My puppy is very mischievous. 
Christmas cookies smell delicious. 
Object Predicative
The little girl painted her bedroom bright pink. 
The preschoolers are coloring the trees purple and blue. 
Appositives
The man, hungry and exhausted, fainted. 
Aware of the situation, the man called for emergency services.
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
EXERCISES:
1) In which sentence the adjective is predicative?
a) A player faster than you was on their team. 
b) Sam ordered a very spicy but quite small pizza. 
c) People angry with the high prices were protesting. 
d) The people are angry with the high prices. 
e) The nice and tired men stayed for breakfast. 
 
2) In which sentence the syntactic function of the adjective is correctly analyzed?
a) The tiny baby was born prematurely. (subject predicative)
b) They lost their notion of time. (appositive)
c) The apple pie you made tastes sour. (subject predicative) 
d) The man, hungry and exhausted, fainted. (adnominal adjective)
e) My puppy is very mischievous. (object predicative)
REV1 – CLASSES 1 TO 5
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
Studied the word classes (parts of speech) and analyze their relation with clause elements in the discourse;
Analyzed the types of prepositions and their use;
Studied the semantic meaning of the prepositions;
Learned the definition and the particularities of Prepositional Phrases;
Learned the definition and particularities of adjectives and their order;
Studied the adjective and the adjectival phrases and their syntactic uses.