03-apostila-versao-digital-lingua-estrangeira-moderna-espanhol-e-ingles-054 594 089-38-1568382292

Prévia do material em texto

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Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) 
 
A prova de Língua Estrangeira Moderna tem por objetivo avaliar a capacidade do candidato de compreender textos em língua estrangeira, 
que apresentem nível de complexidade linguística e cultural compatível com o Ensino Médio. As questões deverão verificar até que ponto o 
candidato: 
 Identifica ideias principais e ideias específicas do texto;  Estabelece relações entre diferentes partes do texto; 
 Estabelece relações entre texto e contexto;  Identifica diferentes pontos de vista apresentados no texto. Os textos 
utilizados poderão ser jornalísticos, publicitários, de divulgação científica ou literários. O conhecimento gramatical 
será avaliado em nível funcional, ou seja, como elemento necessário para a compreensão dos textos. 
 
 
Compreensão de textos em língua inglesa .......................................................................................... 1 
 
Itens gramaticais relevantes para a compreensão dos conteúdos semânticos .................................... 8 
 
Compreensão de textos em Língua Espanholan .............................................................................. 124 
 
 
Candidatos ao Vestibular, 
O Instituto Maximize Educação disponibiliza o e-mail professores@maxieduca.com.br 
para dúvidas relacionadas ao conteúdo desta apostila como forma de auxiliá-los nos estudos 
para um bom desempenho na prova. 
As dúvidas serão encaminhadas para os professores responsáveis pela matéria, 
portanto, ao entrar em contato, informe: 
• Apostila (universidade); 
• Disciplina (matéria); 
• Número da página onde se encontra a dúvida; e 
• Qual a dúvida. 
Caso existam dúvidas em disciplinas diferentes, por favor, encaminhá-las em e-mails 
separados. O professor terá até cinco dias úteis para respondê-la. 
Bons estudos! 
 
Apostila gerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
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Caro(a) candidato(a), antes de iniciar nosso estudo, queremos nos colocar à sua disposição, durante 
todo o prazo do concurso para auxiliá-lo em suas dúvidas e receber suas sugestões. Muito zelo e técnica 
foram empregados na edição desta obra. No entanto, podem ocorrer erros de digitação ou dúvida 
conceitual. Em qualquer situação, solicitamos a comunicação ao nosso serviço de atendimento ao cliente 
para que possamos esclarecê-lo. Entre em contato conosco pelo e-mail: professores @maxieduca.com.br 
 
Interpretação de Textos 
 
Quando1 estamos aprendendo inglês, é muito comum nos depararmos com textos que julgamos 
indecifráveis. Ao ler tantas palavras desconhecidas, nos assustamos e muitas vezes desistimos de ler, 
antes mesmo de começar, ou, então, logo pegamos o bom e velho dicionário. Mas com estas 6 dicas de 
interpretação de textos em inglês, essa tarefa vai ficar mais fácil. 
Usar um dicionário, claro, é muito útil, mas recorrer a ele toda vez que se depara com uma palavra 
desconhecida não é a melhor forma de fazer uma leitura. Isso trunca o processo e atrapalha o 
desenvolvimento da fluência do estudante. Que tal, então, antes de recorrer ao dicionário, tentar concluir 
a sua leitura, com eficiência, apenas captando o contexto do conteúdo? 
 
Veja algumas dicas para ajudá-lo na interpretação: 
1. Encontre um texto para treinar 
Escolha um conteúdo em inglês para fazer essa atividade: vale uma reportagem de revista, um artigo 
ou, até mesmo, um trecho de um livro. 
O importante é que o texto seja relativamente curto e aborde um assunto do seu interesse, para que o 
exercício não fique desinteressante. 
 
2. Faça uma leitura rápida 
Esqueça os detalhes! Passe os olhos, rapidamente, por todo o texto para tentar captar sua ideia 
principal. Muitas pessoas param a leitura do texto em inglês, logo no primeiro parágrafo, ao encontrar 
uma palavra que não conhecem. Isso não é necessário. 
Muitas vezes, nas próximas linhas, você encontrará mais referências que podem ajudar a decifrar a 
palavra misteriosa. Não se preocupe com os detalhes, na primeira leitura. 
 
3. Releia prestando atenção nos detalhes 
Depois de captar a essência do texto, você terá informações suficientes para relê-lo e se ater aos 
detalhes. Leia, novamente, cada parágrafo e se esforce para entender a ideia principal de todos eles. 
 
Se, no meio do processo, encontrar palavras desconhecidas, grife-as, mas não pare a leitura. Você 
ainda pode tentar entendê-las pelo contexto. 
 
4. Reveja as palavras grifadas 
Depois de ler parágrafo por parágrafo com atenção, retome as palavras que grifou e tente adivinhar o 
que significam. Depois de familiarizado com o conteúdo do texto, fica muito mais fácil decifrá-las. Se 
mesmo assim encontrar dificuldades, tente substituí-las por outras palavras ou expressões que conhece 
e que fariam sentido no texto – talvez você encontre sinônimos. 
 
5. Consulte o dicionário 
Só depois de analisar bem o texto é hora de pegar o dicionário! Confira se você acertou o significado 
das palavras desconhecidas que grifou. 
Se não, anote o significado correto em um caderno: isso ajuda a fixar o novo vocabulário. 
 
 
 
 
 
1 Fonte: http://canaldoensino.com.br/blog/6-dicas-de-interpretacao-de-textos-em-ingles (Adaptado e ampliado) 
 
Compreensão de textos em língua inglesa 
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6. Releia o texto mais uma vez 
Conhecer o significado de uma palavra é tão importante quanto saber empregá-la corretamente em 
frases. Por isso, depois de descobrir a definição de cada vocábulo, leia o texto uma última vez para saber 
como utilizá-los corretamente em conversas e textos que escrever no futuro 
 
Técnica de leitura de texto de língua inglesa 
 
No Brasil, de um modo geral, o inglês instrumental é uma das abordagens do ensino do Inglês que 
centraliza a língua técnica e científica focalizando o emprego de estratégias específicas, em geral, 
voltadas à leitura. Seu foco é desenvolver a capacidade de compreensão de textos de diversas áreas do 
conhecimento. O estudo da gramática restringe-se a um mínimo necessário normalmente associado a 
um texto atual ou similar que foi veiculado em periódicos. O conhecimento de uma boa quantidade de 
palavras também faz parte das técnicas que serão relacionadas abaixo. 
 
O que é Inglês Instrumental ? 
 
Também conhecido como Inglês para Fins Específicos - ESP, o Inglês Instrumental fundamenta-se no 
treinamento instrumental dessa língua. Tem como objetivo essencial proporcionar ao aluno, em curto 
prazo, a capacidade de ler e compreender aquilo que for de extrema importância e fundamental para que 
este possa desempenhar a atividade de leitura em uma área específica. 
 
Estratégias de leitura 
 
Algumas estratégias de leitura são consideradas básicas no Inglês Instrumental, a saber: 
 
- Skimming: trata-se de uma estratégia onde o leitor vai buscar a ideia geral do texto através de uma 
leitura rápida, sem apegar-se a ideias mínimas ou específicas, para dizer sobre o que o texto trata. 
 
- Scanning: através do scanning, o leitor busca ideias específicas no texto. Isso ocorre pela leitura do 
texto à procura de um detalhe específico. Praticamos o scanning diariamente para encontrarmos um 
número na lista telefônica, selecionar um e-mail para ler, etc. 
 
- Cognatos: são palavras idênticas ou parecidas entre duas línguas e que possuem o mesmo 
significado, como a palavra “vírus” é escrita igualmente em português e inglês, a única diferença é que 
em português a palavra recebe acentuação. Porém, é preciso atentar para os chamados falsos cognatos, 
ou seja, palavras que são escritas igual ou parecidas, mas com o significado diferente, como “evaluation”, 
que pode ser confundida com “evolução” onde na verdade, significa “avaliação”. 
 
- Inferência contextual: o leitor lança mão da inferência, ou seja, ele tenta adivinhar ou sugerir o 
assunto tratado pelo texto, e durante a leitura elepode confirmar ou descartar suas hipóteses. 
 
- Reconhecimento de gêneros textuais: são tipo de textos que se caracterizam por organização, 
estrutura gramatical, vocabulário específico e contexto social em que ocorrem. Dependendo das marcas 
textuais, podemos distinguir uma poesia de uma receita culinária, por exemplo. 
 
- Informação não-verbal: é toda informação dada através de figuras, gráficos, tabelas, mapas, etc. A 
informação não-verbal deve ser considerada como parte da informação ou ideia que o texto deseja 
transmitir. 
 
- Palavras-chave: são fundamentais para a compreensão do texto, pois se trata de palavras 
relacionadas à área e ao assunto abordado pelo texto. São de fácil compreensão, pois, geralmente, 
aparecem repetidamente no texto e é possível obter sua ideia através do contexto. 
 
- Grupos nominais: formados por um núcleo (substantivo) e um ou mais modificadores (adjetivos ou 
substantivos). Na língua inglesa o modificador aparece antes do núcleo, diferente da língua portuguesa. 
 
- Afixos: são prefixos e/ou sufixos adicionados a uma raiz, que modifica o significado da palavra. 
Assim, conhecendo o significado de cada afixo pode-se compreender mais facilmente uma palavra 
composta por um prefixo ou sufixo. 
Apostila gerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
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- Conhecimento prévio: para compreender um texto, o leitor depende do conhecimento que ele já 
tem e está armazenado em sua memória. É a partir desse conhecimento que o leitor terá o entendimento 
do assunto tratado no texto e assimilará novas informações. Trata-se de um recurso essencial para o 
leitor formular hipóteses e inferências a respeito do significado do texto. 
Questões 
 
1. (MRE – Oficial de Chancelaria – FGV/2016) 
TEXT I 
How music is the real language of political diplomacy 
Forget guns and bombs, it is the power of melody that has changed the world 
 
Marie Zawisza 
Saturday 31 October 2015 10.00 GMT 
Last modified on Tuesday 10 November 201513.19 GMT 
 
 
An old man plays his cello at the foot of a crumbling wall. The notes of the sarabande of Bach’s Suite 
No 2 rise in the cold air, praising God for the “miracle” of the fall of the Berlin Wall, as Mstislav Rostropovich 
later put it. The photograph is seen around the world. The date is 11 November 1989, and the Russian 
virtuoso is marching to the beat of history. 
Publicity stunt or political act? No doubt a bit of both – and proof, in any case, that music can have a 
political dimension. Yo-Yo Ma showed as much in September when the cellist opened the new season of 
the Philharmonie de Paris with the Boston Symphony Orchestra. As a “messenger of peace” for the United 
Nations, the Chinese American is the founder of Silk Road Project, which trains young musicians from a 
variety of cultures to listen to and improvise with each other and develop a common repertoire. “In this 
way, musicians create a dialogue and arrive at common policies,” says analyst Frédéric Ramel, a professor 
at the Institut d’Études Politiques in Paris. By having music take the place of speeches and peace talks, 
the hope is that it will succeed where diplomacy has failed.[…] 
Curiously, the study of the role of music in international relations is still in its infancy. “Historians must 
have long seen it as something fanciful, because history has long been dominated by interpretations that 
stress economic, social and political factors,” says Anaïs Fléchet, a lecturer in contemporary history at the 
Université de Versailles-St-Quentin and co-editor of a book about music and globalisation. 
“As for musicologists,” she adds, “until quite recently they were more interested in analysing musical 
scores than the actual context in which these were produced and how they were received.” In the 1990s 
came a cultural shift. Scholars were no longer interested solely in “hard power” – that is, in the balance of 
powers and in geopolitics – but also in “soft power”, where political issues are resolved by mutual support 
rather than force. […] 
 
Gilberto Gil sings while then UN secretary general Kofi Annan plays percussion at a September 2003 
concert at the UN headquarters honouring those killed by a bomb at a UN office in Baghdad a month 
earlier. Photograph: Zuma/Alamy 
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Since then, every embassy has a cultural attaché. The US engages in “audio diplomacy” by financing 
hip-hop festivals in the Middle East. China promotes opera in neighbouring states to project an image of 
harmony. Brazil has invested in culture to assert itself as a leader in Latin America, notably by establishing 
close collaboration between its ministries of foreign affairs and culture; musician Gilberto Gil was culture 
minister during Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva᾽s presidency from 2003 to 2008. He was involved in France’s 
Year of Brazil. As Fléchet recalls, “the free concert he gave on 13 July, 2005 at the Place de la Bastille 
was the pinnacle. That day, he sang La Marseillaise in the presence of presidents Lula and Jacques 
Chirac.” Two years earlier, in September 2003, Gil sang at the UN in honour of the victims of the 19 August 
bombing of the UN headquartes in Baghdad. He was delivering a message of peace, criticising the war on 
Iraq by the US: “There is no point in preaching security without giving a thought to respecting others,” he 
told his audience. Closing the concert, he invited then UN secretary general Kofi Annan on stage for a 
surprise appearance as a percussionist. “This highly symbolic image, which highlighted the conviction that 
culture can play a role in bringing people together, shows how music can become a political language,” 
Fléchet says. 
(adapted from http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/oct/31 /music-language-human-rights-political-
diplomacy) 
 
The word that is closer in meaning to “stunt” in the question “Publicity stunt or political act?” is: 
(A) tip; 
(B) event; 
(C) brand; 
(D) story; 
(E) poster. 
 
2. (TRE-MT – Conhecimentos Gerais para o Cargo 3 – CESPE/2015) 
In the short term, the justice system can gain consistency by striving for standardization and by 
publishing the result of that effort. Broadly speaking, the court system resolves disputes by providing 
answers where the parties themselves cannot find them. It generates public trust by honouring arguments 
with new solutions, and this fundamental task must be supported by proportional and adequate use of 
technology, never reduced. In this sense, judicial organizations need to pay serious attention to their 
information technology policies to guarantee that justice is served. 
Public guidelines for frequently occurring decisions can fulfil the need for consistency. Automating the 
guidelines can be a next step. Public guidelines can reduce the number of points in dispute, and perhaps 
even entire disputes, to be put before the judge. Thus, increasing consistency also shortens turnaround 
time.There is more to this than just implementing technology, however. Developing routines and public 
guidelines require active work on the part of the judges and their staff in the courts. Judiciaries need to be 
responsible for their own performance as administrators of justice. 
 
Internet: <http://home.hccnet.nl> (adapted). 
 
According to the text, public guidelines. 
(A) show that judges and their staff are responsible for the administration of justice. 
(B) will increase the amount of time needed for a court decision. 
(C) can become automated for frequent decisions. 
(D) solve the points in dispute. 
(E) have the power to certainly reduce entire disputes. 
 
Leia o texto e responda as questões 3 e 4. 
Text 1 
The good oil boys club 
 
It should have been a day of high excitement. A public auction on July 15th marked the end of a 77-
year monopoly on oil exploration and production by Pemex, Mexico`s state-owned oil company, and 
ushered in a new era of foreign investmentin Mexican oil that until a few years ago was considered 
unimaginable. 
The Mexican government had hoped that its firstever auction of shallow-water exploration blocks in the 
Gulf of Mexico would successfully launch the modernisation of its energy industry. In the run-up to the 
bidding, Mexico had sought to be as accommodating as its historic dislike for foreign oil companies allowed 
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it to be. Juan Carlos Zepeda, head of the National Hydrocarbons Commission, the regulator, had put a 
premium on transparency, saying there was “zero room” for favouritism. 
When prices of Mexican crude were above $100 a barrel last year (now they are around $50), the 
government had spoken optimistically of a bonanza. It had predicted that four to six blocks would be sold, 
based on international norms. 
It did not turn out that way. The results fell well short of the government’s hopes and underscore how 
residual resource nationalism continues to plague the Latin American oil industry. Only two of 14 
exploration blocks were awarded, both going to the same Mexican-led trio of energy fi rms. Offi cials 
blamed the disappointing outcome on the sagging international oil market, but their own insecurity about 
appearing to sell the country’s oil too cheap may also have been to blame, according to industry experts. 
On the day of the auction, the fi nance ministry set minimum-bid requirements that some considered 
onerously high; bids for four blocks were disqualifi ed because they failed to reach the offi cial fl oor. 
 
 (Source: http://www.economist.com/news/business/21657827-latinamericas-oil-fi rms-need-more-
foreign-capital-historic-auctionmexico-shows) 
 
3. (ESAF – Analista de Planejamento e Orçamento – ESAF/2015) 
According to text 1 above, Juan Carlos Zepeda 
(A) disliked all foreign oil companies. 
(B) was for favouritism. 
(C) gave reluctant support to the first auction. 
(D) was certain that no rigging was to happen. 
(E) was against the auction. 
 
4. (ESAF – Analista de Planejamento e Orçamento – ESAF/2015) 
As stated in the passage, the public auction 
(A) gave rise to new times concerning oil production. 
(B) started the monopoly on oil exploration. 
(C) cut off the hopes for a bonanza. 
(D) was successful in achieving the modernization of Mexican economy. 
(E) set out apprehension for the expansion of oil exploration and production. 
 
5. (Receita Federal – Auditor Fiscal da Receita Federal – ESAF) 
The IRS Chief Counsel is appointed by the President of the United States, with the advice and consent 
of the U.S. Senate, and serves as the chief legal advisor to the IRS Commissioner on all matters pertaining 
to the interpretation, administration, and enforcement of the Internal Revenue Code, as well as all other 
legal matters. Under the IRS Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998, the Chief Counsel reports to both the 
IRS Commissioner and the Treasury General Counsel. Attorneys in the Chief Counsel’s Office serve as 
lawyers for the IRS. They provide the IRS and taxpayers with guidance on interpreting Federal tax laws 
correctly, represent the IRS in litigation, and provide all other legal support required to carry out the IRS 
mission. Chief Counsel received 95,929 cases and closed 94,323 cases during fiscal year 2012. Of the 
new cases received, and cases closed, the majority related to tax law enforcement and litigation, including 
Tax Court litigation; collection, bankruptcy, and summons advice and litigation; Appellate Court litigation; 
criminal tax; and enforcement advice and assistance. In Fiscal Year 2012, Chief Counsel received 31,295 
Tax Court cases involving taxpayers contesting an IRS determination that they owed additional tax. The 
total amount of tax and penalty in dispute at the end of the fiscal year was almost $6.6 billion. 
 
(Source: Internal Revenue Service Data Book, 2012.) 
 
During fiscal year 2012, the Chief Counsel's office succeeded in 
(A) turning down over 30,000 appeals by taxpayers. 
(B) securing over $6 billion for the State. 
(C) winning the majority of litigation cases. 
(D) processing most of the cases it received. 
(E) voiding 1,606 cases fled by taxpayers. 
 
6. (Receita Federal – Auditor Fiscal da Receita Federal – ESAF) 
We've been keeping our veterinarian in business lately. First Sammy, our nine-year-old golden retriever, 
needed surgery. (She's fine now.) Then Inky, our curious cat, burned his paw. (He'll be fine, too.) At our 
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last visit, as we were writing our fourth (or was it the fifth?) consecutive check to the veterinary hospital, 
there was much joking about how vet bills should be tax-deductible. After all, pets are dependents, too, 
right? (Guffaws all around.) 
Now, halfway through tax-fling season, comes news that pets are high on the list of unusual deductions 
taxpayers try to claim. From routine pet expenses to the costs of adopting a pet to, yes, pets as 
"dependents," tax accountants have heard it all this year, according to the Minnesota Society of Certified 
Public Accountants, which surveys its members annually about the most outlandish tax deductions 
proposed by clients. Most of these doggy deductions don't hunt, but, believe it or not, some do. Could 
there be a spot for Sammy and Inky on our 1040? 
Scott Kadrlik, a certified public accountant in Eden Prairie, Minn., who moonlights as a stand-up 
comedian (really!), gave me a dog's-eye view of the tax code: "In most cases our family pets are just family 
pets," he says. They cannot be claimed as dependents, and you cannot deduct the cost of their food, 
medical care or other expenses. One exception is service dogs. If you require a Seeing Eye dog, for 
example, your canine's costs are deductible as a medical expense. Occasionally, man's best friend also 
is man's best business deduction. The Doberman that guards the junk yard can be deductible as a 
business expense of the junk-yard owner, says Mr. Kadrlik. Ditto the convenience-store cat that keeps the 
rats at bay 
For most of us, though, our pets are hobbies at most. Something's a hobby if, among other things, it 
hasn't turned a profit in at least three of the past five years (or two of the past seven years in the case of 
horse training, breeding or racing). In that case, you can't deduct losses-only expenses to the extent of 
income in the same year. So if your beloved Bichon earns $100 for a modeling gig, you could deduct $100 
worth of vet bills (or dog food or doggy attire). 
 
(Source: Carolyn Geer, The Wall Street Journal, retrieved on 13 March 2014 - slightly adapted) 
 
The title that best conveys the main purpose of the article is: 
(A) Sammy and Inky Run Up a Hospital Bill. 
(B) Vet Bills Should Be Tax-Deductible. 
(C) Are Your Pets Tax Deductions? 
(D) The Case for Pets as Dependents. 
(E) How to Increase Your Tax Refund. 
 
7. (TJ-SE – Conhecimentos Básicos – CESPE) 
 
Procedural programming has been around since the inception of computers and programming. Object-
oriented paradigms arrived a little later - in the late 1950s to early 1960s - which means over 50 years of 
object-oriented problem solving. Still, many developers lack a full understanding of the thought process in 
developing object-oriented software and therefore can’t take advantage of its concepts. I’m happy to see 
that this book, The Object-Oriented Thought Process, has taken this fairly old perspective and given it full 
attention and renewed interest. 
Not having read the previous editions, I’m not familiar with the changes represented in this fourth edition. 
Author Matt Weisfeld is a professor who understands these important concepts and the level of knowledge 
and process required for readers and students to grasp what they need to know. The examples in the book 
are concise, clear, and easyto follow. Additionally, the book makes good use of white space, lists, pictures, 
and diagrams to make the content easier to follow and scan quickly. 
Weisfeld has organized the concepts to build on each other, ensuring that students understand one 
concept well before moving to the next. On the other hand, readers who already understand the 
fundamentals can go directly to object-oriented thought processes for particular programming paradigms, 
such as Web services or client-server applications. 
The book is language-neutral. Its examples are in C#, but a supplementary website offers example 
code in other languages. If your language isn’t fairly represented, don’t be deterred from acquiring this 
book because object-oriented concepts and semantics are mostly universal - just the particular 
implementation might vary due to the language. 
Each chapter contains UML and example code to better understand the concepts and see how they’re 
implemented. The last chapter introduces design patterns but without going into great detail about how to 
use them. This lets the inexperienced reader know that design patterns would be the next step in the path 
to developing good code. 
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Overall, I can recommend this book to code developers, designers, and testers - to anyone with an 
interest in proper software development semantics. It's available in a digital format that serves as a useful 
ready reference. 
Scott Brookhart. Thinking about objects.Internet: (adapted). 
 
According to the text, judge the items below. 
The example codes are presented in C#, but the book offers support for those who use other 
languages. 
( ) Certo ( ) Errado 
 
8. (Funasa – Todos os cargos – CESPE) 
1 The difficulty for health policy makers the world over is 
 this: it is simply not possible to promote healthier lifestyles 
 through presidential decree or through being overprotective 
4 towards people and the way they choose to live. Recent history 
 has proved that one-size-fits-all solutions are no good when 
 public health challenges vary from one area of the country to 
7 the next. But we cannot sit back while, in spite of all this, so 
 many people are suffering such severe lifestyle-driven ill health 
 and such acute health inequalities. 
 
 Internet: <www.gov.uk> (adapted). 
 
In the text above, 
the author suggests that some public health policies that have already been used did not work. 
( ) Certo ( ) Errado 
 
Respostas 
 
1. (B) 
Stunt n (advertising, attention): algo feito fora do comum para publicidade; montagem sf; truque 
publicitário loc sm 
 
2. (C) 
Public guidelines for frequently occurring decisions can fulfil the need for consistency. Automating the 
guidelines can be a next step. 
 
3. (D) 
was certain that no rigging was to happen 
Rigging tem o sentido de armação. 
Alguns sinônimos: frame, framework, fittings, truss, cage 
Juan Carlos Zepeda, head of the National Hydrocarbons Commission, the regulator, had put a 
premium on transparency, pois onde há transparência, teoricamente, não há armação. 
 
4. (A) 
Gave rise to new times concerning oil production. = deu origem a novos tempos em matéria de 
produção de petróleo. 
No texto: ...ushered in a new era of foreign investment in Mexican oil that until a few years ago was 
considered unimaginable (marcou o início de uma nova era de investimento estrangeiro em petróleo 
mexicano que até há alguns anos atrás foi considerado inimaginável). 
 
5. (D) 
Chief Counsel received 95,929 cases and closed 94,323 cases during fiscal year 2012. 
Se ele terminou 94 de 95 ele processou a maioria dos casos recebidos. 
 
6. (C) 
Vá por eliminação e descarte aquelas que não tem as palavras chave do texto. No caso, elimina-se 
logo as opções A e E. 
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b) Vet Bills Should Be Tax-Deductible. = Gastos com Veterinário Deveriam Ser Dedutíveis dos 
Impostos 
Observe o uso do auxiliar modal SHOULD. Vimos no curso que ele é usado quando se expressa uma 
obrigação. O texto não está dizendo que todas as despesas com veterinário deveriam ser dedutíveis dos 
impostos. Portanto, errada. 
c) Are Your Pets Tax Deductions? = Os seus Animais de Estimação São Deduções Fiscais? 
Veja que esse título resume as palavras chaves do texto: animais de estimação e impostos. É 
justamente isso que o texto discute, que animais de estimação devem ter suas despesas com veterinário 
dedutíveis nos impostos. Esta é a opção correta. 
d) The Case for Pets as Dependents. = O Caso de Animais como Dependentes. 
Esse título é vago. Ele não resume a mensagem principal do texto. Fica a pergunta no ar, que tipo de 
dependência é essa? O tema nem sequer mencionou o assunto impostos ou dedução. Errada. 
 
7. Errado 
The book offers support - o livro não oferece suporte, quem oferece é o website. 
"but a supplementary website offers example code in other languages" 
 
8. Certo 
O texto deixa claro que algumas políticas, por exemplo as do tipo "uma solução geral e universal", não 
funcionam devido às diferenças regionais. Isso fica claro na linha cinco, quando o autor diz: 
"Recent history has proved that one-size-fits-all solutions are no good when public health challenges 
vary from one area of the country to the next." 
Cuja tradução livre poderia ser: 
"A história recente vem demonstrando que uma solução geral e universal não é boa quando os desafios 
da saúde pública variam de uma região do país para outra." 
 
 
 
Artigos: definidos e indefinidos 
 
Artigo Definido 
 
THE = o, a, os, as 
 
- Usamos antes de substantivos tomados em sentido restrito. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
The coffee produced in Brazil is of very high quality. 
 
I hate the music they’re playing. 
 
The people you’ve just met are my neighbors. 
 
- Emprega-se também antes de nomes de países no plural ou que contenham as palavras 
Kingdom, Republic, Union, Emirates. 
Exemplos: 
 
The United States 
 
The Netherlands 
 
The United Kingdom 
 
The Dominican Republic 
 
 
Itens gramaticais relevantes para a compreensão dos conteúdos 
semânticos 
Apostila gerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
9 
 
- Antes de adjetivos ou advérbios no grau superlativo. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
John is the tallest boy in the family. 
 
The best students will be awarded. 
 
- Antes de acidentes geográficos (rios, mares, oceanos, cadeias de montanhas, desertos e ilhas 
no plural), mesmo que o elemento geográfico tenha sido omitido. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
The Nile (River) 
 
The Sahara (Desert) 
 
The Pacific (Ocean) 
 
- Antes de nomes de famílias no plural. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
The Smiths have just moved here. 
 
The Browns are our friends. 
 
- Antes de adjetivos substantivados. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
You should respect the old. 
 
I feel sorry for the blind. 
 
- Antes de numerais ordinais. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
He is the eleventh on the list. 
 
This is the third time I hear you say that. 
 
- Antes de nomes de hotéis, restaurantes, teatros, cinemas, museus. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
The Hilton (Hotel) 
 
The British Museum 
 
- Antes de nacionalidades. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
The Dutch 
 
The Chinese 
 
Apostila gerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
10 
 
- Antes de nomes de instrumentos musicais. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
She plays the piano very well. 
 
Can you play the guitar? 
 
- Antes de substantivos seguidos de preposição. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
The Battle of Trafalgar 
 
The Houses of Parliament 
 
Omissões 
 
- Antes de substantivos tomados em sentido genérico. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
Roses are my favorite flowers. 
 
Salt is used to flavor food. 
 
- Antes de nomes próprios no singular. 
 
Examples: 
 
John didn’t come to the party yesterday. 
 
She lives in South America. 
 
- Antes de possessivos. 
 
Exemplo: 
 
My house is more comfortable than theirs. 
 
- Antes de nomes de idiomas,não seguidos da palavra language. 
 
Exemplo: 
 
She speaks French and English. (Mas: She speaks the French language.) 
 
- Antes de nomes de estações do ano. 
 
Exemplo: 
Summer is hot, but winter is cold. 
 
Casos especiais 
 
- Não se usa o artigo THE antes das palavras church, school, prison, market, bed, hospital, 
home, university, college, market, quando esses elementos forem usados para seu primeiro 
propósito. 
 
 
 
Apostila gerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
11 
 
Exemplos: 
 
She went to church. (para rezar) 
 
She went to the church. (talvez para falar com alguém) 
 
- Sempre se usa o artigo THE antes de office, cathedral, cinema, movies e theater. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
Let’s go to the theater. 
 
They went to the movies last night. 
 
Artigo Indefinido 
 
A / AN = um, uma 
Emprego do artigo A: 
 
- Antes de palavras iniciadas por consoantes. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
A boy 
A girl 
A woman 
 
- Antes de palavras iniciadas por vogais, com som consonantal. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
A uniform 
A university 
A European 
Emprego do artigo AN: 
 
- Antes de palavras iniciadas por vogais. 
 
Examples: 
 
AN egg 
AN orange 
AN umbrella 
 
- Antes de palavras iniciadas por H mudo (não pronunciado). 
 
Examples: 
 
AN hour 
AN honor 
AN heir 
Usa-se os artigos indefinidos para: 
 
- Dar ideia de representação de um grupo, antes de substantivos. 
 
Exemplo: 
 
A chicken lays eggs. (Todas as galinhas põem ovos.) 
 
Apostila gerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
12 
 
- Antes de nomes próprios no singular, significando “um tal de”. 
 
Exemplo: 
 
A Mr. Smith phoned yesterday. 
 
- No modelo: 
WHAT + A / AN = adj. + subst. 
Exemplos: 
 
What a nice woman! (Que mulher bondosa!) 
 
What a terrible situation! (Que situação terrível!) 
 
- Em algumas expressões de medida e frequência. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
A dozen (uma dúzia) 
 
A hundred (uma centena, ou cem) 
 
Twice a year (duas vezes ao ano) 
 
- Em certas expressões. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
It’s a pity (é um a pena) 
It’s a shame (é uma vergonha) 
It’s an honor (é uma honra) 
 
- Antes de profissão ou atividades. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
James is a lawyer. 
 
Her sister is a physician. 
 
Omissões 
 
- Antes de substantivos contáveis no plural. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
Lions are wild animals. 
 
I’ve seen (some*) good films lately. 
 
- Antes de substantivos incontáveis. 
 
Exemplos: 
 
Please, bring me (some*) bread. 
 
Water is good for our health. 
 
Apostila gerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
13 
 
* Em alguns casos, podemos usar SOME antes dos substantivos. 
Fonte: objetivo.br (com adaptações) 
 
Questões 
 
Marque a alternativa adequada para cada questão abaixo, de acordo com as regras estudadas: 
 
01. I love living in this __________ city. 
A) no article 
B) a 
C) the 
D) an 
 
02. Generally speaking, __________ boys are physically stronger than girls. 
A) no article 
B) a 
C) the 
D) an 
 
03. The boss gave me __________ hour to finish the report. 
A) no article 
B) a 
C) the 
D) an 
 
04. Do you remember __________ girl that we saw last night? 
A) no article 
B) a 
C) the 
D) an 
 
05. P1: Did you go to the Thai restaurant? 
 P2: No, I went to __________ place where you and I normally go. 
A) the 
B) a 
C) no article 
D) an 
 
06. He is __________ really good person. 
A) the 
B) a 
C) no article 
D) an 
 
07. My brother is __________ expert at fixing cars. 
A) the 
B) no article 
C) an 
D) a 
 
08. __________ Paris is a beautiful city. 
(A) no article 
(B) a 
(C) the 
(D) an 
 
09. My __________ teacher's name is William. 
A) no article 
B) a 
Apostila gerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
14 
 
C) the 
D) an 
 
10. We got our son __________ dog for Christmas. 
A) the 
B) a 
C) no article 
D) an 
 
Respostas 
 
01. A – “Amo morar nesta cidade”, não há necessidade de um artigo antes de cidade. 
 
02. A – A frase cita meninos em geral, e nesse caso, não se usa artigo. 
 
03. D - Usa-se antes de substantivo iniciando com som de consoante. 
 
04. C - Trata-se de uma menina específica, logo, usa-se o artigo the. 
 
05. A – Trata-se de um local específico, logo, usa-se o artigo the. 
 
06. B - Usa-se antes de palavra iniciada com som de consoante. 
 
07. C – Artigo indefinido, usado antes de palavra com som de vogal. 
 
08. A – Antes de nome de cidade, não se usa artigo. 
 
09. A – Trata-se de um teacher específico, portando, não se usa artigo. 
 
10. B – Usa-se antes de substantivo iniciando com som de consoante. 
 
Pronouns 
 
Os Pronomes são palavras utilizadas para substituir os substantivos. 
 
1. Pronomes Pessoais: 
Em inglês existem dois tipos de pronomes pessoais, eles são: Subject Pronouns e Object Pronouns. 
 
Subject Pronouns 
(Usados como sujeito da frase) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Exemplos: 
I study English and Japanese. 
She works in a big city. 
 
Object Pronous 
(Usados como objeto da frase) 
 
 
 
 
I EU 
YOU VOCÊ 
HE ELE 
SHE ELA 
IT ELE / ELA (COISAS E 
ANIMAIS) 
WE NÓS 
YOU VOCÊS 
THEY ELES / ELAS 
Apostila gerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Exemplos: 
They gave me the book. 
She always see him at school. 
 
2. Pronomes Possessivos: 
Em inglês há, também, dois tipos de pronomes possessivos, os Possessive Adjectives e os 
Possessive Pronouns. 
 
POSSESSIVE 
ADJECTIVES 
POSSESSIVE 
PRONOUNS 
MY MINE 
YOUR YOURS 
HIS HIS 
HER HERS 
ITS ITS 
OUR OURS 
YOUR YOURS 
THEIR THEIRS 
 
* Possessive Adjectives são usados antes de substantivos, precedidos ou não de adjetivos. 
 
Exemplos: 
Her parents live in London. 
I want your new dress. 
 
* Possessive Pronouns são usados para substituir a construção possessive adjective + 
substantivo, evitando, portanto, a repetição. 
 
Exemplo: 
My car is red, but theirs is black. 
 
3. Pronomes reflexivos: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Exemplos: 
He hurt himself. (Ele se cortou) 
I cut myself. (Eu me cortei) 
 
Observação: 
 
Os pronomes reflexivos também possuem função enfática. Veja alguns exemplos: 
They themselves built their houses. (Eles próprios construíram a casa) 
We ourselves made this surprise to you. (Nós mesmos preparamos essa surpresa para você) 
 
4. Pronomes Demonstrativos: 
ME 
YOU 
HIM 
HER 
IT 
US 
YOU 
THEM 
MYSELF 
YOURSELF 
HIMSELF 
HERSELF 
ITSELF 
OURSELVES 
YOURSELVES 
THEMSELVES 
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16 
 
 
SINGULAR Tradução Exemplo 
THIS esse / essa This is my favorite book. 
THAT aquele / aquela That is my cat. 
 
PLURAL Tradução Exemplo 
THESE esses / essas These are my friends from 
school. 
THOSE aqueles / aquelas Those are the English teachers. 
 
5. Pronomes Indefinidos: 
Derivações do “SOME” – SOMETIME (alguma vez) 
 SOMEWHERE (algum lugar) 
 SOMEONE (alguém) 
 SOMETHING (alguma coisa / algo) 
 
Derivações do “ANY” – ANYWHERE (em qualquer lugar, em algum lugar, em nenhum lugar) 
 ANYBODY (qualquer pessoa, alguém, ninguém) 
 ANYTHING (qualquer coisa, nada, algo) 
 
6. Pronomes Interrogativos: 
 
Pronomes Tradução Exemplos: 
WHAT O que? What do you study? (O que você estuda?) 
WHERE Onde? Where do you live? (Onde você mora?) 
WHEN Quando? When did he come to Brazil? (Quando ele veio para o Brasil?) 
WHO Quem? Who is your friend? (Quem é seu amigo?) 
WHOSE De quem? Whose wallet is this? (De quem é essa carteira?) 
WHY Por que? Why is she sad? (Por que ela está triste?) 
HOW Como? How do you prepare lemon pie? 
 
7. Pronomes Relativos 
 
Os pronomes relativos podem exercer a função de sujeito ou objeto do verbo principal. 
 
WHO Sujeito ou Pronome Objeto para 
pessoas 
I told you about the woman who lives in 
Brazil 
WHICH Sujeito ou Pronome Objeto para 
animais e coisas 
Do you see the cat which is drinking milk? 
WHOSE Posses para pessoas, animais e 
coisas 
This is the boy whose mother is a nurse 
WHOM Pronome Objeto para pessoas The woman whom you called is my cousin 
THATSujeito ou Pronome Objeto para 
pessoas, animais e coisas 
He is the man that saved my life 
That is the dog that bit my neighbor 
 
8. One / Ones 
 
One (singular ) / Ones (plural) são usados para evitar repetições desnecessárias. 
 
See those two girls? Helen is the tall one (girl) and Jane is the short one (girl). 
 
Apostila gerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
17 
 
Let’s look at the photographs. The ones (photographs) you took in Paris. 
Questões 
 
Preencha as frases com o pronome correto: 
01. .......... and ........... mother are from Japan. 
(A) I - my 
(B) Me - my 
(C) their - my 
(D) I - mine 
(E) She – hers 
 
02. ............. do they study here? Because they like our school. 
(A) Where 
(B) When 
(C) Why 
(D) Who 
(E) What 
 
03. She combs ..................... 
(A) himself 
(B) yourself 
(C) myself 
(D) herself 
(E) itself 
 
04. (SEFAZ/SP – AGENTE FISCAL DE RENDAS – GESTÃO TRIBUTÁRIA – FCC) 
 
For taxpayer advocate, a familiar refrain 
 
By Michelle Singletary, Published: January 15, 2013 
 
It’s not nice to tell people “I told you so.” But if anybody has the right to say that, it’s Nina E. Olson, the 
national taxpayer advocate. Olson recently submitted her annual report to Congress and top on her list of 
things that need to be fixed in the complexity of the tax code, which she called the most serious problem 
facing taxpayers. Let’s just look at the most recent evidence of complexity run amok. The Internal Revenue 
Service had to delay the tax-filing season so it could update forms and its programming to accommodate 
recent changes made under the American Taxpayer Relief Act. 
The IRS won’t start processing individual income tax returns until Jan. 30. Yet one thing remains 
unchanged – the April 15 tax deadline. Because of the new tax laws, the IRS also had to release updated 
income-tax withholding tables for 2013. These replace the tables issued Dec. 31. Yes, let’s just keep 
making more work for the agency that is already overburdened. Not to mention the extra work for 
employers, who have to use the revised information to correct the amount of Social Security tax withheld 
in 2013. And they have to make that correction in order to withhold a larger Social Security tax of 6.2 
percent on wages, following the expiration of the payroll tax cut in effect for 2011 and 2012. 
Oh, and there was the near miss with the alternative minimum tax that could have delayed the fax filling 
season to late March. The AMT was created to target high-income taxpayers who were claiming so many 
deductions that they owed little or no income tax. Olson and many others have complained for years that 
the AMT wasn’t indexed for inflation. “Many middle- and upper-middle-class taxpayers pay the AMT, while 
most wealthy taxpayers do not, and thousands of millionaires pay . A.. income tax at all,” Olson said. 
As part of the recent “fiscal cliff” deal, the AMT is now fixed, a move that the IRS was anticipating. It 
had already decided to program its systems on the assumption that an AMT patch would be passed, Olson 
said. Had the agency not taken the risk, the time it would have taken to update the systems “would have 
brought about the most chaotic filing season in memory,” she said in her report. 
The tax code contains almost 4 million words. Since 2001, there have been about 4,680 changes, or 
an average of more than one change a day. What else troubles Olson? Here’s what: 
- Nearly 60 percent of taxpayers hire paid preparers, and another 30 percent rely on commercial 
software to prepare their returns. 
- Many taxpayers don’t really know how their taxes are computed and what rate of tax they pay. 
- The complex code makes tax fraud ..B.. to detect. 
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18 
 
- Because the code is so complicated, it creates an impression that many taxpayers are not paying 
their fair share. This reduces trust in the system and perhaps leads some people to cheat. Who wants to 
be the sucker in this game? So someone might not declare all of his income, rationalizing that 
millionaires get to use the convoluted code to greatly reduce their tax liability. 
- In fiscal year 2012, the IRS received around 125 million calls. But the agency answered only 
about two out of three calls from people trying to reach a live person, and those taxpayers had to wait, 
on average, about 17 minutes to get through. 
“I hope 2013 brings about fundamental tax simplification,” Olson pleaded in her report. She urged 
Congress to reassess the need for the tax breaks we know as income exclusions, exemptions, deductions 
and credits. It’s all these tax advantage breaks that complicate the code. If done right, and without reducing 
revenue, tax rates could be substantially lowered in exchange for ending tax breaks, she said. 
 
(Adapted from http://js.washingtonpost.com) 
A alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna ..A.. é: 
(A) No. 
(B) Any. 
(C) Lots. 
(D) Some. 
(E) Little. 
 
05. (CPTM – ANALISTA ADMINISTRATIVO JÚNIOR – MAKIYAMA) 
 
Generation Y 
By Sally Kane, About.com Guide 
 
Born in the mid-1980’s and later, Generation Y legal professionals are in their 20s and are just entering 
the workforce. With numbers estimated as high as 70 million, Generation Y (also -1- as the Millennials) is 
the fastest growing segment of today’s workforce. As law firms compete for available talent, employers 
cannot ignore the needs, desires and attitudes of this vast generation. 
Below are a few common traits that define Generation Y. 
Tech-Savvy: Generation Y grew up with technology and rely on it to perform their jobs better. Armed 
with BlackBerrys, laptops, cellphones and other gadgets, Generation Y is plugged-in 24 hours a day, 7 
days a week. This generation prefers to communicate through e-mail and text messaging rather than face-
to-face contact and -2- webinars and online technology to traditional lecture-based presentations. 
Family-Centric: The fast-track has lost much of its appeal for Generation Y who is willing to trade high 
pay for fewer billable hours, flexible schedules and a better work/life balance. While older generations may 
view this attitude as narcissistic or lacking commitment, discipline and drive, Generation Y legal 
professionals have a different vision of workplace expectations and prioritize family over work. 
Achievement-Oriented: Nurtured and pampered -3- parents who did not want to make the mistakes of 
the previous generation, Generation Y is confident, ambitious and achievement-oriented. They have high 
expectations of their employers, seek out new challenges and are not afraid to ask question authority. 
Generation Y wants meaningful work and a solid learning curve. 
Team-Oriented: As children, Generation Y participated in team sports, play groups and other group 
activities. They value teamwork and seek the input and affirmation of others. Part of a no-person-left-
behind generation, Generation Y is loyal, committed and wants to be included and involved. 
Attention-Craving: Generation Y craves attention in the forms of feedback and guidance. They 
appreciate being kept in the loop and seek frequent praise and reassurance. Generation Y may benefit 
greatly from mentors who can help guide and develop their young careers. 
Font: legalcareers.about.com 
The best example of a possessive pronoun is: 
(A)Their in “Generation Y legal professionals are in their 20s and are just entering the workforce.” 
(B)While in “While older generations may view this attitude as narcissistic or lacking commitment...” 
(C)This in “As law firms compete for available talent, employers cannot ignore the needs, desires and 
attitudes of this vast generation.” 
(D)They in “They appreciate being kept in the loop and seek frequent praise and reassurance.” 
(E)Committees in Part of a no-person-left-behind generation, Generation Y is loyal, committed and 
wants to be included and involved. 
 
 
Apostilagerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
19 
 
06. (TERMOBAHIA – TÉCNICO DE SEGURANÇA JÚNIOR – CESGRANRIO) 
 
Committee decides to lower the use of thermoelectric power generation 
 
GTCIT Magazine 
 
The Monitoring Committee of the Electric Sector (CMSE) decided on Monday (may 30, 2012), to 
diminish the thermoelectric power generation in Brazil as of next week. According to the Ministry of Mines 
and Energy, Márcio Zimmermann, the thermoelectric generation, which currently averages 4.000 
megawatts (MW), should now be reduced to 2.500 MW. 
These plants are used in Brazil mainly to prevent a power outage in the country in times of drought, 
when the reservoirs of the dams are low. But the ministry assured that the reservoir of the hydroelectric 
plants are satisfactory, and that there will be no need to resort to the thermoelectric resources. 
According to the Minister Zimmermann, the Southeast has an average of 90% of its reservoirs full, 
which is an excellent level for this time of year. Even the Northeast, whose reservoir levels are a little 
lower, do not compromise system security. 
“The system is operating perfectly within the current conditions, which safely allows us to reduce the 
generation of thermoelectric energy. This will give us an economic surplus that can be used towards 
system maintenance and in the implementation of new quality programs for the energy sector”, he said. 
He also explained that: “of course, this does not mean that the committee will not be flexible as to this 
decision in case the current conditions take an unexpected turn.” They will be following the reduction of 
the projection for the coming months and, if necessary, the plans will be changed according to the 
demands vis-avis resources. 
 
Available at: www.gtcit.com 
 
In the text, “They” (line 28) refers to the: 
 
(OBS: Os números das linhas na questão podem variar por conta da diagramação do material.) 
 
(A) Plans. 
(B) Resources. 
(C) Conditions. 
(D) Demands. 
(E) Committee. 
 
Leia o texto e responda as questões 07 e 08. 
 
FDA seems to take light approach to Allergan and LAP-BAND 
 
In 1960, a young inspector for the Food and Drug Administration faced down a powerful drug company 
by rejecting its application to sell a morning-sickness drug in the United States. The company, Richardson-
Merrell, griped about her repeated demands for more safety data. They complained to her superiors, 
branding her as nitpicker. But she stood firm. The drug is question was thalidomide, and worldwide as 
many as 12.000 children were born with severe birth defects after their mothers used it, in the U.S., where 
Frances Kelsey blocked Merrell from disturbing the drug expect to a few doctors for ‘experimental’ trials, 
the toll was 17. Today’s FDA isn’t that FDA. 
Today’s FDA can be steamrolled. Today’s FDA just approved an application by Allergan to expand the 
target market of its Lap-Band weight-loss device potentially by tens of millions of patients. How much 
safety data did the FDA review before giving Allergan the green light? Mainly the results of one year of 
study of 149 patients. Kelsey has said that she demanded more information form Merrell, thalidomide’s 
U.S. manufacturer, because its history of conflicts with the agency made her suspicious. Is there any 
reason to mistrust Allergan? Let’s look at the record. In September, Allergan pleaded guilty to one criminal 
count and paid $600 million in fines and penalties to settle federal charges that it had illegally marketed 
Botox for uses the FDA hadn’t approved. In accepting the plea bargain, the government charged that the 
company had made under-the-table payments to doctors who used Botox to treat unapproved conditions, 
created front groups and websites to push the broader uses of the drug while concealing Allergan’s 
backing, and coached physicians to over-diagnose a condition for which Botox could be legally marketed 
so it could sell more product. Allergan took these steps, the government contended, because the approved 
Apostila gerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
20 
 
uses had meager sales potential. The most prevalent condition for which Botox treatment was approved, 
cervical dystonia, is a neck spasm that affects only about 27.000 people, Allergan wanted doctors to 
prescribe Botox for headaches. Botox’s sales grew 1.407% and by 2007, total Botox sales exceeded $500 
million. More than 70% of that was unapproved uses. 
This didn’t seem to enter into the FDA’s review of Allergan’s application to expand its marketing of the 
Lap-Band, a device that’s surgically implanted around the stomach. So far, the approved use has been for 
morbidly obese people. An FDA advisory panel, which gave preliminary approval to Allergan’s application, 
wasn’t entirely happy with the company’s data supporting its safety and efficacy claims for the Lap-Band 
– its own 149-patient study and six other studies, at least three of which conducted by researchers with 
financial links to Allergan – but they felt that the Lap-Band’s benefits outweighed the risks. 
 
(HILTZIKLOS, M., Adapted from Los Angeles Times, 22/02/2011) 
 
07. ANVISA – ANALISTA ADMINISTRATIVO – CETRO) 
Read the sentence below 
“Botox’s sales grew 1.407% and by 2007, total Botox sales exceeded $500 million. More than 70% of 
that was for unapproved uses.” 
 
It is correct to affirm that the underlined word refers to: 
(A) Botox. 
(B) Million. 
(C)Total. 
(D)Sales. 
(E)Uses. 
 
08. ANVISA – ANALISTA ADMINISTRATIVO – CETRO) Read the sentence below and choose the 
alternative that correctly links the underlined words to the nouns they refer to. 
 
An FDA advisory panel, (I) which gave preliminary approval to Allergan’s application, wasn’t entirely 
happy with the company’s data supporting (II) its safety and efficacy claims for the Lap-Band – (III) its own 
149-patient study and six other studies, at least three of (IV) which conducted by researchers with financial 
links to Allergan. 
 
(A) I. “which” refers to “panel”; II. “its” refers to “company”; III. “its” refers to “company”; IV. “which” refers 
to “studies”. 
(B) I. “which” refers to “DFA”; II. “its” refers to “Allergan”; III. “its” refers to “Allergan”; IV. “which” refers 
to “claims”. 
(C) I. “which” refers to “panel”; II. “its” refers to “data”; III. “its” refers to “Lap-Band”; IV. “which” refers to 
“patient”. 
(D) I. “which” refers to “FDA”; II. “its” refers to “company”; III. “its” refers to “Allergan”; IV. “which” refers 
to “Studies”. 
(E) I. “which” refers to “panel”; II. “its” refers to “data”; III. “its” refers to “company”; IV. “which” refers to 
“data”. 
 
09. (TERMOBAHIA – TÉCNICO DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO E CONTROLE JÚNIOR – CESGRANRIO) 
 
Committee decides to lower the use of thermoelectric power generation 
 
GTCIT Magazine 
 
The Monitoring Committee of the Electric Sector (CMSE) decided on Monday (may 30, 2012), to 
diminish the thermoelectric power generation in Brazil as of next week. According to the Ministry of Mines 
and Energy, Márcio Zimmermann, the thermoelectric generation, which currently averages 4.000 
megawatts (MW), should now be reduced to 2.500 MW. 
These plants are used in Brazil mainly to prevent a power outage in the country in times of drought, 
when the reservoirs of the dams are low. But the ministry assured that the reservoir of the hydroelectric 
plants are satisfactory, and that there will be no need to resort to the thermoelectric resources. 
Apostila gerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
21 
 
According to the Minister Zimmermann, the Southeast has an average of 90% of its reservoirs full, 
which is an excellent level for this time of year. Even the Northeast, whose reservoir levels are a little 
lower, do not compromise system security. 
“The system is operating perfectly within the current conditions, which safely allows us to reduce the 
generation of thermoelectric energy.This will give us an economic surplus that can be used towards 
system maintenance and in the implementation of new quality programs for the energy sector”, he said. 
He also explained that: “of course, this does not mean that the committee will not be flexible as to this 
decision in case the current conditions take an unexpected turn.” They will be following the reduction of 
the projection for the coming months and, if necessary, the plans will be changed according to the 
demands vis-avis resources. 
Available at: www.gtcit.com 
 
In the text, “They” (line 28) refers to the: 
 
(OBS: Os números das linhas na questão podem variar por conta da diagramação do material.) 
 
(A)Plans. 
(B)Resources. 
(C)Conditions. 
(D)Demands. 
(E)Committee. 
 
10. (INNOVA – ADVOGADO JÚNIOR – CESGRANRIO) 
 
The Underwater Centre secures its biggest ever contract – worth $1.3 million – to train 
Russian saturation divers 
 
Your Oil and Gas News Magazine 
 
The world’s leading commercial diver and Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) training facility, based in 
the Scottish Highlands and Australia, has secured its biggest contract – worth US$ 1.3millin – to train 
Russian saturation divers. The award cements its reputation as a major service provider for the growing 
worldwide oil and gas industry. 
The men, already experienced air divers, were trained on saturation procedures and techniques and 
will receive the Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS) and the Closed Bell certification. More 
advanced than the ADAS, the Closed Bell is the certification appropriate to deep water dives of 60 meters 
/ 200 feet, using a trimix tank with 16 percent oxygen (O2). 
During the training, divers lived in a chamber for up to 28 days, which was pressurized to the same 
pressure of the sea, exactly at the depth that they will be working at. Living and working at pressure mean 
that they can be transported quickly and efficiently to the work site under the water without decompression 
stops, allowing divers to work in much greater depths and for much longer periods of time. 
MRTS Managing Director Alexander Kolikov said: “Oil and gas firms in Russia are currently facing a 
skills shortage due to the rapidly increasing amount of exploration work underway at the moment. By 
investing in the training of our divers in saturation diving, we are addressing this need for experts in 
maintenance and repair activities vital to maintaining Russia’s subsea infrastructure.” 
Steve Ham, General Manager at the Fort William Centre said: “We were delighted when MRTS chose 
The Underwater Centre to train its divers in saturation diving, and I think this is testament to the hard work 
we have been putting in to ensure our reputation as a world-class training facility. 
 
Available at: http://www.youroilandgasnews.com 
 
The possessive pronoun its (line 6) refers to 
 
(OBS: Os números das linhas na questão podem variar por conta da diagramação do material.) 
 
(A) Commercial diver and Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) training facility (lines 1-2) 
(B) Scottish Highlands and Australia (line 3) 
(C) Biggest ever contract (line 4) 
(D) Russian saturation divers (line 5) 
Apostila gerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
22 
 
(E) Oil and gas industry (line 7) 
Respostas 
 
1. (A) 
I – pronome sujeito 
My – pronome possessivo usado antes do substantivo mother - mãe 
 
2. (C) 
 
3. (D) 
 
4. (A) 
No trecho em questão “Muitos contribuintes de média e média-alta classe pagam AMT, enquanto os 
contribuintes mais ricos não, e milhares de milionários pagam (nenhum) imposto de renda”. Como o verbo 
pay está na afirmativa, para fazer a negativa no sentido de nada, só podemos usar a palavra no. 
 
5. (A) 
Os pronomes possessivos adjetivos são: my, your, his, her, its, their, our. 
 
6. (E) 
A questão pede que o candidato determine. De acordo com o texto, o pronome “they” se refere à. No 
último parágrafo o texto afirma que, claro que isso não quer dizer que o comitê não será flexível a sua 
decisão caso as condições atuais mudem drasticamente. Eles irão seguir a redução (...). Eles se refere 
aos membros do comitê que tomaram tal decisão. 
 
7. (D) 
A questão pede que o candidato determine. Leia a sentença abaixo e afirme ao que a palavra 
sublinhada se refere. As vendas de Botox cresceram 1.407% e em 2007 a venda total de Botox passou 
de 500 milhões de dólares. Mais de 70% disso (vendas) foram para usos não aprovados. 
 
8. (A) 
A questão pede que o candidato determine. Leia a sentença abaixo e escolha a alternativa que 
corretamente ligue as palavras sublinhadas com os substantivos os quais elas se referem. O painel de 
conselhos da FDA, o qual (painel) deu aprovação preliminar para a proposta da Allergan, não estando 
totalmente feliz com os dados de apoio da empresa e suas (da empresa) alegações de eficiência e 
segurança para o Lap-Band – seu (da empresa) próprio estudo com 149 pacientes e outros seis estudos, 
os quais (os estudos) pelo menos três foram conduzidos por pesquisadores com ligações financeiras a 
Allergan. 
 
9. (E) 
A questão pede que o candidato determine. De acordo com o texto, o pronome “they” se refere à. No 
último parágrafo o texto afirma que, claro que isso não quer dizer que o comitê não será flexível a sua 
decisão caso as condições atuais mudem drasticamente. Eles irão seguir a redução (...). Eles se refere 
aos membros do comitê que tomaram tal decisão. 
10. (A) 
A questão pede que o candidato determine a que o pronome possessivo “its” se refere. A primeira 
parte do texto qualifica o centro de treinamento para mergulhadores e veículos operados remotamente. 
Em seguida (no trecho em que temos o pronome “its”) o texto fala que o prêmio cimenta sua reputação. 
No caso esse “sua” se refere ao mesmo centro. 
 
Prepositions 
 
1. AT / ON / IN com expressões de tempo: 
As regras para as preposições de tempo são mais claras e bem definidas. A ordem à seguir vai de 
um tempo mais específico para um mais abrangente. Vamos a elas: 
 
AT – usamos o “at” para horas e um tempo preciso. 
IN – usamos o “in” para meses, anos, séculos e longos períodos. 
ON – usamos o “on” para dias da semana e datas. 
Apostila gerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
23 
 
 
Question: When do you study English? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
AT 
Specific Times (horas específicas) 
 
Examples: 
 
8 o’clock 
7:30 
9 p.m 
Expressions: 
 
noon 
midnight 
night 
 
 
 
 
 
IN 
Month / Season / Year / Century 
(Mês / Estações / Ano / Século) 
 
January 
1964 
Winter 
the 20th century 
 
The morning / afternoon / evening 
 
 
ON 
(Days and Dates) 
(Dias e Datas) 
Monday 
May 16 
Mother’s Day 
Saturday 
 
 
2. AT / ON / IN com endereços: 
 
Question: Where do you live? 
Answer: I live... 
 
AT 
Endereços Específicos 
621 State Street 
355 Wandermere Rd. 
 
ON 
Nomes de ruas, avenidas, etc 
 
Hudson Street 
 
Paulista Avenue 
 
IN 
Nomes de cidades, estados, países, continentes, etc 
The United States 
 
Europe 
 
São Paulo 
 
Apostila gerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
24 
 
 
3. AT / ON / IN com localizações: 
 
AT ON IN 
HOME THE PLANE THE CAR 
SCHOOL THE TRAIN THE BED 
THE LIBRARY ON THE FLOOR THE BED 
 
4. Preposições de Lugar: 
 
 
As preposições de lugar, em geral, encontram um paralelo no português, o que facilita bastante. A 
coisa só se complica um pouco quando temos que lidar com o in, on e at, mas vamos por partes: 
 
As preposições de lugar mais simples seriam: 
on – em cima 
under – embaixo 
behind – atrás 
between – entre ( usado para algo que está posicionado entre duas coisas) 
in front of – na frente 
 
Aqui é importante ressaltar o uso do “in front of“ quando estamos numa rua. Se dissermos que 
estamos “in front of the bank”, estamos na frente do banco, mas na mesma calçada. Se você quiser 
dizer que está na frente do banco, mas do outro lado da rua, deve dizer: “I’m opposite the bank”. 
 
nextto – ao lado de 
near – perto, próximo 
 
Cuidado com esses dois últimos que costumam ser confundidos, se você está exatamente ao lado 
de alguém ou algo, deve usar next to. Exemplo: 
 
I am sitting next to Susan. (Eu estou sentada ao lado da Susan.) 
 
Porém, se você estiver sentada próxima a algo ou alguém, mas não necessariamente ao lado, irá 
dizer: “I am sitting near the door.” (Eu estou sentada próximo à porta.) 
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25 
 
 
Temos ainda: 
over – sobre 
below – abaixo 
 
Outra questão importante é o uso das preposições into e onto. Muitas pessoas se perguntam: É a 
mesma coisa que in e on? Definitivamente não. Usamos essas preposições quando queremos dar ideia 
de movimento. Exemplos: 
 
She is putting her keys into her purse. (Ela está colocando suas chaves dentro da bolsa.) 
I saw the boy trying to climb onto the wall. (Eu vi o menino tentando subir no muro.) 
 
Para finalizar, temos aqueles que considero um pouquinho mais complicados, que é o caso 
do in, on e at. Embora em geral, in = dentro e on = em cima, nem sempre é assim quando estamos 
falando da localização espacial de algo ou alguém e, para completar, não existe uma regra específica 
para seu uso. 
 
In em geral é para uma área mais fechada: 
She is not here, she is in her room. (Ela não está aqui. Ela está no quarto dela.) 
 
Contudo, dizemos “on the train”, “on the bus”, “on the ship” e “on the airplane”. Apesar de dizermos 
“in the car”. 
 
O on é mais usado para lugares mais abertos: on the farm, on the beach. O at é usado como 
pensamos num lugar como sendo um ponto. Exemplo: 
I’ll meet her at the airport. (Vou encontrá-la no aeroporto.) 
 
http://www.englishexperts.com.br/2013/01/15/preposicoes-de-lugar-em-ingles/(Adaptado) 
 
5. Algumas Expressões: 
 
Expressões com Preposição 
 
Existem diversas expressões idiomáticas em inglês que são iniciadas por preposição, veja alguns 
exemplos: 
 
AT 
at any rate: a qualquer custo 
at first: no início 
at last: finalmente 
at a loss: em uma perda 
 
BEHIND 
behind the scenes: por trás das cenas 
 
BESIDE 
beside the point: irrelevante 
 
BY 
by accident: por acidente 
by all means: de todo jeito 
by hand: à mão 
by heart: de coração 
by mistake: acidentalmente 
by the way: a propósito 
 
FOR 
for sale: à venda 
for sure: com certeza 
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26 
 
for a while: por enquanto 
FROM 
from scratch: do princípio 
from time to time: ocasionalmente 
 
IN 
in advance: antecipadamente 
in any case: em qualquer caso 
in charge: no comando 
in common: em comum 
in danger: em perigo 
in demand: em demanda 
in fact: na realidade 
in a hurry: com pressa 
in trouble: com problemas 
in vain: em vão 
 
INSIDE 
inside out: do avesso 
 
OF 
of course: claro 
 
ON 
on account of: por causa de 
on the lookout: na vigia 
on the one hand: por um lado 
on the other hand: por outro lado 
on purpose: de propósito 
on time: na hora (pontualmente) 
 
OUT 
out of the blue: subitamente 
out of the ordinary: fora do comum 
out of the question: for a de questão 
out of tune: fora de sintonia 
out of work: desempregado 
 
TO 
to a certain extent: até certo ponto 
 
UNDER 
under the circumstances: nessas circunstâncias 
under control: sob controle 
 
WITH 
with the naked eye: a olho nu 
with regard/respect to: no que diz respeito 
 
WITHIN 
within reason: razoável 
 
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27 
 
 
 
6. Outras Preposições: 
 
ABOUT SOBRE / A RESPEITO DE 
AFTER APÓS / DEPOIS 
BEFORE ANTES 
DURING DURANTE 
IN FRONT OF EM FRENTE DE 
INSIDE DENTRO 
NEAR / NEXT TO PERTO DE 
SINCE DESDE 
WITH COM 
WITHOUT SEM 
 
7. Algumas especificações: 
 
a) Preposição “FOR” – para / durante / por 
 
Usada para indicar: 
 
Finalidade – The feed is FOR the dog to eat. (A ração é PARA o cachorro comer) 
 
Tempo – I have studied English FOR 2 years (Eu estudei Inglês DURANTE dois anos) 
 
Favor ou benefício - Do it for me, please. (Faça isso por mim, por favor) 
 
b) Preposição “TO” – para / a 
 
Usada para indicar: 
Movimento ou Posição – Turn TO the right (Vire PARA a direita) / Don’t go TO the other side of the 
room. (Não vá PARA o outro lado da sala) 
Apostila gerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
28 
 
Questões 
 
01. Complete com “in”, “on” ou “at” as frases abaixo: 
 
a) We could go by car, but I’d rather go ............. foot. 
 
b) I’ll be very busy ............ Monday, but I could meet you .......... the morning instead. 
 
c) I’m free .............. lunchtime. Shall we meet then? 
 
d) We live ............. Michigan Avenue, ................ Chicago. 
 
e) Do you know the girl who lives ................... number 22? 
 
 
02. (ANVISA – ANALISTA ADMINISTRATIVO – CETRO) 
Read the sentence below, considering the context of the text, and choose the alternative that best fills 
in correctly and respectively the blanks. 
 
“When we eat, the food is ________ down into glucose (blood sugar), the body’s main energy source. 
As blood flows through the pancreas, this organ detects the high levels of glucose and knows to release 
insulin, a hormone that it produces in order to allow the cells ________ the body to use the glucose. The 
cells have insulin receptors that allow glucose to enter. Then the cell either uses the glucose to make 
energy right away or ________ it as a future energy source.” 
 
(A) Fall / at / saves. 
(B) Break / on / save. 
(C) Turned / in / store. 
(D) Fallen / out / restores. 
(E) Broken / throughout / stores. 
 
03. (TCE/ES – AUDITOR DE CONTROLE EXTERNO – CESPE) 
 
Welcome to Oxford 
 
Many periods of English history are impressively documented in Oxford’s streets, houses, colleges and 
chapels. Within one square mile alone, the city has more than 900 buildings of architectural or historical 
interest. For the visitor this presents a challenge – there is no single building that dominates Oxford, no 
famous fortress or huge cathedral that will give you a short-cut view of the city. Even Oxford’s famous 
University is spread amidst a tangle of 35 different colleges and halls in various parts of the city centre, 
flaunt its treasures; behind department stores lurk grand Palladian doorways or half-hidden crannies or 
medieval architecture. The entrance to a college may me tucked down a narrow alleyway, and even then 
it is unlikely to be signposted. 
 
Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 135 (adapted) 
The preposition “amidst” (L.8) can be synonymous with among. 
 
(OBS: Os números das linhas na questão podem variar por conta da diagramação do material.) 
(A) Certo. 
(B) Errado. 
 
04. (CPTM – ANALISTA ADMINISTRATIVO JÚNIOR – MAKIYAMA) 
 
Generation Y 
 
By Sally Kane, About.com Guide 
 
Born in the mid-1980’s and later, Generation Y legal professionals are in their 20s and are just entering 
the workforce. With numbers estimated as high as 70 million, Generation Y (also -1- as the Millennials) is 
Apostila gerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
29 
 
the fastest growing segment of today’s workforce. As law firms compete for available talent, employers 
cannot ignore the needs, desires and attitudes of this vast generation. 
Below are a few common traits that define Generation Y. 
Tech-Savvy: Generation Y grew up with technology and rely on it to perform their jobs better. Armed 
with BlackBerrys, laptops, cellphones and other gadgets, Generation Y is plugged-in 24 hours a day, 7 
days a week. This generation prefers to communicate through e-mail and text messaging rather than face-
to-face contact and -2- webinars and online technology to traditional lecture-based presentations. 
Family-Centric: The fast-track has lost much of its appeal for Generation Y who is willing to trade high 
pay for fewer billable hours, flexible schedules and a better work/life balance. While older generations may 
view thisattitude as narcissistic or lacking commitment, discipline and drive, Generation Y legal 
professionals have a different vision of workplace expectations and prioritize family over work. 
Achievement-Oriented: Nurtured and pampered -3- parents who did not want to make the mistakes of 
the previous generation, Generation Y is confident, ambitious and achievement-oriented. They have high 
expectations of their employers, seek out new challenges and are not afraid to ask question authority. 
Generation Y wants meaningful work and a soli learning curve. 
Team-Oriented: As children, Generation Y participated in team sports, play groups and other group 
activities. They value teamwork and seek the input and affirmation of others. Part of a no-person-left-
behind generation, Generation Y is loyal, committed and wants to be included and involved. 
Attention-Craving: Generation Y craves attention in the forms of feedback and guidance. They 
appreciate being kept in the loop and seek frequent praise and reassurance. Generation Y may benefit 
greatly from mentors who can help guide and develop their young careers. 
Font: legalcareers.about.com 
 
The word that best complete the gap -3- is: 
(A) Of. 
(B) By. 
(C) For. 
(D) From. 
(E) On. 
 
05. (ANVISA – ANALISTA ADMINISTRATIVO – CETRO) 
The alarm ________ Europe ________ the discovery ________ horse meat ________ beef products 
escalated again Monday, when the Swedish furniture giant Ikea withdrew an estimated 1.670 pounds 
________ meatballs ________ sale ________ 14 European countries. Ikea acted after authorities in the 
Czech Republic detected horse meat in its meatballs. The company said it had made the decision even 
though its tests two weeks ago did not detect horse DNA. Horse meat mixed with beef was first found last 
month in Ireland, then Britain, and has now expanded steadily across the Continent. The situation in 
Europe has created unease among American consumers over ________ or not horse meat might also 
find its way into the food supply in the United States. 
(The New York Times, 2/25/2013) 
 
Choose the alternative that fills in, correctly and respectively, the blanks of the sentence below. 
 
“The alarm ________ Europe ________ the discovery ________ horse meat ________ beef products 
escalated again Monday, when the Swedish furniture giant Ikea withdrew an estimated 1.670 pounds 
________ meatballs ________ sale ________ 14 European countries.” 
 
(A) In / from / of / of / from / for / in 
(B) In / over / of / in / of / from / in 
(C) From / over / of / of / of / to / from 
(D) Of / with / in / in / from / on / in 
(E) Over / with / in / of / of / on / from 
 
Respostas 
 
01. 
a) Resposta ON 
Expressão fixa “ON FOOT”. 
b) Resposta ON – IN 
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30 
 
Antes de dias da semana usa-se a preposição “on”. 
Antes das expressões MORNING, AFTERNOON e EVENING precisa-se da preposição “in” 
 
c) Resposta AT 
Expressão fixa “AT LUNCHTIME” 
 
d) Resposta ON – IN 
“On” – preposição de lugar para nomes de ruas, avenidas, etc. 
“In” – preposição de lugar para nomes de cidades estados, países, etc. 
 
e) Resposta AT 
“At” – preposição de lugar para endereços específicos. 
 
02. RESPOSTA E 
A questão pede que o candidato determine. Leia as sentenças abaixo e escolha a alternativa que 
melhor completa os espaços. Quando nós comemos, a comida é (quebrada) em glicose (...), um hormônio 
que é produzido para permitir que as células (por toda a parte) do corpo usem a glicose (...) então as 
células usam a glicose para fazer energia na hora ou (armazenam) ela como uma fonte de energia futura. 
 
03. RESPOSTA A 
A questão pede que o candidato determine a preposição “amidst” (entre, no meio de) é sinônimo com 
“among” (entre, dentro de, no meio de) 
 
04. RESPOSTA B 
A questão pede que o candidato determine. A palavra que melhor completa o espaço -3- é. No trecho 
em questão. Buscam realizações: Nutridos e cuidados (por) pais que não querem cometer os mesmos 
erros da geração anterior (...) 
 
05. RESPOSTA B 
A questão pede que o candidato determine. Escolha a alternativa que completa, corretamente e 
respectivamente, os espaços em branco na sentença abaixo. O alarme (na) Europa (sobre) a descoberta 
(de) carne de cavalo (nos) produtos de carne aumentou novamente segunda, quando a gigante dos 
móveis Sueca Ikea retirou aproximadamente 1.670 pounds (de) almondegas (das) prateleiras (em) 14 
países europeus. 
 
O Verbo To Be 
 
Verbo é a classe de palavras que nomeia, descreve um estado ou uma ação. A maioria dos verbos em 
Inglês é dividida em verbos regulares (regular verbs) e verbos irregulares (irregular verbs). Os 
verbos irregulares são os que não são conjugados da mesma maneira que os regulares e para os quais 
não existe uma regra geral; para cada verbo irregular há uma regra. Em Inglês, toda a sentença precisa 
ter um verbo, pelo menos. 
 
Começaremos a estudar os verbos a partir do Verbo "to be", que é um dos verbos mais básicos 
em língua inglesa. 
 
Verbo to be - Verb to be 
 
O verbo to be significa ser e estar em português e, além desses dois significados, este verbo é muito 
usado no sentido de ficar (tornar-se). Observe os usos e as formas deste verbo: 
 
- USOS: 
Usa-se o verbo to be: 
 
1. Para identificar e descrever pessoas e objetos: 
Richard is my friend. (Ricardo é meu amigo.) 
I am Italian. (Eu sou Italiano.) 
They will be at the club waiting for me. (Eles estarão no clube esperando por mim.) 
They are French actors. (Eles são atores franceses.) 
Apostila gerada especialmente para: Walter Mello Mazzini 054.594.089-38
 
31 
 
I will be very grateful to you. (Eu ficarei muito grato a você.) 
Is she your sister? (Ela é sua irmã?) 
 
2. Nas expressões de tempo, idade* e lugar: 
It was raining this morning. (Hoje de manhã estava chovendo.) 
It is sunny today. (Hoje o dia está ensolarado.) 
I am twenty years old. (Tenho vinte anos.) 
We are spending our vacation in San Francisco. (Estamos passando nossas férias em São 
Francisco.) 
Rachel is four years older than me. (Raquel é quatro anos mais velha do que eu.) 
 
*OBSERVAÇÃO: Nas expressões que se referem a idades o verbo to be equivale ao verbo ter, em 
Português. 
 
Verbo To Be - Presente do Indicativo / Verb To Be - Simple Present/Present Simple 
 
O Simple Present é o equivalente, na língua inglesa, ao Presente do Indicativo, na língua 
portuguesa. 
 
- FORMAS: 
Apresentamos a seguir as formas do Simple Present (Presente Simples) do verbo to be. Na 1ª 
coluna encontra-se a forma sem contração e, na 2ª, mostramos a forma contraída. A forma interrogativa 
não possui contração: 
 
1 - AFFIRMATIVE FORM / FORMA AFIRMATIVA: 
 
Forma sem 
Contração 
Forma 
Contraída 
I am I'm 
You are You're 
He is He's 
She is She's 
It is It's 
We are We're 
You are You're 
They are They're 
Examples: 
I'm a waiter. (Eu sou garçom.) 
They are friends of mine. (Eles são meus amigos.) 
She is in the kitchen. (Ela está na cozinha.) 
 
2 - NEGATIVE FORM / FORMA NEGATIVA: 
 
Forma sem 
Contração 
Forma Contraída 
I am not ---x--- 
You are not You aren't 
He is not He isn't 
She is not She isn't 
It is not It isn't 
We are not We aren't 
You are not You aren't 
They are not They aren't 
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32 
 
Examples: 
Mary is not happy. (Mary não está feliz.) 
It is not correct. [(Isto) Não está certo.] 
 
3 - INTERROGATIVE FORM / FORMA INTERROGATIVA: 
 
Forma sem 
Contração 
Forma Contraída 
am I? ---x--- 
are you? ---x--- 
is he? ---x--- 
is she? ---x--- 
is it? ---x--- 
are we? ---x--- 
are you? ---x--- 
are they? ---x--- 
 
Example: 
Is she a journalist? (Ela é jornalista?) 
 
Verbo To Be - Passado / Verb To Be - Past Simple/Simple Past 
 
- FORMAS: 
 
Apresentamos a seguir as formas do Simple Past (Passado Simples) do verbo to be. As formas 
afirmativas e interrogativas do Simple Past não possuem