Aula 02

Prévia do material em texto

Língua Inglesa – Estrutura Sintática I
Henrique Romaniello Passos
Aula 2
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Prepositional phrases 
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A prepositional phrase is a cluster of words containing a preposition, a noun or pronoun functioning as the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of the object. A preposition sits in front of (is “pre-positioned” before) its object.
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After several minutes, we located the key for the door.
after several minutes = prepositional phrase 
after = preposition 
several minutes = object of preposition
for the door = prepositional phrase
for = preposition
door = object of preposition
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Take a look at this sentence and spot the difference:
Four armed men held up the bank. (Held up is a verb meaning “to rob.”) Therefore, up is not a preposition, and bank is not the object of a preposition. Instead, bank is the direct object of the verb held up. Up, in this case, is not an accidental preposition placed to produce a particular meaning on its own.
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See other examples: 
Tom lived down the street (down = preposition – PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE). Down is used here to indicate location, therefore it is strongly linked to street.
 
We finally lived down that accident (down = particle). In this case, live down is a phrasal verb, and down cannot be detached from lived without causing problems to meaning.
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Made of x Made from
If something keeps its form, we use 'made of'. But if the form is changed during the process of making, then we use 'made from'. If there is a list of ingredients, we use ‘made with’.
 The table is made of wood. (It is still recognizably wood)
Wine is made from grapes (We cannot see the grapes in the wine)
The cake was made with flour, butter, eggs, sugar and fruit. (a number of different ingredients).
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Prepositional phrases also function as adjectives, working as postmodifiers in a noun phrase. Look at the examples below. 
The book with the tattered cover has been read many times.
All the passengers aboard the runaway train were frightened.
The present inside the big box is mine.
Our boss put out a memo regarding the new rule.
The clues within the first few chapters will lead to the murderer.
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Prepositional phrases that function as adverbs:
Racing toward the finish line, Sarah realized she just might win.
My shopping list needs to be put into my purse.
Without a GPS, we will lose our way.
Until today, I had never heard that.
The balloon drifted up the stairs.
Put the fresh flowers upon a high shelf.
Despite warnings, she tried to ski down Devil’s Run.
Against all odds, our team won the tournament.
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Other functions performed by prepositional phrases:
To show who did something:
The lion was killed by the hunter I saw a wonderful painting by Van Gogh
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With double object verbs like give and get:
We gave five pounds to the woman on the corner. They got a drink for me.
After certain verbs, nouns and adjectives:
The book belongs to me. I had an argument with my brother. I feel sorry for you.
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Língua Inglesa – Estrutura Sintática I
Henrique Romaniello Passos
Atividade 2
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Complete the following sentences using appropriate prepositional phrases.
1. I would rather have coffee ……………………………… tea.
a) instead of b) instead from c) instead to
2. ………………………….. the rains, we went out.
a) in spite of b) in spite c) in spite on
3. ………………………… fire, break glass to escape.
a) in case of b) in case c) in case with
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4. I am standing here ………………………… my friends.
a) in behalf of b) on behalf of c) on behalf
5. We solved the problem ……………………………. a new device developed by our engineers.
a) by means of b) by means c) by means to
6. …………………….., I had a happy childhood.
a) in the whole c) on the whole c) the whole of
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7. Can you help me ………………………….?
a) in anyway b) in any way c) any way
8. She didn’t allow cancer to discourage her. …………………………., she began to work twice as hard.
a) on the contrary b) in the contrary c) to the contrary
9. ………………………., we are impressed with her performance.
a) in general b) on general c) in generally
10. I am seeing him in May – …………………….. in June.
a) or rather b) rather c) in rather
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Bibliography
FERREIRA, Michely. Língua inglesa - Estrutura Sintática I (material produzido para Estácio EAD)
Disponível em <http://estaciodocente.webaula.com.br> Acesso em 29 de julho de 2015.
Site Grammar.com. Disponível em http://www.grammar.com Acesso em 03 de julho de 2015.
HEWINGS, Martin. Advanced grammar in use. 2 ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
MURPHY, Raymond. Grammar in use: intermediate. 3 ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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Correção do professor
1) instead of 2) in spite of 3) in case of 4) on behalf of
5) by means of 6) on the whole 7) in anyway 8) on the contrary 9) in general 10) or rather
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