Aula 06 Língua Inglesa - Estrutura Sintática II

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LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Prof. Fábio Simas
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Study syntactic sentences (simple, compound, complex e compound-complex)
Analyse the Most Common Sentence Structure Problems (run-on sentences, sentence fragments, rambling sentences, 'sprawl sentences', choppy sentences', 'non-parallel structure.')
In this class you are going to:
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Hello everybody!
Last class we studied the morphological types of sentences. In this class we are going to see other types of classes, syntactically divided into simple, compound, complex and compound-complex.
Good writing consists not only of a string of varied, correctly-structured sentences. The sentences must also lead from one to the next so that the text is cohesive and the writer's ideas are coherent. 
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Because of this, we are going to get in touch with some problems that may occur when writing a text: run-on sentences, sentence fragments, rambling sentences, 'sprawl sentences', choppy sentences', 'non-parallel structure’. More specifically, it’s about helping you to identify and to fix these writing problems. 
Remember: The more you read in English, the better a writer you will become. This is because reading good writing provides you with models of English sentence structure that will have a positive influence on your own written work.
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
In class 5, we saw that a word or group of words that express a complete idea or thought is called a sentence.
A is he teacher. (makes no sense, therefore it is not a sentence)
He is a teacher. (makes complete sense, therefore it is a sentence) 
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Sentences can be nominal or verbal.
Nominal: Fire! (without verb)
Verbal: The house is on fire. (with a verb)
A verbal sentence is also called a CLAUSE. 
So, what is a complete sentence?
According to HACKER, 2003, a complete sentence is not merely a group of words with a capital letter at the beginning and a period or question mark at the end. A complete sentence has three components:
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
a subject (the actor in the sentence)
2. a predicate (the verb or action), and
3.a complete thought (it can stand alone and make sense—it’s independent).
Some sentences can be very short, with only two or three words expressing a complete thought, like this:
John waited.
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
This sentence has a subject (John) and a verb (waited), and it expresses a complete thought. But clauses can be expanded to contain a lot more information, like these:
John waited for the bus all morning.
John waited for the bus all morning in the rain last Tuesday.
Wishing he’d brought his umbrella, John waited for the bus all morning in the rain last Tuesday.
Wishing he’d brought his umbrella and dreaming of his nice warm bed, John waited for the bus all morning in the rain last Tuesday because his car was in the shop.
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
There are four types of sentences: 
simple, 
compound, 
complex 
compound-complex.
Let’s take a closer look at them, according to HACKER, 2003.
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. 
Some students like to study in the mornings.
Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.
Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
The three examples above are all simple sentences.  Note that sentence B contains a compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb.  Simple sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a complete thought, but they can also contain a compound subjects or verbs.  
Compound subject: The dog and the cat howled. 
Compound verb: The dog howled and barked. 
Compound subject and a compound verb: The dog and the cat howled and yowled, respectively
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences joined by 
a) A comma followed by a coordinating conjunction: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.)
The dog barked, and the cat yowled. 
Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.  
Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
b) A semicolon: 
The dog barked; the cat yowled. 
c) A comma, but ONLY when the simple sentences are being treated as items in a series: 
The dog barked, the cat yowled, and the rabbit chewed
Before, moving on, let’s practice:
Exercise 1. State if the following sentences are simple or compound:
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
1. We bought tickets to the hockey game.
2. We sat toward the center of the rink.
3. Hockey is a fast game and fans shriek with excitement.
4. Hockey players are careful but they still get hurt often.
5. The goalie on each team stays near the end of the rink.
6. Players obey the rules or they receive penalties.
7. Hockey is a popular sport in many countries around the world.
8. Hockey players move quickly or they miss a goal.
 
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Exercise 2. Sate if the sentence has a compound subject or a compound predicate:
Fred, Toby, and I formed a hockey team last month.
We bought equipment made uniforms and found an ice rink.
The coach and his assistant helped us at the start.
Toby printed tickets and sold them after school.
Teachers, students and friends came to our first game.
Boys and girls played on each team.
(Exercises extracted from: http://www.easystream.net/lessonquest/language/lessons/compoundsentences.html)
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
KEY: Exercise1. 1- simple; 2 – simple; 3 – compound; 4 – compound; 5 – simple; 6 – compound; 7 – simple; 8 – compound.
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.
When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.  
The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error. 
The students are studying, because they have a test tomorrow.
After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies. 
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
NOTE: When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and D, a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the independent clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences B and C, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before the subordinatorsin sentences B and C, it is wrong.
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
A compound-complex sentence is made from two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. 
1. Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with. 
independent clause: "I haven't had the time to go lately"
independent clause: "I haven't found anyone to go with"
dependent clause: "Although I like to go camping... " 
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
2. We decided that the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch scary movies, thought that we were wrong. 
independent clause: "We decided that the movie was too violent" 
independent clause: "(but) our children thought that we were wrong"
dependent clause: who like to watch scary movies 
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
NOTE: According to Hairston, Maxine, et al., writing that contains mostly short, simple sentences can be uninteresting or even irritating to read. Writing that consists of mostly long, complex sentences is usually difficult to read. Good writers, therefore, use a variety of sentence types. They also occasionally start complex (or compound-complex) sentences with the dependent clause and not the independent clause.
Although it was raining, we decided to go fishing.
If it doesn't rain soon, the river will dry out.
Because the road was icy and the driver was going too fast, he was unable to brake in time when a fox ran into the road in front of him.
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DvhC0eSIb3g
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xH31hbUyLMY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AXvlAI8lfP4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQPtDTD_bxw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7oL3ND_QdPo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uxCOFY5xMw
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
Let’s practice!
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
1. Pauline and Bruno have a big argument every summer over where they should spend their summer vacation. 
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2.Pauline loves to go to the beach and spend her days sunbathing. 
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
3. Bruno, on the other hand, likes the view that he gets from the log cabin up in the mountains, and he enjoys hiking in the forest. 
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
4. Pauline says there is nothing relaxing about chopping wood, swatting mosquitoes, and cooking over a woodstove. 
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
KEY: 1 – C; 2 – B; 3 – D; 4 – D; 5 – B; 6 – D.
5.Bruno dislikes sitting on the beach; he always gets a nasty sunburn. 
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
6.Bruno tends to get bored sitting on the beach, watching the waves, getting sand in his swimsuit, and reading detective novels for a week. 
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
According to the Yale Graduate Writing Center On-line Tutorial, the most common sentence structure problems are:
(a) A sentence fragment; 
(b) A run-on sentence; 
(c) A rumbling sentence;
(d) A choppy sentence;
(e) A sprawl sentence;
(f) Non-parallel structures.
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
A SENTENCE FRAGMENT is an incomplete sentence. It usually lacks either a subject or a verb, or both, or contains only a dependent clause. 
INCORRECT: Studying very hard on weekends. 
CORRECT: Studying on weekends is very hard. 
 
INCORRECT: Because some students work part-time while taking a full load of courses. 
CORRECT: Because some students work part-time while taking a full load of courses, they have very little free time. 
 
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
NOTE: To Hairston, Maxine, et al., good writers, who have a full understanding of the sentence, occasionally choose to write a sentence fragment. So you may see sentence fragments in the fiction or even some of the non-fiction you read. 
 
A RUN-ON SENTENCE is a sentence in which two or more independent clauses are written one after another with no punctuation (fused sentences) or with incorrect punctuation (comma splice). 
INCORRECT: His family went to Australia then they immigrated to Canada. (NO PUNCTUATION)
CORRECT: His family went to Australia; then they immigrated to Canada 
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
A RAMBLING SENTENCE is a sentence that contains several clauses connected by coordinating conjunctions such as: and, or, but, yet, for, nor, and so. 
INCORRECT: I was happy to walk down the aisle as a bridesmaid in my sister’s wedding, but I was very embarrassed when I stumbled in the middle of the ceremony, for when I recovered, I looked up and saw my sister and I thought she was going to faint, because I could see her standing in the doorway waiting to begin her own walk down the aisle, and her face was all white, she looked like she was going to throw up.
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
CORRECT: I was happy to walk down the aisle as a bridesmaid in my sister’s wedding. However, I was very embarrassed when I stumbled in the middle of the ceremony--especially when I recovered. I looked up and saw my sister and I thought she was going to faint. I could see her standing in the doorway, waiting to begin her own walk down the aisle. Her face was all white and she looked like she was going to throw up!
NOTE: According to Hairston, Maxine, et al., unlike run-ons or fragments, rambling sentences are not wrong, but they are tiresome for the reader and one of the signs of a poor writer. You should avoid them.
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
A CHOPPY SENTENCE is a sentence that is too short. Although short sentences can be effective, overuse of them is considered poor style in academic writing. 
INCORRECT: Wind is an enduring source of power. Water is also an unlimited energy source. Dams produce hydraulic power. They have existed for a long time. Windmills are relatively new. 
CORRECT: Both wind and water are enduring sources of power. Dams have produced hydraulic power for a long time, but windmills are relatively new. 
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
INCORRECT: Our results were inconsistent. The program obviously contains an error. A revision of the program is required. 
CORRECT: A revision of the program is required because it produced inconsistent results. 
 
A SPRAWL SENTENCE is a sentence made up of many clauses with excessive subordination and coordination.
 
INCORRECT: In the event that we get the contract, we must be ready by June 1 with the necessary personnel and equipment to get the job done, so with this end in mind a staff meeting, which all group managers are expected to attend, is scheduled for February 12. 
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
CORRECT: An all-staff meeting including all group managers is scheduled for February 12. During this meeting we should discuss the issue of personnel and equipment preparation and schedule a plan for completing the contract by June 1st, if the contract is received. 
 
INCORRECT: The lack of rainfall has caused a severe water shortage, so people have to conserve water every day, and they also have to think of new ways to reuse water, but the situation is improving. 
CORRECT: The lack of rainfall has caused a severe water shortage. Although the situation is improving, people have to conserve water every day, and think of new ways to reuse water. 
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
INCORRECT: Although the blue whale has been protected for over 30 years and its numbers are increasing, especially in the North Pacific, where whale hunting has been banned, it is still at risk of extinction as its habitat is being polluted by waste from oil tankers and its main food, the plankton, is being killed off by harmful rays from the sun, which can penetrate the earth's atmosphere because there is a huge hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica. 
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
CORRECT: The blue whale has been protected for over 30 years, especially in the North Pacific. Although its numbers are increasing, it is still at risk of extinction. This risk is primarily caused by waste from oil tankers polluting whale habitat. Moreover, a huge hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica allows harmful rays from the sun to penetrate the earth’s atmosphere and kill the plankton, which is whale main food. 
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
NON-PARALLEL STRUCTURES are parts of a sentence which are listed as a sequence, but do not follow the same grammatical or structural principle. Parallelism in writing means that each item in a list or comparison should follow the same grammatical pattern. 
INCORRECT: The teacher wanted to know which country we came from and our future goals. 
CORRECT: The teacher wanted to know which country we came from and what our future goals were. 
 
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
 
INCORRECT: This report is an overview of the processes involved, the problems encountered, and how they were solved. 
CORRECT: This report is an overview of the processes involved, the problems encountered, and the solutions devised.  
 
INCORRECT: The new coach is a smart strategist, an effective manager, and works hard.(Notice that "a smart strategist" and "an effective manager" are consistent with one another, but not consistent with "works hard.)
CORRECT: The new coach is a smart strategist, an effective manager, and a hard worker.
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
INCORRECT: In the last minute of the game, John intercepted the football, evaded the tacklers, and a touchdown was scored.(Notice that the first two phrases in this sentence are consistent with one another: "intercepted the football" and "evaded the tacklers." However, the final phrase, "and a touchdown was scored" is not consistent with the first two phrases.)
CORRECT: In the last minute of the game, John intercepted the football, evaded the tacklers, and scored a touchdown.
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFRTVsIqWp4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Qa4I9bqSfw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6RBG4UiwD8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKijf5PkN2A
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lb3WIj8DOfM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LcryK_xqm2w
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlX5BEadCkI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7S-hju16rw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElxTaYySU4c
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvDNvS2M3QA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81B4v-IMs3s
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
In this class, you:
Studied syntactic sentences (simple, compound, complex e compound-complex)
Analysed the Most Common Sentence Structure Problems (run-on sentences, sentence fragments, rambling sentences, 'sprawl sentences', choppy sentences', 'non-parallel structure.')
Aula 6: Tipos de Frase Sintáticas. “Frases Problemáticas”.
LÍNGUA INGLESA- ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II
 
Next, class we are going to study:
The differences between coordination and subordination;
Main clause types (main or independent e subordinate or dependent).