Fundamentos culturais da literatura em lingua inglesa: Aula 1 - Aula 10

Prévia do material em texto

1a Questão
	
	
	
	What was the importance of Roman Church in relation to the maintenace of The Anglo-Saxon King´s political power over the people?
		
	
	The Church members blessed the kings and queens at wedding ceremonies as God¿s representatives on earth and contributed for the spreading of pagan beliefs throughout the country.
	
	The Church helped the kings because they had the ability of unifying the country without a war.
	
	The kings were interested in learning how to read and write, which was a privilege of the Church members.
	 
	King´s authority was guaranteed by God's approval
	
	The Anglo-Saxon kings, who were once pagan, accepted the new faith in order to go to heaven when they died.
	2a Questão
	
	
	
	Choose the option which best completes the following statement: Augustine was sent to Canterbury in 597 to
		
	 
	re-establish Christianity
	
	become a monk
	
	meet the king´s wife
	
	visit monasteries
	
	build a church
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 16:24:25
		
	
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	King Alfred sealed a pact with the Vikings. What did it say?
		
	
	 King Alfred encouraged people to learn and he tried to govern well and fairly. He sealed a pact with the Vikings by means of which the King would build houses and hospitals for them, on the other hand the Vikings would teach the Englishmen war techniques to help them in case of an invasion.
	
	Even though King Alfred fought the Vikings, he was able to make peace with them by an agreement which said that  Vickings´ children would be accepted in England´s regular schools  and that the King would give the Vikings a piece of land far from the big cities so that English and Vikings might settle down to live together. The Vikings , on the other hand, would help the English people from invaders.
	
	 King Alfred sealed a pact with the Vikings by means of which the Vikings would be accepted  by the English community if they stopped destroying the English towns and cities.
	 
	Viking rule was recognized in the east and north of England, in the rest of the country King Alfred was recognized as the king of England.
	
	The country would recognize the Vikings´ right to have their own farms which was given to them by King Alfred, on the other hand, the Vikings would stop destroying the towns.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 16:25:11
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Around 700, why was it difficult to question royal power?
		
	
	Because the neighboring country of Scandinavia would defend royal power in England.
	
	Because, as the gentry supported the power of kings, it was very hard for the population to question the authority of the King.
	
	Because as most of the ordinary people did not believe in just one God, they were not seen as reliable supporters.
	
	Because ordinary people just counted on the help of French people to try to question royal power in England.
	 
	Because Kings'  authority was guaranteed by God´s approval, that is to say, in order to question royal power people needed to face the Church as well.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 16:25:37
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Around the 11th Century, in the British Islands there were four kingdoms. Check below the option that presents these realms.
		
	
	Scotland Ireland, composed of Angle-Saxons, and England, composed of Celtic peoples.
	
	Scotland, Gales and Ireland, composed of Angle-Saxons, and England, composed of Celtic peoples.
	 
	Scotland, Gales and Ireland, composed of Celtic peoples, and England, composed of Angle-Saxons
	
	Gales and Ireland, composed of Celtic peoples, and England, composed of Angle-Saxons
	
	Scotland, Gales and Ireland, composed of Celtic peoples..
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 16:27:35
	
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	The development of Roman Catholicism from the early catholic Christianity church depended on many historical factors. Check below the alternative that does not represent the historical factors related to Christianity.
		
	
	The decline of the Roman Empire and the influx of Germanic tribes as well as others tribes into Europe.
	
	The authority of Peter among the 12 apostles.
	
	The alignment of Peter with the Roman Church.
	 
	The first European universities emerged from the Middle Ages Christian Church.
	
	In the 7th century Islam rose as a strong religious option.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 16:28:19
	
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Some historians believe that it is possible to talk about the development and spread of distinctive religious traditions in England. What was the basic difference between the interest of the Celtic Church and that of the Roman one in England?
		
	
	Some bishops of the Roman Church denied the authority of the Pope and were interested in spreading reading and writing while the Celtic Church wanted to keep this knowledge to itself.
	
	The bishops from the Celtic Church lived at the courts with the kings and wanted to keep it that way so as to be able to maintain their privileges while the bishops of the Roman Church were more committed with their spiritual power over ordinary people.
	
	The Roman Church was more spiritual, friendlier to women, more connected with nature and wanted things to be like that. The Celtic one, on the other hand, was much interested in keeping authority to iself and men were the only ones who could rule with their help.
	
	The two Churches seemed to get along well, until they reached a crisis as they disagreed over the date of Christmas. For the Roman Church it was more interesting to keep it on December 25th, while the Celtic one wanted to change the date of Christmas to January 15th. In both cases there were political interests involved.
	 
	The Celtic Church was interested in the ordinary people while the Roman Church was interested in authority and organization.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 16:28:56
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Saxon Kings helped the Church to grow, but the Church increased the power of kings as well. How did it happen?
		
	
	The Kings were chosen by the Church, taking into account the Christian faith of the chosen ones.
	
	The Kings were finantially supported by the Church, since the Church was a very powerful entity at the time.
	 
	Bishops supported their  kings, which made it harder for royal power to be questioned. Kings´ authority was guaranteed by ´God´s approval´.
	
	The Saxon Kings were very literarte and pious men  and understood the importance of establishing Christianity in their lands.
	
	Since the monks had great influence on ordinary people besides being a  very wealthy entity,  it was interesting for the Kings to accept the Christian faith and its influence.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 16:29:18
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	In the history of England as well as that of other countries, religion has always played an important role. Who was Augustine?
		
	 
	A monk who was sent by Pope Gregory to re-establish Christianity in England in 597.
	
	A monk who was able to spread the Christian faith among ordinary people in England.
	
	A Pope who sent a monk named Gilda to establish Christianity in England in Medieval Times.
	
	A serf who lived in the Kingdom of Kent and who led a pious life and became a saint later on.
	
	A Pope who successfully brought English rulers to the new Christian faith in England.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 16:36:58
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	When Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury,in 601, what was he interested in?  He was interested in...
		
	
	Ruling the country.
	
	Teaching people how to read and write by using the bible as a reference.
	 
	Bringing the rulers to the new faith.
	
	Converting the ordinary people to the Christian faith.
	
	Spreading Christian values all over Europe.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 16:47:03
	
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Think about the material you have studied and choose the alternative that cannot answer the following question: Why was it so important to be educated?
		
	
	The power of landlords, whose lands were given by the king, was increased because their names were officially registered.
	
	Laws were made on a large number of subjects during the following hundred years.
	
	When the eleventh century comes, royal authority was wider and deeper in England than in any other European country.
	 
	Education is actually na obstacle to progress.
	
	Peasants, who could not read or write, could lose their traditional rights over their land, because their rights were not accepted.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 16:50:45
	
Explicação:
It is a well known fact that Education is vital to the development of any country.
	
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	The bishops from the Roman Church lived in the courts of the kings, which they made centers of Church power across England. The Celtic Church was interested in the ordinary people while the Roman Church was interested in authority and organization. There were peculiarities which were typical of the Celtic people as well as there were others which belonged to the Anglo-Saxons. Choose the correct assertion:
		
	
	Saxon Kings helped the Church to grow, but the Church increased the power of kings as well.
	
	The Catholic Church was not important to the development of the English country.
	 
	Although there were differences between Anglo-Saxons and Celts, the Celtic bishops seem to have been readily accepted in the Anglo-Saxon areas.
	
	In the Anglo-Saxon period, magicians played an important role since any pretension over the throne could only be validated by means of their approval.
	
	Kings´ authority in the Anglo-Saxon period was guaranteed by ´Wizard´s approval´.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 16:51:01
	
Explicação:
It is a fact that although there were differences between Anglo-Saxons and Celts, the Celtic bishops seem to have been readily accepted in the Anglo-Saxon areas.
	
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Read the alternatives and choose the one that is correct in relation to the epic Beowulf:
		
	 
	Pagan elements as well as Christian ones can be found in the poem.  Beowulf is seen as a superhero who came to the country to try to save the people in danger from the ruling of Grendel.
	
	In the battle against Grendel, Beowulf is able to win the fight by ripping Grendel's arm with a knife.
	
	The characters in the poem are all people of noble birth, who came from France to try to defeat Grendel (the monster) who had been ruling the country for a few months.
	
	 Since it was the longest piece of literature to come down to us, it was regarded as the best chivalry poem to exemplify that period of time.
	
	It was written by the monks who were interested in developing the pagan beliefs and vanishing the Christian ones.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 16:51:43
	
Explicação:
Most Anglo-Saxons eventually converted to Christianity but the majority hung on to their love of heroics from the old tales, especially stories about knights and dragons. Beowulf is a good example of the blending of pagan and Christian themes.
The epic reflects the philosophical beliefs and cultural values of the pagan Saxons, but by the time Beowulf was transcribed, most Anglo-Saxons had converted to Christianity. Consequently, essential elements of Christian theology and numerous biblical allusions were incorporated into the text, creating obvious contradictions within its content: God is supreme, but Wyrd (fate) rules men¿s lives; Grendel is a mythical monster with supernatural powers, but he is also ¿a fiend out of hell¿ who ¿[works] his evil in the world¿; and Grendel and his race of monsters are cast as the direct descendants of Cain, forever banished by the Creator for the original sin of murdering Abel. The Christian theology in Beowulf is present in the poem as well as mythical events which remain pagan in content and tone as the Heroic Code is embraced through the character of Beowulf. Additionally, the importance of revenge and the prevalence of blood feuds were central to the heroic culture and contrast completely with Christian values of peace and forgiveness.
	
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	In the story of Beowulf, there is a noticeable struggle between Christianity and Paganism, and the characters personal battle between the two. Mark the option which expresses what Beowulf means to the people:
		
	
	the pagan leader for all mankind.
	
	the responsible for horrific events
	
	the promoter of wars
	
	the owner of vast lands
	 
	the epitome of good and beneficent
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 16:53:53
	
Explicação:
Beowulf exemplifies the traits of the perfect hero. The poem explores his heroism in two separate phases´youth and age´and through three separate and increasingly difficult conflicts with Grendel, Grendel´s mother, and the dragon. In all these moments the reader can feel that Beowulf is concerned with the ideals of personal conduct by defending the ones in need.
	
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	In the history of England, who brought paganism to an end?
		
	
	 The Italian people.
	 
	The Celts.
	
	 The Romans.
	
	The French people.
	
	The Greeks.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 16:54:06
	
Explicação:
This is a straight forward type of question and answer. The student needs to know who brought paganism to an end and that's all.
	
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	When did Christianity become firmly established across Britain?
		
	
	About a century ago.
	 
	In the last hundred years of Roman government.
	
	In 1200 AD, when the Middle Ages were over.
	
	When Jesus Christ was born.
	
	When the Greeks were ruling the country.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 16:54:14
	
Explicação:
This is a very simple question and so is its answer.
All you need to know is the date when Christianity became firmly established in Britain and the appropriate answer is "In the last hundred years of Roman government."
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	The English country went through different sort of attacks in Medieval times. Taking into account the Norman invasion, which of the following statements IS NOT TRUE ?
		
	
	By 1086, over 4,000 Saxon landlords were replaced by 200 Normans ones.
	
	The Norman army was a true army of occupation for over twenty years.
	
	The Norman army, though small, marched from village to village, destroying places that they could not control.
	 
	The Normans remained in the country for over a hundred years and were able to become the great rulers of England in Medieval times.
	
	The Norman army was mainly concerned with land occupation and in the north not a single house was left standing.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:08:10
	
Explicação:
The Normans did not remain in the country for over a hundred years nor were they such great rulers.
When William the Conqueror became king, things did not go well during his coronation.
When people shouted `God Save the King¿ the Norman guards at Westminster Abbey thought they were going to attack William. In their fear they set fire tonearby houses and the coronation ceremony ended in disorder. So, from the very beginning, things did not work very well.
The Norman Conquest did not last for too long. However these were troubled times. Anglo-Saxons promoted continuing revolutions against the Normans. Until 1070, every year new rebellions occurred. As a consequence, the Norman army, though small, marched from village to village; destroying places that they could not control.
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What was ´homage´ during Feudalism?
		
	
	A characteristic of the feudal society was ´Knighthood´. A Knight took oath to fight with enemy and to protect the weak. This would happen in a ceremony called ´homage´.
	
	A significant mark of feudalism was the Manor. The land associated with the castle was known as Manor or homage. This was like a small estate.
	 
	It was some kind of  promise which was generally made with the lord sitting on his chair and his vassal kneeling before him, his hands placed between those of his lord. It has remained part of the coronation ceremony of British kings and queens until then.
	
	The division of a feudal society followed a pyramidal pattern, which was called ´homage´.
	
	It was some sort of tradition typical of the time in which Feudalism was being held and it was associated with the feeling of being home. Men and women felt that there was no place like home.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:08:30
	
Explicação:
" Homage, in European society, solemn acts of ritual by which a person became a vassal of a lord in feudal society. Homage was essentially the acknowledgment of the bond of tenure that existed between the two. It consisted of the vassal surrendering himself to the lord, symbolized by his kneeling and giving his joined hands to the lord, who clasped them in his own, thus accepting the surrender. "
(https://www.britannica.com/topic/homage )
	
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Historians imagined the feudal system as an agreement between the different ranks: the king, the barons and the peasants.
Which of the following statements DOES NOT FIT into the concepts of Feudalism?
		
	
	In theory the king was the chief feudal lord, but in reality the individual lords were supreme in their own territories.
	
	The 'feudal system' is the name for a power structure where people held their land in return for promising loyalty, known as doing homage, and providing services such as working or fighting for their lord.
	
	When William, Duke of Normandy conquered England in 1066, he confiscated all the land from the Saxons who owned it, and distributed it amongst the barons who had supported his invasion. Thus, historians say that England became a 'perfect' feudal government.
	 
	During Feudalism, part of the produce of the land was bought by the King in order to help the `serfs ´.
	
	The greater nobles gave part of their lands to lesser nobles, knights, and other ´freeman´.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:09:56
	
Explicação:
During Feudalism, the Kings did not buy anything produced by the serfs. 
The basic government and society in Europe during the middle ages was based around the feudal system. Small communities were formed around the local lord and the manor. The lord owned the land and everything in it. He would keep the peasants safe in return for their service. The lord, in return, would provide the king with soldiers or taxes. 
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Invaders have always brought changes to Britain. Who drove the Celts into the west and north of Britain?
		
	
	The Norwegian people.
	
	The Italian people.
	
	The Spanish people.
	 
	The Anglo-Saxons.
	
	The French people.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:10:08
	
Explicação:
The Anglo-Saxons knew Britain was a rich land. Their own lands often flooded, making it difficult to grow enough food. There was not enough land for everyone. Some Anglo-Saxons went to Britain to fight, but others came peacefully, to find land to farm. When they got there, the Anglo-Saxons drove the Celts into the west and north of Britain.
	
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the option which best suits the sentence below: Feudalism refers to
		
	 
	land held in return for duty or service to a lord
	
	land nobody wanted
	
	land the king did not want anymore
	
	land given only to the "serfs"
	
	land given to everyone freely
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:10:23
	
Explicação:
Feudalism was the medieval model of government predating the birth of the modern nation-state.
Feudalism discouraged trade and economic growth. The land was worked by peasant farmers called serfs, who were tied to individual plots of land and forbidden to move or change occupations without the permission of their lord. The feudal lord might claim one-third to one-half of their produce in taxes and fees, and the serfs owed him a number of days each year in which they would work the lord's fields in exchange for the right to work their own lands.
	
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Among the statements below, which is not related to the Magna Carta?
		
	
	The king still had authority on the feud lords, once they were his vassals, but the Carta limited that authority.
	
	The Magna Carta was signed, on July 15, 1215, by King John and a several other noblemen, clergymen, barons and royal employees.
	 
	Originally written in Celtic language, the Magna Carta altered the relationship of the Church with the State and conceded social, political, administrative and commercial rights.
	
	iThe Magna Carta stated that the king was not above the law anymore, which meant that he could be submitted to the law like anybody else.
	
	King John became known as John Lackland in reference to the fact that he ¿lost¿ his land to the feud lords due to the concessions conceded by the Carta.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:10:50
	
Explicação:
Originally written in Latin, the Magna Carta altered the relationship of the Church with the State and conceded social, political, administrative and commercial rights.
	
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What happened when a noble died during Feudalism?
		
	 
	The king could benefit from the death of a noble. The noble´s son usually took over his estate but he had to receive permission from the king and make a special payment. If he was a child, the king would often take the produce of the estate until the boy was old enough to look after the estate himself.
	
	Society in Medieval Europe was based on a system known as Feudalism. In this system, everyone had a clear position in society and had certain rights and responsibilities. When a noble died, the Church was granted the right over half of the noble´s belongings and the other half would go to the noble´s family.
	
	Feudalism conventionally denotes the type of society and the political system originating in western and central Europe and dominant there during the greater part of the Middle Ages. In case the noble died, public authority was delegated  by the noble´s widow so that neighbouring great landowners might help her  to exercise some authority over her immediate dependents.
	
	In case the noble died , everything in the Manor would go to the noble´s sons and daughters who would share the belongings into equal parts.
	
	Feudalism was a way of organising a society through a hierarchy. A hierarchy is a system that classifies its members from top to bottom in order of importance. When a noble died, his wife and children needed to work hard so as to keep their rights and responsibilities. The King and The Church leaders would choose a representative -usually a member of the Church - to control the family´s expenses and check if all the taxes were being paid.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:11:07
	
Explicação:
Life in the Middle Ages was rather strictly centered around something of a caste system. A clear hierarchy existed, a pyramid of sorts with royalty at the top and peasants, comprising the bulk of the population, at the bottom.
The nobles´ place in society was essentially to function as middle-men between the peasants and the royal family. Nobles provided work, land, and protection to the peasants while providing funding, supplies, and military service to the king.
The king could benefit from the death of a noble. The noble´s son usually took over his estate but he had to receive permission from the king and make a special payment. If he was a child, the king would often take the produce of the estate until the boy was old enough to look after the estate himself.
	
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What was the importance of Roman Catholic Church monks to the Anglo-Saxon world?
		
	 
	They were not only responsible for the increase of local trade, leading to human and cultural development, but also, as they were basically the only ones who could read and write, they registered important social and political facts which occurred at the time.
	
	They wrote poems which came down to us and published interesting historical books which were translated into French and German as the monks had all come from France and Germany.
	
	They were just responsible for the agriculture at that time.
	
	They eventually turned out to be kings, blessed by the Church and, as they could read and write, they could control vital trade routes which were so important for the development of the country.
	
	The monks helped the landlords to become powerful because they created a good number of laws to protect them.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:11:27
	
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	What was Anglo-Saxon England well-known for?
		
	
	Anglo-Saxon England became famous for the value they gave to ascending in the social mobility scale.
	
	Anglo-Saxon England was well-known for its violence towards women.
	
	Anglo-Saxon England was well-known for its faith in only one God.
	 
	Anglo-Saxon England became well known  for its exports of woolen goods, cheese, hunting dogs, pottery and metal goods. It imported wine, fish, pepper, jewellery and wheel-made pottery.
	
	Anglo-Saxon England was well-known for the importance they gave to women since they were responsible for providing food for the family.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:17:39
	
Explicação:
The most obvious characteristic of Roman Britain was its towns, which were the basis of Roman administration and civilisation. Many grew out of Celtic settlements, military camps or market centres.
Anglo-Saxon England became well known  for its exports of woolen goods, cheese, hunting dogs, pottery and metal goods. It imported wine, fish, pepper, jewellery and wheel-made pottery.
	
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What did Feudalism mean? From the alternatives below EXCEPT ONE can not answer the previous question. Choose the alternative that is NOT CORRECT in relation to the concept of Feudalism:
		
	
	During feudalism, the holding of the land was the very basis of the entire feudal system and society and its main purpose was economic.
	
	In those times, part of the produce of the land had to be given to the king. The greater nobles gave part of their lands to lesser nobles, knights, and other ´freeman´. Some freeman paid for the land by doing military service, while others paid rent.
	 
	During feudalism, every man and woman lived freely and nobility hierarchy was very flexible because individual freedom prevented from the constitution of a strong central power in the figure of a mighty respectable king.
	
	The central idea of feudalism was that all land was owned by the king but it was held by others, called 'vassals', in return for services and goods. Large estates were given by the king to his main nobles in return for a promise to serve him in war for up to forty days..
	
	The word 'feudalism' comes from the French word feu, which the Normans used to refer to land held in return for duty or service to a lord.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:17:51
	
Explicação:
During feudalism, laws were very strict so every man and woman could not exactly live freely , deciding what they could do with their lives.  Nobility hierarchy was strict and obeyed certains rules which were established.
 
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	In 1066, the Anglo-Saxon history of England came to an end. In that year, William the Conqueror and his Norman warriors invaded England and overcame the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Hastings. As a result of this fact...(Choose the alternative that expresses this result.)
		
	
	The Normans got along very well with the Anglo-Saxons.
	
	The Norman conquest lasted for a whole century.
	
	The Norman army, as it was a very big one, was able to conquer other European countries.
	
	The Norman religion was established in the country.
	 
	The Normans destroyed all the houses between Durham and York.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:18:05
	
Explicação:
The coming of the Normans to England as outside invaders brought destruction to the country because they destroyed all the houses between Durham and York.
	
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	There were two basic principles to feudalism which connected the king, through this chain of people, to the lowest man in the country. They were:
		
	
	every army should include land seekers.
	 
	every man had a lord and that every lord had land.
	
	every king must have at least two horses.
	
	every king had to promise loyalty to his knights.
	
	every knight should carry a vassal with him.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:18:13
	
Explicação:
The feudal system was a simple, but effective system, where all land was owned by the King.  This system was called  manorial system because it was built around large estates called manors. The feudal system was introduced to England following the invasion and conquest of the country by William I, The Conqueror.
The principals of Feudalism were: every man had a lord and that every lord had land.
	
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What were the two basic principles of Feudalism?
		
	 
	The first principal was connected to the fact that every man had a lord and the second one was related to the idea that every lord had land.
	
	The two basic principals had to do with the cultural aspects of the Anglo-Saxon world.
	
	Both principles relied on the fact that even though the land was the King¿s property, after ten years, the ordinary people would have the right to run their own business as it pleased them.
	
	The first principle was associated with the idea that ordinary people had to work in exchange for food and shelter and the second one dealt with the fact that ten-year-old boys could also work if it proved necessary.
	
	The first principal dealt with the fact that both women and children had to work and the second one gave the King the right to receive the products from the land.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:18:24
	
Explicação:
" Feudalism was a kind of socio-political organisation which arose in medieval Europe and was based on land tenure given by the Lord to the Vassels, who served their masters in various ways. In other words, feudalism was a part of the feudal society where the subordinate subjects showed loyalty to their Lords and obtained from them a piece of land there by serving their master, in various ways seekingprotection from them for their life and property."
(http://www.historydiscussion.net/history/history-of-europe/feudalism-in-europe-definition )
Feudalism was based on certain principles. In medieval Europe, the weak and innocent people needed the help of a powerful man. This man was a lord and every lord had land. Based on these simpple principals, Feudalism was built up.
	
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	When the king went to war, the nobles refused to fight more than forty days. The king had to pay soldiers to fight for him. At the same time, lords preferred their vassals to pay them in money rather in services. Vassals were gradually beginning to change into tenants. Feudalism, the use of the land in return for service, was beginning to weaken.
How long did it take Feudalism to disappear completely ?
		
	
	About ten years.
	 
	Three hundred years.
	
	Three years.
	
	Half a century.
	
	Thirty years.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:18:31
	
Explicação:
This is a straight forward type of question and answer. It took Feudalism three hundred years to disappear completely.
	
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	The Magna Carta, the Great Charter, was an important symbol of
		
	
	people´s exclusion
	
	economical dominion
	
	international exchange
	 
	political freedom
	
	vassals commitment
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:18:35
	
Explicação:
Magna Carta was never intended as a ´great charter´ of people´s rights and liberties. In fact, when it was first created on June 15, 1215, it was essentially a peace treaty warding off a civil war. However,  Magna Carta has become a symbol of freedom and equal rights for all that is to say - a symbol of political freedom.  It has inspired clauses of the United States Constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and is regarded as providing the foundation of individual rights for Common Law systems, including the United Kingdom.
The first version of Magna Carta lasted just two months. Complaining he had acted under compulsion, King John appealed successfully to Pope Innocent III, then England´s feudal overlord, to annul the Magna Carta.
King John died suddenly the following year. To secure the barons´ support, his son Henry III and subsequent monarchs reissued the Charter. In 1297, Edward I wrote it into the statute book, confirming that Magna Carta was part of English law.
(http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg)
	
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Historians imagined the feudal system as an agreement between the different ranks: the king, the barons and the peasants.
Which of the following statements DOES NOT FIT into the concepts of Feudalism?
		
	 
	During Feudalism, part of the produce of the land was bought by the King in order to help the `serfs ´.
	
	In theory the king was the chief feudal lord, but in reality the individual lords were supreme in their own territories.
	
	The 'feudal system' is the name for a power structure where people held their land in return for promising loyalty, known as doing homage, and providing services such as working or fighting for their lord.
	
	The greater nobles gave part of their lands to lesser nobles, knights, and other ´freeman´.
	
	When William, Duke of Normandy conquered England in 1066, he confiscated all the land from the Saxons who owned it, and distributed it amongst the barons who had supported his invasion. Thus, historians say that England became a 'perfect' feudal government.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:18:45
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	Think about the characters and elements belonging to the stories of King Arthur. Then, match the names innumbered colum to the observation preceed by letters:
1- Lancelot ( ) the name of the legendary headquarter of Arthur's government
2- The Graal ( ) King Arthur's famous sword.
3- Caladfwick ( ) the most famous knight from the Round Table.
4- Camelot ( ) a magical pot whose theme dates from the Celtic legends.
		
	
	3 - 4- 2- 1
	
	4- 3- 2- 1
	 
	4 - 3- 1 - 2
	
	2- 1 - 3 - 4
	
	1 - 2- 3- 4
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:19:21
	
Explicação:
This is a simple item. All you were supposed to do was to associate the names on the left with the rest of the sentences on the right. So:
Lancelot was the most famous knight in the Arthurian legend. The Graal was a magical pot whose theme dates from the Celtic legends. Caladfwick was King Arthur's famous sword and Camelot was the the name of the legendary headquarter of Arthur's government
	
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	In the year 1998, archeologists found, in Cadbury Hill,  British military chiefs buried in coffins in the shape of boats.
What did ancient people, who lived in England,  believe?
		
	
	Military chiefs were considered important people, that´s why they were placed in speacially designed coffins.
	
	They believed that the dead people would rather be buried in coffins in the shape of boats because they were fashionable.
	
	Ancient people associated boats with Jesus Christ.
	 
	Ancient people believed that the soul traveled from one world to another which was found in lakes and seas. Dead people were placed in coffins in the shape of boats because boats were normally placed in seas or lakes.
	
	Ancient people regarded boats as a mystical thing.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:20:07
	
Explicação:
" Death was at the centre of life in the Middle Ages in a way that might seem shocking to us today. With high rates of infant mortality, disease, famine, the constant presence of war, and the inability of medicine to deal with common injuries, death was a brutal part of most people´s everyday experience. As a result, attitudes towards life were very much shaped by beliefs about death: indeed, according to Christian tradition, the very purpose of life was to prepare for the afterlife by avoiding sin, performing good works, taking part in the sacraments, and keeping to the teachings of the church. "
(www.bl.uk/the-middle-ages/articles/death)
Ancient people believed that the soul traveled from one world to another which was found in lakes and seas. Dead people were placed in coffins in the shape of boats because boats were normally placed in seas or lakes.
	
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What was Arthur a symbol of?
		
	
	Courage, as he fought bravely against the German soldiers.
	
	Faith, as a magical dwarf of war.
	
	Disappointment to the ones who trusted him.
	
	Frailty, as he was a great leader.
	 
	Hope to the British people.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:20:20
	
Explicação:
The national symbol of England are things which are emblematic, representative or otherwise characteristic of England or British culture.
The legend of King Arthur has spread throughout Western Culture to such an extent that he is a world-wide symbol of courtly chivalry, justice, and rightful kingship, so a symbol of hope to British people.
	
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Medieval Chivalry represented a very good well designed behaviour code in relation to moral principles and conduct. Which of the following contradicts the ideal of Medieval Chivalry?
		
	
	According to code of chivalry, a honorable knight served God and the King.
	
	According to code of chivalry, the perfect knight fought for his good name if insulted
	 
	According to code of chivalry, a knight's word was not something to be valued, because they didn't worry about honor.
	
	According to code of chivalry, to serve the king and the people was a major issue.
	
	According to code of chivalry, defended any lady in need.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:20:39
	
Explicação:
According to code of chivalry,a knight's word was something to be valued, because honor was of great value to them.
	
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What was William Caxton´s contribution mainly to English  literature? Why was it relevant?
		
	
	He translated Milton´s literary work into the English language. Because if it was not for his translation we would not have the chance of reading Milton´s famous poems.
	
	William Caxton was skilled in metalworking. For a short time, he was involved in producing special mirrors that were supposedly designed to capture ´holy light´ shining from religious relics. Later on , he was able to invent the electric lamps which were very helpful in allowing readers to study literary productions even at night.
	
	He spread the alphabet we still use nowadays to nearly every country in Europe. Because it was only after his attitude that English became an important language.
	
	William Caxton was responsible for the invention of the QUILL PEN, which was the primary writing utensil in the Western World. It could be used in all sorts of parchment or vellum and it made writing easier.
	 
	He established the first English press at Westminster in 1476. Gutemberg´s printing press has been widely considered the most important invention of the modern era because it profoundly impacted the transmission of knowledge.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:21:22
	
Explicação:
Caxton´s  role as the first English printer cannot be overlooked. He established the first English press at Westminster in 1476. Gutemberg´s printing press has been widely considered the most important invention of the modern era because it profoundly impacted the transmission of knowledge.
	
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	The fact that the sword came from water and returned to it after Arthur´s death comes from a habit of the first Celtic communities. Which one are we talking about?
		
	
	The habit of associating water with the spirit of dead warriors.
	
	The habit of praying to the Lady of the Lake whenever somebody died.
	 
	 The habit of throwing into water swords, shields and objects from the dead warriors.
	
	The habit of sending the body of warriors back to the lake.  They believed they might wake up from death if their bodies were sent to the lake.
	
	The habit of offering  the Lady of the Lake valuable jewels. This was done by throwing the objects into water when the warrior died.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:21:46
	
Explicação:
 In the story of King Arthur, we can notice the importance which was given to certain traditions. One of them suggests that swords, shields and other objects which belonged to warriors were thrown into rivers, lakes or the ocean. In this case, Arthur´s sword was given to him  by the Lady of the Lake and that, when the old  king lay mortally wounded after his last battle, he ordered the faithful Sir Bedivere to go to the water and throw the sword into it. An arm rose to catch it, brandished the sword three times, and then disappeared.
	
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	In the legend of King Arthur, why was he taken to the island of Avalon?
		
	
	To have a love affair with the Lady of the Lake.
	 
	To heal his wounds.
	
	To meet his family members.
	
	To be treated by a doctor.
	
	To meet a magician who could save him.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:22:07
	
Explicação:
According to Geoffrey of Monmouth and to Thomas Malory, Avalon is the place where King Arthur is taken after fighting Mordred at the Battle of Camlann to recover from his wounds.
	
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Mark the option that presents the characteristics which describe Chivalry: I. It was a social class II. It was an order III. It was a gentry movement IV. It had a code of values V. It was formed by poets
		
	
	All sentences are wrong
	
	Only sentence IV is right
	
	Sentences I, IV and V are right.
	 
	Sentences I, II and IV are right.
	
	All sentences are right
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:22:43
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	Which alternative explains the term DOOMSDAY ?
		
	 
	It is the only source that reflects British society at the time of the Normans, compiled in 1086-87 so that Wlilliam the Conqueror might know better the resources of his new kingdom.
	
	It is a piece of art found in the Sutton Hoo ship burial.
	
	It is a gospel book of the Christian culture.
	
	It is a law which was created by William the Conqueror by means of which ordinary people needed to pay a fine if they killed a Norman.
	
	It is a book which tells the story of the Romans.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:23:21
	
Explicação:
The Domesday Book - compiled in 1085-6 - is one of the few historical records whose name is familiar to most people in this country. It is our earliest public record, the foundation document of the national archives and a legal document that is still valid as evidence of title to land.
Based on the Domesday survey of 1085-6, which was drawn up on the orders of King William I, it describes in remarkable detail, the landholdings and resources of late 11th-century England, demonstrating the power of the government machine in the first century of the new Millennium, and its deep thirst for information.
	
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	According to the Knightly Code, the perfect knight should:
		
	 
	Defend anyone in need, serve God and the King and fight for his good name if insulted.
	
	Give a good impression on women, offer his help to the ones in need, fight for his own interests.
	
	Spread the pagan beliefs, protect the lords and their families, love his mistress.
	
	Defend the pagan beliefs, know how to use the sword fairly well, get money from the rich.
	
	Kill the enemies in case it proved necessary, win duels, save the wealthy people who might be in danger.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:24:03
	
Explicação:
A knight was expected to have not only the strength and skills to face combat in the violent Middle Ages but was also expected to temper this aggressive side of a knight with a chivalrous side to his nature, by defending anyone in need, serving God and defend his family name in case he was insulted.
There was not an authentic Knights Code of Chivalry as such - it was a moral system which went beyond rules of combat and introduced the concept of Chivalrous conduct - qualities idealized by knighthood, such as bravery, courtesy, honor, and gallantry toward women.
	
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What is the world like in romances of chivalry?
		
	
	Even though works of medieval romance literature were not  widely popular in Medieval Ages, some authors tried to portray the daily routine which was typical of that time. So they valued the reality of life, the good and difficult moments people needed to go through in those centuries.
	
	It is a world in which romantic love prevails, in which men and women might  die for love. Beauty, peace, mystical study of the Bible, the importance of giving the children good education were important issues and were always portayed in romances of chivalry.
	 
	The world depicted in these romances is unreal, a world in which daily life is irrelevant, where action dominates reflection and exaggeration rules.
	
	Some of the earliest examples of romances of chivalry were poetic works closely resembling the epics of Ancient Greece and Rome in both form and content. However, as time went by, the world depicted in romances of chivalry was mainly concerned with showing the need of fighting for a better social status, so a man would choose to ´love´a woman hierarchically arranged in a social group higher than his.
	
	Since the maincharacter in a chivaric romance is the King of a certain country, romances of chivalry present life as it was in the courts of Medieval England. They valued faith to the ruler of a country, a mystical style of life, and much value is given to past life.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:24:52
	
Explicação:
The romances of love, chivalry, and adventure produced in 12th-century France have analogues elsewhere, notably in what are sometimes known as the Greek romances.
The world depicted in these romances is unreal, a world in which daily life is irrelevant, where action dominates reflection and exaggeration rules.
	
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What was the CODE OF CHIVALRY associated with?
		
	
	Being good at horse riding.
	
	The idea of respect for foreign lords and ladies.
	
	The Victorian Age.
	
	Courtly manners and looking like a lord.
	 
	The way a perfect knight should behave.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:25:12
	
Explicação:
The code of Chivalry is associated the institution of knighthood prevalent in the Middle Ages, that is to say with the way a perfect knight should behave. The Knights of Medieval Europe were governed by an ethical code having primary virtues such as honor, humility, sacrifice, courage, faithfulness, God-fearing, showing mercy towards the poor and weak, and being gracious and courteous .
	
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What was the importance of the printing press for the study of literature? It was important because...
		
	
	The writers did not show any interest in having their books published.
	 
	Before its invention, books were written by hand and , sometimes, it would take a writer a whole year to put down into words a single copy of a book
	
	The process of printing a book before the printing press was not only very sophisticated but also very expensive.
	
	The Church members were only interested in publishing books about saints.
	
	Books, which were not religious ones, were seen as products of the demon. 
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:25:34
	
Explicação:
Five hundred years ago when the printing press was invented there was a shift from laborious manuscript making to a print technology allowing large numbers of copies of written work to be created quickly, giving greater access to information and setting the stage for a slow but importanttransformation of societal literacy.
	
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What are some of the characteristics of the Chilvalry Romance? Choose the alternative that provides the correct characteristics.
		
	
	The folk tales convey the heavy air of poverty typical of chivalry romances.
	 
	The hero is the best, the enemy the cruelest, the lady the most beautiful, the struggle the most difficult one.
	
	The hero tries to save his lady from the danger of a monster.
	
	Faith in God, in angels in heaven, unconditional love for very poor women.
	
	The love stories between the knights and the ladies always have a tragic ending, even though the enemy also dies.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:26:21
	
Explicação:
Chivalric romance is a type of prose or verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe. They typically describe the adventures of quest-seeking, legendary knights who are portrayed as having heroic qualities. Chivalric romances celebrate an idealized code of civilized behavior that combines loyalty, honor, and courtley love. In it, The hero is the best, the enemy the cruelest, the lady the most beautiful, the struggle the most difficult one.
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	The origin of the Holy Grail comes probably from the word gradalis
which means grail or dish. Indeed, a theme always mentioned in the
Celtic legends is the search for
		
	 
	a magical pot
	
	an enchanted prince
	
	a magic island
	
	a sword
	
	a weapon
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:26:43
	
Explicação:
The Holy Grail is traditionally thought to be the cup that Jesus Christ drank from at the Last Supper and that Joseph of Arimathea used to collect Jesus's blood at his crucifixion. From ancient legends to contemporary movies, the Holy Grail has been an object of mystery and fascination for centuries. 
	
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	In the year 1998, archeologists found, in Cadbury Hill,  British military chiefs buried in coffins in the shape of boats.
What did ancient people, who lived in England,  believe?
		
	
	Ancient people regarded boats as a mystical thing.
	
	Ancient people associated boats with Jesus Christ.
	
	They believed that the dead people would rather be buried in coffins in the shape of boats because they were fashionable.
	 
	Ancient people believed that the soul traveled from one world to another which was found in lakes and seas. Dead people were placed in coffins in the shape of boats because boats were normally placed in seas or lakes.
	
	Military chiefs were considered important people, that´s why they were placed in speacially designed coffins.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:27:02
	
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	Which of the following is related to the Renaissance in England?
		
	 
	It was a revolutionary movement at that time, once it included intellectual, artistic, literary, philosophical, and scientific movements. It marked the transition from the medieval culture to the modern culture, breaking definitely the ecclesiastic monopoly.
	
	With the Renaissance, the medieval thought, oppressed by religion, is replaced by a culture devoted to the values of the collective.
	
	It represented a chance in the way people saw the world and themselves. It also represented the rescue and re-elaboration of the italian classic ideas.
	
	The Renaissance reflected a new perception of the world in relation to the growth of religion and the monarchy, and a strengthening of nationalism.
	
	This movement ranged from the end of the 16th century until the end of the 17th century, spreading from Italy to other European countries.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:32:20
	
Explicação:
The Renaissance was a revolutionary movement at that time, once it included intellectual, artistic, literary, philosophical, and scientific movements. It marked the transition from the medieval culture to the modern culture, breaking definitely the ecclesiastic monopoly.
	
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What was the Magna Carta?
		
	
	It was a document written by the Pope of the Catholic Church, which gave special rights to ordinary people in England.
	
	It was a sacred document by means of which the Church would have the right of sharing the King's wealth with ordinary people.
	
	It was a famous book written in the Middle Ages which told the story of a famous hero.
	
	It was a love letter written by William the Conqueror to his mistress.
	 
	It was little more than a treaty between the king and the barons, which served to define some of the Crown's feudal powers and some of the subjects' judicial rights.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:32:38
	
Explicação:
Magna Carta is one of the most famous documents in the world. Originally issued by King John of England (r.1199-1216) as a practical solution to the political crisis he faced in 1215, Magna Carta established for the first time the principle that everybody, including the king, was subject to the law. Although nearly a third of the text was deleted or substantially rewritten within ten years, and almost all the clauses have been repealed in modern times, Magna Carta remains a cornerstone of the British constitution. (www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/magna-carta-an-introduction#)
	
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the appropriate words to fill in the blanks:
The .......... of Elizabeth I is often thought of as a .......... . It was a time of extravagance and luxury in which a ..........  popular culture was expressed through writers such as .......... , and explorers like Drake and Raleigh sought to expand England's territory overseas. This sense of well-being was embodied by Queen Elizabeth who liked to wear ..........  costumes and jewellery, and be entertained in style at her court.
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/elizabeth )
		
	
	aniversary celebration - majestic one - surprising - Jane Austen - simple
	
	life - difficult one - famous - Chaucer - beautiful -
	
	time - disgusting one - rich - Emily Brontë - fancy
	
	century - prosperous one - poor - Thomas Malory - odd
	 
	reign - Golden Age - flourishing - Shakespeare - sumptuous
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:32:55
	
Explicação:
This kind of 'fill in the blanks' type of question needs to create a coherent passage, so the choice of words one makes must be made to build it up.
	
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	How is the Elizabethan Age also called?
		
	
	The Age of Triumph.
	 
	The Age of the Sea.
	
	The Age of Success.
	
	The Age of Troubles.
	
	The Age of Beauty.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:33:10
	
Explicação:
This is a straight forward type of question and answer.  The Elizabethan Age is also called the Age of the Sea because it was a time of great naval triumph in England.
	
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	One of the questions that has occupied those interested in King Arthur is whether or not he is a historical figure but what we can state about the legendary figure of King Arthur is that
		
	
	he was famous for his oral speeches
	
	he gave power to women
	
	he was a cruel man
	
	he was recognized as a great poet
	 
	he was born as a symbol of hope to the British people
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:34:52
	
Explicação:
People have always been concerned with trying to find out if there was once a King Arthur. This is indeed an interesting topic to be taken into account, however our main concern should be in the fact that he was born as a symbol of hope to British people.
	
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What was a social characteristic of England in the beginning of The Elizabethan Age?
		
	
	The agent of the national government, the wealthy barons, the Bishops and the school teachers became more important.
	
	Queen Elizabeth was at the bottom of the social pyramid and the Church representatives still played an important role in society as they helped the Queen rule the country.
	
	New England society fought for its Christian values which brought profound changes to the country.
	 
	The medieval baron, the knight, the serf, and the Catholic prelate were no longer the dominant types in English society.
	
	Since the country was being ruled by a woman, women were granted the right to inherit in case their fathers died.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:35:27
	
Explicação:
The era called the Elizabethan England was a time of many changes and developments and was also considered as the Golden Age in English history. This era was led by Queen Elizabeth I, the sixth and last ruler of Tudor.
Changes went through this period of time. The medieval baron, the knight, the serf, and the Catholic prelate were no longer the dominant types in English society.
	
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Englishmen in the sixteenth century presented their own characteristics as any other in different centuries.
Which of the following IS NOT applicable to Englishmen in the sixteenth century?
		
	
	Englishmen in the 16th century were devoutly religious.
	
	They were superstitious enough to believe in witches and all kinds of sorcery.
	
	They  proclaimed their human right as men to ascend in a social mobility scale.
	
	They were great respecters of authority .
	 
	In the 16th century, Englishmen were avid readers, very creative and were always looking for some sort of different activities mainly if it involved new recipes for cooking.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:36:33
	
Explicação:
Englishmen were not avid readers in the sixteenth century nor were they interested in new recipes for cooking.
	
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	England adopted the Protestant religion during the reign of King Henry VIII , approximately around 1530s. Prior to this, England had followed the Roman Catholic Church. How did England become protestant?
		
	
	Most of the Englishmen rebelled against The Catholic Church when Rome asked them to pay higher taxes to the Church.
	
	As Henry VIII did not like the amount of money which was spent in the monasteries, he decided that the banks should take care of the Church money which caused a rupture with the Catholic Church.
	 
	When the Pope refused to give Henry permission to divorce his first wife, Catherine, of the ruling house of Spain, in order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry put through Parliament a number of bills that severed relation with The Catholic Church and set him up as the head of the Anglican Church of England.
	
	King Henry VIII was influenced by Martin Luther's idea that the Catholic Church was a fake.
	
	As religion was one of the issues that threatened to put an end to domestic peace, King Henry, under strong pressure of his subjects, founded the Anglican Church.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:37:01
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	It can be said about the Renaissance that ...
		
	
	Greek and Latin manuscripts, which were reproduced by the newly invented printing press, set off a wave of disappointment for classical ideas.
	
	Stimulated by the excitement of the Egyptian manuscripts, recently discovered by archeologists, the Elizabethan world came alive with several plays based on the values of the old Egyptian world.
	
	The Humanists, who adopted the God-centered point of view, were university experts in Greek and Latin.
	 
	The basic message that the Greeks and Romans left the Elizabethans was that life as not, as Middle-Aged people thought, a `journey through a vale of tears' to a better world after death, but rather a beautiful and exciting experience, that the world was a place where man could display his amazing creative faculties.
	
	A variety of religious beliefs was the measure of all things.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:38:23
	
Explicação:
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Renaissance was the transitional movement in Europe between medieval and modern times beginning in the 14th century in Italy, lasting into the 17th century, and marked by a humanistic revival of classical influence expressed in a flowering of the arts and literature and by the beginnings of modern science. So, life was there to be lived and it should be regarded from a positive perspective so that we could enjoy our lives as a beautiful, exciting and rewarding experience.
	
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Which option completes the following excerpt.
Considered the first religion founded during the Protestant Reformation, the _______________ was a religion created in the middle of social and political crises in the Sacred German Empire. Still stuck on feudal structures, the Empire had a group of principalities in which the Catholic Church dominated one-third of the land.
		
	
	Jacobinism
	
	Renaissance
	
	Puritanism
	 
	Lutheranism
	
	Calvinism
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:38:59
	
Explicação:
Considered the first religion founded duringthe Protestant Reformation, the Lutheranism was a religion created in the middle of social and political crises in the Sacred German Empire. Still stuck on feudal structures, the Empire had a group of principalities in which the Catholic Church dominated one-third of the land.
	
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Why is the Elizabethan Age one of the most remarkable periods in British history?
		
	
	Because out of the exciting turmoil of English life there emerged the medieval barons who dominated the society.
	
	Because it was a period in which England won four different wars.
	 
	Because it was a time deeply marked by cultural, social, political and economic changes which came to a climax during the Elizabethan Age.
	
	Because of the song writers and dramatists who turned England into a democracy.
	
	Because as England was not an agricultural country any more, life emerged led by an industrial and commercial development.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:39:37
	
Explicação:
The Elizabethan Era, also called the Golden Age of England, was a time of prosperity and economic and political growth.
Queen Elizabeth I was able to lead England to victory  in the war between England and Spain and in the Nine Years´ War  and the country became the most dominant Western maritime power. As a result of its power at sea, commerce developed and the merchant class grew stronger.
It was also a time of literary and artistic development since the country had enough money to invest in these areas.
	
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Which of the characteristics below DOES NOT belong to the 16th century English men?
		
	
	Despite of being rather conscious of the social status, determined by birth, Englishmen in the 16th century proclaimed their human right as men to ascend in a social mobility scale.
	
	Englishmen in the 16th century were as devoutly religious as their medieval ancestors, but also threw themselves passionately into the worldliest of projects and pastimes.
	
	Englishmen in the 16th century were great respecters of authority yet violently critical of their medieval ancestors for accepting it.
	 
	Englishmen in the 16th century had a strong intellectual formation, traveling the world was a routine to them and they were essentially consumerist beings.
	
	Englishmen in the 16th century were still superstitious enough to believe in witches and all kinds of sorcery.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:40:04
	
Explicação:
Englishmen in the 16th century did not have a strong intellectual formation, traveling the world was not  a routine to them and most people did not have enough money to become  ´consumerist beings´.
	
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Which characteristic presented below cannot describe the Englishmen in the 16th century:
		
	
	conscious of the social status
	
	religious
	
	had the right to ascend in a social mobility scale
	 
	did not respect authority
	
	superstitious
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:40:22
	
Explicação:
Men in the sixteenth century did obey rules, so they did respect authority.
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the alternative that reveals a true information about Shakespeare
		
	 
	 'Hamlet' was his most famous revenge tragedy.
	
	He did not allow women to act so the female roles were played by young boys.
	
	He wrote dramatic love stories based on his previous experience as a detective.
	
	He was a famous American writer, who lived in the Elizabethan Age.
	
	His comedies did not really become famous.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:40:29
	
Explicação:
Shakespeare was the most famous English playwright of his time. Hamlet was (and still is) his most famous tragedy and a revenge play. Although Shakespeare wrote Hamlet closely following the conventions of a traditional revenge tragedy, he goes far beyond this form in his development of Hamlet's character. Shakespeare's exploration of Hamlet's complex thoughts and emotions is perhaps more the focus of the play rather than that of revenge, thus in Hamlet Shakespeare greatly develops and enhances the form of the traditional revenge tragedy.
	
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	How was Queen Elizabeth regarded by the ordinary people in England?
		
	 
	She was supported by her subjects as the living embodiment of the English spirit which turned the entire age into one madly in love with life in all its aspects.
	
	As people opened their minds to the expanding world of arts, they did not care about who the ruler of the country was.
	
	She was regarded as a witch.
	
	She was seen a weak women who was not fit to be the Queen of England.
	
	As a consequence of the dazzling richness of the Modern World, Elizabeth was beloved by her subjects.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:40:37
	
Explicação:
The right answer is associated with the fact that Elizabeth I is considered one of the country's most successful and popular monarchs. Clever, strong and enigmatic, she brought new light to the rules of being a Queen.
The reign of Elizabeth I is often thought of as a Golden Age. It was a time of extravagance and luxury in which a flourishing popular culture was expressed through writers such as Shakespeare. This sense of well-being was embodied by Queen Elizabeth .
Elizabeth's greatest achievement lay in the relationship she had forged with her people. She was ahead of her time in her grasp of public relations, and her popularity had remained undimmed. Elizabeth was rewarded with loyalty and, enhanced by the glow of nostalgia, her own unique place in history.
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/elizabeth)
	
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the alternative that correctly completes the following sentences: Henry´s break with (1)____ was purely political. He did not approve the new ideas of Protestant Reformation introduced by Martin Luther in Germany and (2)_____ in Geneva. He still believed in the (3)_____ faith.
		
	
	(1)Rome, (2)Catholic, (3)John Calvin
	 
	(1)Rome, (2)John Calvin, (3)Catholic
	
	(1)Rome, (2)King Arthur, (3)Catholic
	
	(1)Rome, (2)John Calvin, (3)Muslim
	
	(1)London, (2)John Calvin, (3)Catholic
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:40:47
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	Why did England lose control over the colonies?
		
	
	Because the English Parliament was much more concerned with their interests in other colonies rather than in the American one.
	
	Because the Americans had a stronger army than that of the English.
	 
	Because while there were great struggles going on in England, the Americans grew stronger and prosperous.
	
	Because the Americans had been able to get the political support from France, Spain and Italy.
	
	Because English banks had gone bankrupt and couldn't support financially speaking the English Navy.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:41:17
	
Explicação:
England lost control over the colonies because while there were great struggles going on in England, the Americans grew stronger and prosperous.
England was going on a difficult period of time since it had faced wars, so Britain grew weary of the struggle to mantain empire.
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Why did legislation become much more worried about American interests rather than the British ones?
		
	
	Because the Americans were mainly concerned with the Indian's interests.
	 
	Because the Americans could not stand the divergencies between their interests and the British ones , so assemblies took over the functions of the governors.
	
	Because the French, who livedin the original thirteen colonies, had made a deal with England, which was not interesting for the American people.
	
	Because the American colony was much richer and more developed than the mother country.
	
	Because the British governors, who were ruling the American colonies, were very efficient ones.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:41:59
	
Explicação:
From the first year after the colonists had set foot upon the new continent, they had functioned according to the English law and constitution - with legislative assemblies, a representative system of government, and recognition of the common law guarantees of personal liberty.
But increasingly legislation became American in point of view, and less and less attention was paid to English practices and precedents.
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What did the American and the French Revolution have in common?
		
	 
	Both  fought against tyrannical oppresion.                                                                                                                                                     
	
	Both revolutions took place in America.
	
	Both revolutions were based on religious reasons.
	
	The ones involved in the revolutions spoke the same language.
	
	Both of them were led by people who were fascinated by Hitler's ideals.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:42:17
	
Explicação:
The American and the French revolutions were fought several years and an ocean apart. However, they bear enough similarities, for instance: both revolutions occurred in the late eighteeenth  century, both subverted an existing monarchical government, both  fought against tyrannical oppresion.  Both created good conditions for constitutionalism and deep patriotism.                                                                                                                                                            
	
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	American Revolution had profound impact on the United States life. Choose the alternative that reveals a devastating effect of it:
		
	
	A feeling of faith in communism.
	
	Civil War
	
	A collapse in the economy.
	
	Most Americans felt great disappointment against the ones who were ruling the country.
	 
	It gave a whole new dimension to ideas of liberty and equality.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:42:56
	
Explicação:
Liberty and equality are positive aspects which ought to be taken into account in any society. Living a life without them must be a very hard task.
	
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Which was the most important concept the English colonists incorporate into Virginia's first charter?
		
	 
	The concept of freedom.
	
	The concept of happiness.
	
	The concept of Catholicism.
	
	The concept of communism.
	
	The concept of political fight.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:43:29
	
Explicação:
American people have always given much value to freedom. The colonists - inheritors of the long English tradition of the struggle for political liberty - incorporated concepts of freedom into Virginia's first charter. It provided that English colonists were to exercise all liberties, franchises, and immunities.
	
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	There were several purposes of the Declaration of the Independence.
Which one was not included in it?
		
	
	The main purpose was for the colonists was  to let Great Britain and the rest of the world know that  they were free from  British rule.
	
	The purpose of the Declaration of Independence was to state to everybody  they considered themselves  free from England and were open to new agreements with other countries.
	 
	The Declaration of Independence had both a utilitarian and patriotic purpose. It declared war on the founder of the colonies, King George, and Great Britain. It also listed a series of abuses the revolutionaries felt the King had subjected them to.
	
	The Declaration of Independence was a way of telling everybody what the King of England had done to them, which were in violation to the rights of the colonists. After several attempts to resolve their differences with England, all of which failed, to declare themselves free from England.
	 
	The Declaration of Independence highlighted the importance not only of their need for freedom, but also for establishing marrital rules so as to create a sounding society  in which all citizens would follow the rules, including the ones about marriage .
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:44:20
	
Explicação:
There is no reference to rules about marriages in the Declaration of independence. The Declaration of Independence is an apology for revolution. Support for a complete break with Great Britain.
	
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What did the British government need to support the growing empire?
		
	
	Some miraculous strategies to help them solve their problems.
	
	To choose the right commander in chief to control the situation.
	 
	More money so the colonies would have to pay more taxes.
	
	To bring unity to the country.
	
	A new type of government.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:45:00
	
Explicação:
When the French and Indian War ( also known as the Seven Years´War ) finally ended in 1763, Great Britain defeated France and its allies, however the victory came at great cost. In January 1763, Great Britain´s national debt was more than 122 million pounds, an enormous sum for the time. Trying to figure out how to get rid of this debt and of the interest they had to pay as a result of its debt, the only solution the British could think of was to make the British colonies pay more taxes.
	
	
	Gabarito
Coment.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What did colonists who went to the U.S. incorporate into Virginia´s first charter?
		
	
	They incorporated social norms into Virginia first charter so as to preserve the union.
	
	They established the ones who disobeyed the laws would be sent to prison and forced to pay a fine and incorporated this rule into Virginia´s first charter.
	
	It was decided that each member of a community who was above sixteen should work for the development of their religious creed and this issue was included into Virginia´s first charter.
	
	They incorporated rules about the use of the English language all over the country and of the study of the Bible in all schools.
	 
	They incorporated concepts of freedom into Virginia´s first charter in their struggle for political liberty.
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	What can we link the American Declaration of Independence to?
		
	
	A new political treaty with Germany.
	 
	A philosophy of human freedom.
	
	The first World War.
	
	A new type of |Communist Party.
	
	A series of civil wars.
	Respondido em 18/11/2019 17:45:55
	
Explicação:
The American Declaration of Independence can be linked to a philosophy of human freedom. With great passion, the declaration affirmed the right of the "United Colonies" to be free and independent of the British Crown. It also created a larger and more generous "tone and spirit" of liberty and freedom than had existed anywhere in America before independence. But the final text of the Declaration, as revised in Congress, was careful not to contradict any major idea of liberty and freedom that existed in the American colonies.
	
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	What is usually present in colonial history of the U.S.?
		
	
	References to the fact that most emigrants who left England were seeking for adventure. They were usually male, single men.
	 
	Colonial history abounds