Insecticidal activity of some essential oils against larvae of Spodoptera littoralis

Short report Insecticidal activity of some essential oils against larvae of Spodoptera littoralis Roman Pavela Resear ch Institute of Crop Pr oduction, Drnovska 507, Praha 6 Ruzyne, 161 06, Czech Republic Received 27 February 2004; accepted 20 June 2005 A vailable online 17 October 2005 Abstract Th irty -fou r ess ent ial oils wer e te ste d fo r inse ctic ida l ac tiv it y (fu mig ation or to pic al ap plica ti on) a ga ins t lar va e Spodoptera littoralis . T wenty essential oils applied by fumigation were highly toxic to the third inst ar of S. littor alis larvae. T wo essential oils Nepe ta ca ta ria and Thuj a occident alis were highly toxi c, with L C 50 V 10.0 ml /m 3 . Fiv e esse nti al oils Salvia s clarea , Thym us masti chin a , Origanum m ajor ana , Pogostemon cablin and Mentha pulegium wer e tox ic wit h LC 50 between 10.1 and 20.0 l ml/m 3 . T wenty- thr ee e sse nt ial o ils we re hig hly to xic to th e third i nst ar o f S. littoralis l arvae after topical application. E ight ess en tia l oil s Mentha cit rat a , N . cata ria , S. scla r ea , O. vulgare , O. compact um , Me lis sa offic in ali s , T. ma stic hina ,a n d Lavandula angustifolia were hig hly toxic wi th LD 50 V 0.05 A l/larvae. D 2005 Elsevier B.V . All rights reserved. Keywor ds: Insecticidal activity; Spodoptera littoralis ; Essential oils 1. Plants Reported in T able 1 . 2. Uses in traditional medicine Plants reported in T able 1 and their oils have a wide range of application in medicine according to the Czech [1] and European Pharm acopoeias [2–4] . 0367-326X/$ - see front matter D 2005 Elsevier B.V . All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2005.06.001 E-mail addr ess: pavela@vurv .cz. Fitoterapia 76 (2005) 691 – 696 www .elsevier .com/locate/fitote 3. Previously isolated classes of constituents The chemistry of these oils is well documented an d include monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and phenols [4,6,7,13–35 . See T able 1] . 4. T ested materials The essential oils used in this study were purchased from Essential Oil University , 16224 Cha rlestow n-Bethlehem Rd, Charlestown, IN 4711 1 USA . T able 1 Investigated plant material Oil Latin item code Family Origin Part References Amyris Amyris balsamifera Rutaceae Haiti W ood [4] Basil Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae Egypt Herb [4] Bergamot Mentha citrata Lamiaceae USA Herb [4] Calamus Acorus calamus Araceae Nepal Root [4] Catnip Nepeta cataria Lamiaceae Canada Flowg tops [13] Cedarleaf Thuja occidentalis Cupr essaceae Canada Leaf/twig [14] Cedarwood Juniperus vir giniana Cupr essaceae USA W ood [4,15] Clary Sage Salvia sclar ea Lamiaceae USA Flower/leaf [16] Clove bud Eugenia caryophyllata Myrtaceae Madagascar Bud [17] Cornmint Mentha arvensis Lamiaceae India Herb [18,19] Fir Needle Abies siberica Pinaceae Russia Needle [20] Geranium Pelar gonium graveolens Geraniaceae Reunion Leaf [19] Geranium Pelar gonium r oseum Geraniaceae Madagascar Leaf [4,19] Ginger Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae China Root [21] Juniperberry Juniperus communis Cupressaceae Croatia Berry [22] Lavender a. Lavandula angustifolia Lamiaceae France Flower [23] Lavender l. Lavandula latifolia Lamiaceae France Flower [24] Lemon Citrus limonum Rutaceae Italy Peel [7] Lime Citrus aurantifolia Rutaceae Mexico Peel [25] Marjoram Thymus mastichina Lamiaceae Spain Flower/leaf [26] Marjoram, Sweet Origanum majorana Lamiaceae Egypt Flower/leaf [27] Melissa b rectified Q Melissa officinalis Lamiaceae Spain Flower/leaf [28] Niaouli MQV Melaleuca quinquenervia Myrtaceae Madagascar Leaf [29] Oregano Origanum compactum Lamiaceae Morocco Herb [30] Oregano Origanum vulgare Lamiaceae Greece Herb [31] Patchouli Pogostemon cablin Lamiaceae Indonesia Leaf [32] Pennyroyal Mentha pulegium Lamiaceae USA Leaf [33] Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis Lamiaceae Morocco Leaf [34] Sage Salvia officinalis Lamiaceae Greece Leaf [35] Spearmint Mentha spicata Lamiaceae China Flowg herb [4] Spruce T suga canadensis Pinaceae Canada Needle [4] T agetes T agetes bipinata Asteraceae Madagasc ar Flower [4] Thyme Thymus vulgaris Lamiaceae Spain Herb [4] W ormwood Artemisia absinthium Asteraceae USA Flowg tops [6] R. Pavela / Fitoterapia 76 (2005) 691–696 692 5. Studied activity 5.1. Fumigation Glass vials (100 ml, with double bottom for application of doses of essential oils), capped with polypropylen e stoppers, were used for the bioassays. Larval mortality was recorded 24 h after fumigati on of 10 A l of essential oil delivered in 10 A l acetone [5] . Controls received acetone alone. Fo r each oil there were five replicates each with 15 larvae. If mortality was higher than 50%, another test was performed with lower doses, i.e. 3.0 or 0.5 A l of essential oil delivered in 10 A l acetone. 5.2. T opical appli cation Larval mortality was recorded 24 h after topical application of 0.1 A l of essential oil delivered in 2 A l acetone [8] . Controls recei ved only acetone. For each oil there were five replicates each with 10 larvae. If the mortality was higher than 50%, another test was performed with lower doses 0.05, 0.02 or 0.005 A l of essential oil deli vered in 2 A l acetone. LD 50 values were determined using probit analysis, based on a range of 2– 4 doses. 6. Used insects Third instar larvae (60–100 mg) of Spodoptera littoralis were obtained from a laboratory colony maintained on artifici al diet for N 50 generat ions. The colony came from laboratory rearing in Egy pt. 7. Results Listed in T able 2 . 8. Conclusions T wenty essential oils applied by fumigation were highl y toxic to the third instar of S. littoralis larvae. The re were differences among individua l extracts. T wo essential oils Nepeta cataria and Thuja occidentalis ) were highly toxic with LC 50 V 10.0 ml/m 3 (5.5 and 6.5 ml/m 3 , respectively). Five essential oils ( Salv ia sc lar ea , Thymus mastichina , Origanum majorana , Pogostemon cablin , and Mentha pulegium were toxic with LC 50 between 10.1 and 20.0 ml ml/m 3 (1 1.9, 19.3, 19.6, 14.8 and 11.5 ml/m 3 , respectively). T wenty-three essential oils were highl y toxic to the 3rd instar of S. littoralis larvae after topical application. There wer e differences among individua l oils. Eight essential oils ( M. citrata , N. cataria , S. sclarea , O. vulgare , O. compactum , M. officina lis , T . mastichina , and L. a ngustifolia ) were highly toxi c with LD 50 V 0.05 A l/larvae. R. Pavela / Fitoterapia 76 (2005) 691–696 693 T able 2 T oxicity of essential oils to third instar larvae of S. littoralis Plants Fumigant application a T opical application a 10 ( A l/100 ml) 3 ( A l/100 ml) 0.5 ( A l/100 ml) LD 50 (ml/m 3 ) 0.1 ( A l/larvae) 0.05 ( A l/larvae) 0.02 ( A l/larvae) 0.005 ( A l/larvae) LD 50 ( A l/larvae) A. siberica 2.2 (5.5) ND b 83.3 (10.9) 20.8 (2.8) 0.073 A. calamus 13.3 (10.0) ND 95.8 (8. 6) 25.0 (12.1) 0.068 A. balsamifera 100 (0.0) 82.2 (5.5) 26.5 (5.3) 15.5 91.7 (5.3) 29.2 (5.5) 0.067 A. absinthium 33.3 (6.1) ND 0 ND C. aurantifolia 0 ND 75 (5.3) 12.5 (3.3) 0.08 C. limonum 0 ND 91.7 (8.3) 16.7 (6.2) 0.065 E. caryophyllata 0 ND 20.8 (10.2) ND J. communis 0 ND 40.3 (7.6) ND J. virginiana 0 ND 62.5 (8.9) 29.2 (3.3) 0.081 L. angustifolia 20 (8.9) ND 100 (0.0) 58.3 (3.3) 29.2 (5.8) 0.042 L. latifolia 4.5 (2.1) ND 95.8 (15.5) 29.2 (10.3) 0.065 M.quinquenervia 0 ND 87.5 (2.9) 33.3 (5.8) 0.065 M. officinalis 0 ND 95.8 (7.2) 66.7 (9.6) 33.3 (6.3) 0.37 M. arvensis 0 ND 33.3 (5.8) ND M. citrata 33.3 (5.8) ND 91.7 (10.0) 87.5 (6.9) 70.8 (5.9) 25 (0.1) 0.011 M. pulegium 100 (0.0) 97.8 (6.8) 33.3 (3.3) 11.5 29.2 (5.2) ND M. spicata 87.3 (12.3) 53.3 (11.1) 6.6 (2.1) 46.2 54.2 (6.5) 29.2 (6.7) 0.092 N. cataria 100 (0.0) 100 (0.0) 48.9 (10.2) 5.5 66.7 (5.5) 62.5 (8.8) 33.3 (6.3) 0.046 O. basilicum 0 ND 87.5 (8.8) 41.7 (5.8) 0.059 O. compactum 0 ND 91.7 (3.3) 50.0 (8.8) 54.2 (7.8) 12.5 (3.3) 0.041 O.majorana 95.6 (15.6) 77.8 (10.2) 11.1 (5.8) 19.6 66.7 (6.2) 45.8 (4.3) 0.06 O. vulgare 0 ND 100 (0.0) 83.3 (0.0) 70.8 (2.2) 37.5 (5.8) 0.004 P . graveolens 0 ND 100 (0.0) 45.8 (10.0) 0.054 P . r oseum 95.6 (15.6) 77.8 (6.3) 4.4 (2.2) 20.5 41.7 (10.0) ND P . cablin 100 (0.0) 100 (0.0) 17.8 (8.3) 14.8 20.8 (8.2) ND R. officinalis 0 ND 45.8 (3.3) ND S. officinalis 84.5 (18.3) 17.7 (3.3) 63.8 20.8 (0.8) ND S. sclarea 100 (0.0) 100 (0.0) 31.1 (3.3) 11.9 87.5 (12.6) 50.0 (6.2) 33.3 (6.3) 0.046 T . bipinata 100 (0.0) 55.6 (8.3) 6.6 (2.5) 21.7 100 (0.0) 41.7 (6.3) 0.057 T . occidentalis 100 (0.0) 100 (0.0) 46.7 (8.1) 6.5 91.7 (3.3) 41.7 (6.6) 0.058 T . mastichina 100 (0.0) 82.2 (5.9) 6.6 (3.3) 19.3 100 (0.0) 70.8 (8.2) 33.3 (5.8) 0.034 T . vulgaris 100 (0.0) 100 (0.0) 26.7 (10.0) 22.9 16.7 (2.1) ND T . canadensis 91.8 (8.3) 40 (10.6) 43.5 62.5 (10.3) 54.2 (8.2) 29.2 (5.2) 0.06 Z. officinale 0 ND 42.7 (5.8) ND a Mortality (%) — values are mean ( F S.D.). b ND — not determined. R. Pavela / Fitoterapia 76 (2005) 691–696 694 Oil of white thyme, T . vulgaris ( not included in this screening), was compa rable in toxicity (LD 50 46.7 A g/larva) with oils of T . serpyllum and S. hortensis [9] .O i lo f O. cr eticum was significantly less toxic. The insecticidal action of Thymus and Satureia oils are likely due to their major c onstituents (thymol and carvacr ol), which were found to be toxic in our previous experiments (LD 50 25.5 and 42.7, respectively) [10] . Eva luation of 22 essential oils for insectici dal action against the bean beetl e Aca nthosceli des obtect us indicated that oils of T . serpyllum and O. marjorana were the most toxic [11] .O i l so f Satur eia and Origanum were also toxic to larval and adult fruit flies ( Drosophila aurari a ) [12] . T wenty-one essential oils were tested for insecticida l activity via topical application to the third instar larvae of S. litura . Oils of S. horte nsis , T . serpyllum and O. cr etic um produced N 90% larval mortality after 24 h at a dose of 100 A g per larva e [36] . Acknowledgements W e are grateful to I. Kubec ˇ kova ´ , K. Holy ´ and S. Peka ´ r for thei r help. This research has been funded by the Ministry of Agriculture Czech Republic (project No. MZE0002700603). References [1] Korbela ´r ˇ J, Endris Z. Nas ˇ e rostliny v le ´ kar ˇ stvı ´ . Praha 7 A vicenum; 1981. [2] Blaschek EW , Ha ¨ nsel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler H, Schneider G. Hagers handbuch der pharmazeutischen praxis. In: Drogen L-Z, editor . New Y ork 7 Springer V erlag; 1998 Suppl. 3. [3] Ha ¨ nsel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G, editors. Hagers handbuch der pharmazeutischen praxis. New Y ork 7 Springer V erlag; 1994, p. 971 6. [4] Bruneton J. Pharmacognosy phytochemistry medicinal plants. Paris 7 Lavoiser; 1999. [5] Aslan I, O ¨ zbek H, Calmas ¸u r O ¨ ., S ¸ ahI ˇ n F . Ind Crops Prod 2004;19:167. 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Insecticidal activity of some essential oils against larvae of Spodoptera littoralis

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