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Summary of Bacteria Associated with Human Disease 
System Affected Pathogens 
Upper Respiratory Infections 
Pharyngitis Groups A and C Streptococcus, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, Chlamydophila 
pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium 
ulcerans, Mycoplasma pneumoniae 
Sinusitis Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, mixed anaerobes and aerobes, 
Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, group A Streptococcus, Chlamydophila 
pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative rods 
Epiglottitis Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus 
Ear Infections 
Otitis externa Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, group A Streptococcus 
Otitis media Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, 
Staphylococcus aureus, group A Streptococcus, mixed anaerobes and aerobes 
Eye Infections 
Conjunctivitis Streptococcus pneumoniae, group B Streptococcus, viridans Streptococcus, 
Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus aegyptius, Neisseria 
gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Corynebacterium species, Francisella 
tularensis, Chlamydia trachomatis 
Keratitis Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Streptococcus 
pneumoniae, viridans Streptococcus, group A Streptococcus, Pseudomonas 
aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and other Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillus species, 
Clostridium perfringens, Neisseria gonorrhoeae 
Endophthalmitis Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas 
aeruginosa, Bacillus species, Propionibacterium species, Corynebacterium species 
Pleuropulmonary and Bronchial Infections 
Bronchitis Bordetella pertussis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Moraxella 
catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae 
Empyema Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, group A Streptococcus, 
Bacteroides fragilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and other Enterobacteriaceae, Actinomyces 
species, Nocardia species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other species 
Pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria 
meningitidis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila 
pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci, Klebsiella pneumoniae and other 
Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia species, Legionella 
species, Francisella tularensis, Bacteroides fragilis, Nocardia species, Rhodococcus 
equi, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other species, Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia 
rickettsii, and many other species 
Urinary Tract Infections 
Cystitis and pyelonephritis Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, other Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 
Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 
group B Streptococcus, Enterococcus species, Aerococcus urinae, Mycobacterium 
tuberculosis 
Renal calculi Proteus species, Morganella morganii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Corynebacterium 
urealyticum, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Ureaplasma urealyticum 
Renal abscess Staphylococcus aureus, mixed anaerobes and aerobes 
Prostatitis Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, other Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus 
species, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other species 
Intraabdominal Infections 
Peritonitis Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, other Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas 
aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus species, 
Bacteroides fragilis and other species, Fusobacterium species, Clostridium species, 
Peptostreptococcus species, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
Dialysis-associated peritonitis Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species, 
Corynebacterium species, Propionibacterium species, Escherichia coli and other 
Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter species 
Visceral abscesses Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus species, Staphylococcus 
aureus, Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium species, Actinomyces species, mixed 
anaerobic and aerobic infections, Yersinia enterocolitica, Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
and other species 
Cardiovascular Infections 
Endocarditis Viridans Streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Abiotrophia species, 
Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Rothia mucilaginosa, 
Enterococcus species, HACEK organisms, Bartonella species, Coxiella burnetii, Brucella 
species, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 
Corynebacterium species, Propionibacterium species 
Myocarditis Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Clostridium perfringens, group A Streptococcus, Borrelia 
burgdorferi, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 
Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci, Rickettsia rickettsii, Orientia 
tsutsugamushi 
Pericarditis Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria 
meningitidis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other species 
Sepsis 
General sepsis Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Streptococcus 
pneumoniae and other species, Enterococcus species, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella 
species, Enterobacter species, Proteus mirabilis, other Enterobacteriaceae, 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, many other bacteria 
Transfusion-associated sepsis Yersinia enterocolitica, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, 
Pseudomonas fluorescens group, Salmonella species, other Enterobacteriaceae, 
Campylobacter jejuni and other species, Treponema pallidum, Bacillus cereus and other 
species, Borrelia species 
Septic thrombophlebitis Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter species, Pseudomonas 
aeruginosa, Bacteroides species, Fusobacterium species 
Central Nervous System Infections 
Meningitis Group B Streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria 
monocytogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, other Enterobacteriaceae, 
Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Propionibacterium 
species, Nocardia species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other species, Borrelia 
burgdorferi, Leptospira species, Treponema pallidum, Brucella species 
Encephalitis Listeria monocytogenes, Treponema pallidum, Leptospira species, Actinomyces 
species, Nocardia species, Borrelia species, Rickettsia rickettsii, Coxiella burnetii, 
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other species 
Brain abscess Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, viridans 
Streptococcus, Bacteroides species, Prevotella species, Porphyromonas species, 
Fusobacterium species, Peptostreptococcus species, other anaerobic cocci, 
Actinomyces species, Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, Nocardia 
species, Rhodococcus equi, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other species 
Subdural empyema Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, group B Streptococcus, Neisseria 
meningitidis, mixed anaerobes and aerobes 
Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections 
Impetigo Group A Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus 
Folliculitis Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
Furuncles and carbuncles Staphylococcus aureus 
Paronychia Staphylococcus aureus, group A Streptococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
Erysipelas Group A Streptococcus 
Cellulitis Group A Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, many other 
bacteria 
Necrotizing cellulitis and fasciitis Group A Streptococcus, Clostridium perfringens and other species, Bacteroides fragilis, 
other anaerobes, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
Bacillary angiomatosis Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana 
Infections of burns Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species,Enterococcus species, 
Staphylococcus aureus, group A Streptococcus, many other bacteria 
Bite wounds Eikenella corrodens, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella canis, Staphylococcus aureus, 
group A Streptococcus, mixed anaerobes and aerobes, many gram-negative rods 
Surgical wounds Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, groups A and B 
streptococci, Clostridium perfringens, Corynebacterium species, many other bacteria 
Traumatic wounds Bacillus species, Staphylococcus aureus, group A Streptococcus, many gram-negative 
rods, rapid-growing mycobacteria 
Gastrointestinal Infections 
Gastritis Helicobacter pylori 
Gastroenteritis Campylobacter jejuni and other species, Salmonella species, Shigella species, Vibrio 
cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, other Vibrio species, Yersinia enterocolitica, 
Escherichia coli (ETEC, EIEC, EHEC, EPEC, others), Edwardsiella tarda, Bacillus 
cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas species, Plesiomonas shigelloides, 
Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile 
Food intoxication Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens 
Proctitis Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum 
Bone and Joint Infections 
Osteomyelitis Staphylococcus aureus, β-hemolytic Streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 
Escherichia coli, Salmonella species and other Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas 
aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other species, many less common bacteria 
Arthritis Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella 
species, Pasteurella multocida, Mycobacterium species 
Prosthetic-associated infections Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, group A Streptococcus, 
viridans Streptococcus, Corynebacterium species, Propionibacterium species, 
Peptostreptococcus species, other anaerobic cocci 
Genital Infections 
Genital ulcers Treponema pallidum, Haemophilus ducreyi, Chlamydia trachomatis, Francisella 
tularensis, Klebsiella granulomatis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
Urethritis Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum 
Vaginitis Mobiluncus species, Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis 
Cervicitis Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Chlamydia trachomatis, group B 
Streptococcus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Actinomyces species 
Granulomatous Infections 
General Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other species, Nocardia species, Brucella species, 
Francisella tularensis, Listeria monocytogenes, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Actinomyces 
species, Bartonella henselae, Tropheryma whippelii, Chlamydia trachomatis, Coxiella 
burnetii, Treponema pallidum, Treponema carateum 
 
 
EHEC, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli; EIEC, enteroinvasive E. coli; EPEC, enteropathogenic E. coli; ETEC, enterotoxic E. coli; 
HACEK organisms, Haemophilus influenzae, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella 
corrodens, and Kingella kingae. 
Table 48-2. Murray