2. Introduction II [EngineeringDuniya.com]

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FERMENTATION PRODUCTS
Antibiotics
Beverages
Enzymes
Foods
Organic acids
Fats
Solvents
Bacterial insecticides
Vitamins & growth factors
Amino acids
Steroids
Miscellaneous
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Antibiotics
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Neomycin
Novobiocin
Penicillin
Streptomycins
Tetracyclines
Vancomycin
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Steroids
Cortisone
Hydrocortisone
Prednisolone
Enzymes
Amylase
Catalase
Cellulase
Invertase
Lipase
Proteases
Streptokinases
Beverages
Wine, beer
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Organic acids
Citric acid
Lactic acid
Gluconic acid
Fumaric acid
Itaconic acid
Solvents
Acetic acid
Acetone
Butanol
Propanol
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Polymers
Dextran
Derivative of hydroxybutyric acid
Insecticides
spores of B.thuringiensis
Miscellaneous
Sorbose (intermediate in ascorbic acid manufacture)
Fructose (a liquid sweetner)
Phenylacetyl carbinol (an intermediate in L-ephedrin synthesis)
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Parameters measured/controlled in a bioreactor
Physical
Chemical
Biological
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Parameters
Physical
Temperature
Pressure
Liquid level
Foam level
Agitator speed
Power consumption
Gas flow rate
Medium flow rate
Culture viscosity
Gas hold-up
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Parameters
Chemical
pH
Dissolved oxygen
Dissolved CO2
Exit gas composition
Broth composition (substrate, product, ion concentrations, etc., )
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Parameters
Biological
Biomass concentration
Enzyme concentration
Biomass composition (such as DNA, RNA, proteins, ATP/ADP/AMP/NAD/NADH levels)
Viability
Morphology
		
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Aerobic & Anaerobic Fermentations
Obligate Aerobes
 Without oxygen, can’t grow/survive
 E.g. Fungi, algae and bacteria such as Acetobacter, Thiobacillus
 Many of microbes used in industry are obligate aerobes
 All moulds belong to this class (e.g. Citric acid production by Aspergillus niger)
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Obligate Anaerobes
Derive their energy for growth from reactions not involving oxygen
Presence of Oxygen inhibits or is lethal.
Clostridium acetobutylicum is used in the acetone butanol industrial process
C.pasteurianum is an important nitrogen fixer in nature
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Facultative microbes
Capable of growth either in the presence or absence of Oxygen
E.g. Yeast, S.cerevisiae, used in the production of ethanol
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