FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA

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FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA
		1.
		Complete the sentence: "A competent translator......
	
	
	
	does not need to have any previous experience in translating texts."
	
	
	does not need to be familiarized with the content of the text being translated."
	
	
	must act as a censor of the text being translated."
	
	
	must have a profound understanding of the etymological and idiomatic correlates between the two languages."
 
	
	
	does not have to know about the TL culture."
	
Explicação:
A competent translator must have a profound understanding of the etymological and idiomatic correlates between the two languages in order to avoid using equivalents that do not carry the meaning being implied by the author.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		Read the text below:
The word 'theory' probably comes from the Greek theā, view + -horan, to see - to theorize is to look at a view (the word theater has the same origins). A theory sets the scene where the generalization and selection process takes place. Translators are thus constantly theorizing as part of the regular practice of translating.
This private, internal theorizing becomes public when translators discuss what they do. They occasionally theorize out loud when talking with other translators or with clients, sometimes with fellow students or instructors. Sometimes this out-loud theorizing involves no more than a few shared terms for the things we are dealing with.
(PYM, Anthony. Exploring Translation Theories.)
► One of the concepts devised by translators has to the with Source Text, which means:
	
	
	
	The final textual material result of the translation process
	
	
	The language which is exploited to devise the final text
	
	
	The culture which serves as a basis for the final version of the material
	
	
	The material from which translators depart from
	
	
	The language which the text was written in
	
Explicação:
The source text is the one to be translated from.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		Read the text below:
This theoretical element has been considered from a variety of perspectives. One early treatment comes from the comparative stylistics of Vinay and Darbelnet (1958/1995), who define it as 'the smallest segment of the utterance whose signs are linked in such a way that they should not be translated individually' (1995:352). However, Vinay and Darbelnet's approach has been criticized for being overly prescriptive, too focused on the source language and based on idealized translations, factors which limit its ability to account for much realworld translation. (Saldanha & Baker, 2009).
► The previous text provides an important concept devised by Vinay and Darbelnet (despite some inevitable criticism). Which one?
	
	
	
	Target Language
	
	
	Unit of Translation
	
	
	Source Language
	
	
	Free Translation
	
	
	Equivalence
	
Explicação:
The text provides the origin of an important concepted typically exploited and which has experienced some kind of remodeling over the course of time: The unit of translation.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		The study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, comprehend and produce language, and which can be helpful in translation studies is also known as:
	
	
	
	sociolinguistics
	
	
	pragmatics
	
	
	semantics
	
	
	psycholinguistics
	
	
	corpus linguistics
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		Newmark (1981) suggests a series of strategies to cater for cultural gaps in translation, EXCEPT:
	
	
	
	cultural mismatch
	
	
	descriptive and functional equivalent
	
	
	neutralization
	
	
	naturalization
	
	
	explanation as footnote and compensation
		
	Gabarito
Comentado
	
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		A frase "Traduttori, traditori" é frequentemente ouvida em conversas sobre tradução. Seu significado reforça a noção de que
	
	
	
	toda tradução será sempre um imperfeição se comparada ao texto original.
	
	
	equivalências exatas entre as palavras das línguas permitem traduções perfeitas.
	
	
	variações culturais interferem na compreensão do texto traduzido.
	
	
	para cada texto original existirá sempre somente uma tradução aceitável.
	
	
	livros de um mesmo autor devem ser traduzidos pelo mesmo tradutor.
	
Explicação:
A competent translator must be not only bilingual but bicultural as he needs to make use of intercultural references so as to be able to make choices in order to make his translation transparent.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		What does " translation" mean? Mark the CORRECT option:
 
	
	
	
	Translation means using computers and online translation tools as a valuable aid for the translator`s job.
 
	
	
	Translation means changing the audio track of a film itself so that the characters appear to be speaking in the TL.
	
	
	Translation means having to listen to what a person says in a SL and converting it, either immediately or after a few sentences, into a TL.
	
	
	Translation means converting writing from a SL to a TL.
	
	
	Translation means providing written captions that appear at the bottom of the screen and are synchronized with the dialogue in the film.
	
Explicação:
Translating means converting writing from a SL to a TL. This is the same kind of work done by an interpreter, but unlike interpreters, who have to translate in real time, translators can spend more time considering the best words and expressions to express their meaning. This usually involves a very nuanced understanding of language's more complicated aspects, such as connotation. Computers and online translation tools constitute an invaluable aid for the translator´s job but they cannot understand connotation and other figures of speech.
 
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		Um dos fatores que se precisa considerar ao traduzir uma obra é:
	
	
	
	não traduzir gírias, pois elas devem permanecer escritas na língua de partida.
	
	
	ter conhecimento do público alvo que lerá o texto traduzido.
	
	
	ignorar termos que não possuam uma tradução coerente na língua alvo.
	
	
	manter, a todo custo, a tradução literal.
	
	
	desvalorizar o contexto comunicativo, pois assim a mensagem principal não se perderá.
		1.
		"Watch out" means ___.
	
	
	
	be cool
	
	
	count down
	
	
	hurry up
	
	
	relax
	
	
	be careful
	
Explicação:
É apenas uma questão para testar conhecimento de vocabulário, neste caso da expressão: watch out.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		Imagine this situation: The translator decides to give extra information to the TL reader. So how can he do it? Mark the best way to provide this extra information:  
	
	
	
	Buy a dictionary.
	
	
	Talk with the reader.
	
	
	Send an e-mail.
	
	
	Create a footnote.
	
	
	Make a call.
	
Explicação:
It is good to create a footnote. It may come at the bottom of the page.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		Sworn translators are those who translate for legal equivalence. Here is a list of documents they translate. Match the document in English with its Portuguese translation:
 
1 - death certificate (  )               a.  carteira de habilitação  
2 - will (   )                                  b. petição inicial
3 - driving license  (   )               c.  acordo 
4 - initial petition (   )                  d. certidão de óbito
5 - agreement (   )                      e. testamento
	
	
	
	1E - 2A - 3D - 4B - 5C
	
	
	1D - 2E - 3A - 4C - 5B
	
	
	1A - 2E - 3C - 4B - 5D
	
	
	1C - 2D - 3A - 4B - 5E
	
	
	1D - 2E - 3A - 4B - 5C
	
Explicação:
Resolução:
1 - death certificate = certidão de óbito
2- will = testamento
3- driving license = carteira de habilitação
4- initial petition = petição inicial
5- agreement = acordo   
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		Considerando o contexto brasileiro, verter um texto significa
	
	
	
	escrevê-lo em uma língua estrangeira realizando as adequações necessárias.
	
	
	escrevê-lo em uma língua estrangeira respeitando aideia original de seu autor.
	
	
	adaptá-lo de modo a eliminar os vestígios da cultura estrangeira que possam existir.
	
	
	reescrevê-lo no idioma de origem eliminando os possíveis erros gramaticais.
	
	
	sintetizá-lo de formar a oferecer uma versão mais palatável do original.
	
Explicação:
"Verter um texto" é o mesmo que traduzir um texto mantendo a ideia original. 
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		As we know, there are different types of translations. Choose the RIGHT definition about one type:
	
	
	
	Mechanical  - Translation in which human being analyses a source text and produces a target text.
	
	
	Oral - Translation performed in oral form, irrespective of the text format and can only be literal or non-literal, consecutive or simultaneous.
	
	
	Written - Translation performed in written form, irrespective of the text format, and can be literal or non-literal, consecutive or simultaneous.
	
	
	Human - Translation from SL to TL made by a machine.
	
	
	Computer-aided - Translation in which a human translator decodes language from SL to TL with any kind of assistance of a computer.
	
Explicação:
Written - Translation performed in written form, irrespective of the text format, and can be literal or non-literal, consecutive or simultaneous.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		The work of an interpreter is very stressing and requires a lot of ability and practice from the professional. Some of the skills required include, except:
	
	
	
	Ability to communicate orally including appropriate delivery and poise.
	
	
	High degree of proficiency in both English and the other language. Impartiality.
	
	
	Having low professional standards and professional conduct.
	
	
	Ability to accurately and idiomatically turn the message from the SL into the TL without any additions, omissions or other misleading factors that alter the intended meaning of the message from the speaker.
	
	
	Be used to doing simultaneous and consecutive interpretation and sight translation.
	
Explicação:
Having high professional standards and professional conduct.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		Once the translator has accepted a translation task, there are certain basic stages that should be followed. Choose the option that does not follow  the basic stages:
	
	
	
	Client disapproval: The first draft of the document is not sent to the client.
	
	
	Evaluation: The project is evaluated using the following criteria: Target Language / Audience and Subject Matter;
	
	
	Translator Proofreading: The original translator now proofs the formatted text for any discrepancies caused by formatting, such as improper hyphenation, omissions, etc.
                  
	
	
	Initial Translation: The source document is translated;
	
	
	Glossary Development: A glossary is created to ensure consistency of terminology, so that translations complement one another and are consistent;
	
Explicação:
Client Approval: The first draft of the document is sent to the client for approval.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		Translations can be classified into many different categories. Mark the FAKE category:
	
	
	
	the medium (human, computer-assisted, mechanic);
	
	
	form (oral, written);
	
	
	type (literal, non-literal);
	
	
	language (formal, infromal);
	
	
	method (simultaneous, consecutive);
		1.
		Read the text below:
We distinguish three ways of interpreting a verbal sign:[...] 1) Intralingual translation; 2) Interlingual translation; Intersemiotic translation.
(JACKOBSON, Roman. On linguistic aspects of translation: Cambridge: CUP, 1959).
►Which of the items below explain the concept of Intralingual Translation?
	
	
	
	It is synonymous of rewording: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language.
	
	
	It is synonymous of rewording: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems.
	
	
	It is synonymous of translation proper: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language.
	
	
	It is synonymous of transmutation: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems.
	
	
	It is synonymous of translation proper: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language.
	
Explicação:
Interpretation of verbal signs by means of other verbal signs of the same language. In other words, it refers to the definition of a word or a synonym to it. E.g.: cheese monger: someone who sells cheese or any other dairy product. (Mota, 2016, p.38)
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		A good translated work must have some aspects. Choose the option which is NOT match this idea:
	
	
	
	Identification of a target audience;
	
	
	Background culture vs. own culture.
	
	
	Creation of meaning in the target language;
	
	
	Restoration of the impact, the purpose and the meaning;
	
	
	Use of a bad translator;
	
Explicação:
It can be helpful to use a good translator.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		A linguagem coloquial está presente não só na língua falada, mas também em textos escritos que reproduzem diálogos, por exemplo. Assim sendo, parte da tarefa do tradutor será adequar as chamadas expressões coloquiais ou idiomáticas à cultura local de maneira que as mesmas façam sentido para o público leitor. Um exemplo de expressão coloquial do inglês é "it¿s raining cats and dogs", cuja melhor tradução em português seria
	
	
	
	"eu sou gato escaldado".
	
	
	"sou como um elefante numa loja de porcelana".
	
	
	"está chovendo canivetes".
	
	
	"brigamos como cão e gato".
	
	
	"estou que nem um cachorro molhado¿.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		As expressões sublinhadas e destacadas em negrito nas frases a seguir são consideradas expressões idiomáticas da língua inglesa:
I don't know him from Adam.
Your dress looks like something out of the ark.
Ao traduzi-las para o português, o ideal é que o tradutor:
 
	
	
	
	Alterne entre expressões equivalentes e tradução literal para respeitar a ideia do texto original.
	
	
	Encontre expressões equivalentes, como "Nunca o vi mais gordo" ou "Seu vestido é do tempo da onça".
	
	
	Faça contato com o autor do original de modo a descobrir o que ele deseja dizer com as expressões.
	
	
	Proponha uma tradução literal, como "Eu não o conheço desde Adão" ou "Seu vestido parece saído da arca".
	
	
	Omita totalmente as frases de modo a evitar expressões coloquiais no texto traduzido.
	
Explicação:
Esta é apenas uma questão para demonstrar conhecimento do significado das mesmas.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		Considerado por muitos como um vício de linguagem, o ____________________ expressa ações contínuas no futuro e provavelmente entrou na língua portuguesa por meio de traduções equivocadas para frases como "I'll be calling you tomorrow".
	
	
	
	barbarismo
	
	
	plebeísmo
	
	
	pleonasmo
	
	
	solecismo
	
	
	gerundismo
	
Explicação:
Em inglês o gerúndio é caracterizado pelo acréscimo de -ing ao verbo: buying, going, selling.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		Pragmatics is another issue worth investigating for the study of translation. People design their linguistic messages on the basis of large-scale assumptions. If someone says: "It is hot here!" there are some presuppositions. Mark the option which is NOT a hard evidence:
	
	
	
	Take off this t-shirt.
	
	
	It is good to drink cold water.
	
	
	Please, open the window.
	
	
	Turn on the air conditioning.
	
	
	Give me a coat.
	
Explicação:
If it is hot, it is not a good idea to wear a coat.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		Pragmatics can be defined as:
	
	
	
	the study of the structure and content of word forms
	
	
	the detailed investigation on syntactic rules
	
	
	the study of the purposes for which sentences are used
	
	
	the search for multiple meanings a given word can convey according to its use in a specific context
	
	
	the study of the origin of words8.
		To "walk all over" someone is to ___ them.
	
	
	
	pester
	
	
	aggravate
	
	
	mislead
	
	
	annoy
	
	
	impose on
		1.
		What are the three "Cs" of translation? Mark the right option:
	
	
	
	change, care and copy;
	
	
	culture, context and chunk of words;
	
	
	current, computer and calling;
	
	
	canalization, can and contact.
	
	
	capacity, career and challenge;
	
Explicação:
The three "Cs" of translation are culture, context and chunk of words.
 
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		_____________ foi um dos primeiros linguistas a refletir sobre as contribuições da Linguística para os estudos da tradução. Em seu texto ¿On Linguistic Aspecto f Translation¿, ele discute questões cruciais na compreensão dos processos de tradução como sendo intralingual e interlingual, por exemplo.
	
	
	
	Leonard Bloomfield
	
	
	Edward Sapir
	
	
	Noam Chomsky
	
	
	Roman Jakobson
	
	
	Ferdinand Saussure
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		According to the Newmark´s methods of translation, mark the option that does NOT agree with his ideas:
	
	
	
	Free-translation: Target language is the primary focus. Idea-based.
	
	
	Adaptation: Source language converted to target language. Context-based.
	
	
	Unfaithful translation: Respects grammar partially. No context-based;
	
	
	Communicative translation: Tries to keep both context and language well-balanced. Accuracy-and-balance-based.
	
	
	Idiomatic translation: May distort nuances of meaning. Message-based;
	
Explicação:
Faithful translation: Respects grammar. Context-based.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		According to the Newmark´s methods of translation, what does "Adaptation" mean? Mark the RIGHT meaning:
	
	
	
	Source language converted to target language. Context-based.
	
	
	Target language is the primary focus. Idea-based.
	
	
	No context or whatsoever. Lexical-based.
	
	
	Tries to keep both context and language well-balanced. Accuracy-and-balance-based.
	
	
	Takes into account the semantic value of the source language.
	
Explicação:
Adaptation: Source language converted to target language. Context-based.
 
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		Mark the correct alternative according to the order that adjectives must be placed before a noun:
	
	
	
	New and expensive car.
	
	
	Intelligent and young girl.
	
	
	Ancient and intriguing book.
	
	
	Brown and valuable house
	
	
	Old and tired man.
		
	Gabarito
Comentado
	
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		Read the text below:
In the preface to one of the few volumes specifically dedicated to cognitive processes in translation and interpreting, Shreve and Danks (1977: viii) suggest a number of initial questions that the work presented in that volume seeks to address:
1. What are the unique characteristics of translation and interpreting relative to monolingual languaging processes?
2. How are the cognitive processes of translation and interpreting the same as, and different than, monolingual reading, writing, speaking, and listening?
3. What is the relationship between bilingual language processing and translation/interpreting
4. skill?
5. What cognitive learning mechanisms can account for the development of translation and interpreting abilities?
6. What are the important cognitive parameters of the translation and interpreting tasks?
7. What methods and models can be used to investigate the cognitive processes of translation and interpreting?
► Which field of study can the previous text be related to?
 
	
	
	
	Theoretical Linguistics 
	
	
	Computational Linguistics
	
	
	Psycholinguistics
	
	
	Sociolinguistics
	
	
	Generative Linguistics
	
Explicação:
Psycholinguitics and Cognitive approaches have been working together with a view to enhancing theoretical elements in the field of translation.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		If you are "quaking in your boots", you are ___.
	
	
	
	irritated
	
	
	brave
	
	
	afraid
	
	
	embarassed
	
	
	confident
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		Unit of translation (UT) depends on some aspects. Mark the WRONG aspect about them:
	
	
	
	The UT may be one or more sentences or even a larger unit.
	
	
	The UT may be a single word or a phrase.
	
	
	A UT is the starting point for any translation, and it does not change according to the translator´s needs.
	
	
	The UT is a segment of a text which the translator sees and treats as a single cognitive unit.
	
	
	The UT may be a larger unit and the larger the unit,  the better chances for a more accurate translation.
		1.
		¿A study of language and a method of linguistic analysis which uses a collection of natural or ¿real word¿ texts known as corpus. This study is used to analyze and research a number of linguistic questions and offers insights into the dynamism of languages¿. The previous definition refer to:
	
	
	
	discourse analysis
	
	
	scientific interaction
	
	
	corpus linguistics
	
	
	applied linguistics
	
	
	exploratory practice
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		Read the text below:
Jack Zipes has recently reinvigorated storytelling as a successful and engaging tool for teachers and professional storytellers. Encouraging storytellers, librarians, and schoolteachers to be active in this magical process, Zipes proposes an interactive storytelling that creates and strengthens a sense of community for students, teachers and parents while extolling storytelling as animation, subversion, and self-discovery.
(Source: https://www.amazon.com)
The text above has been translated into Brazilian Portuguese as follows:
Jack Zipes (1) tem recentemente revigorado a narrativa como (2) uma ferramenta bem-sucedida e envolvente para professores e contadores de histórias profissionais. Incentivando os contadores de histórias, bibliotecários e professores a (3) participarem desse processo mágico, Zipes propõe (4) uma narrativa interativa que cria e fortalece um senso de comunidade para alunos, professores e pais, (5) exaltando a narrativa como animação, subversão e autodescoberta.
► Which of the highlighted items above has not been translated adequately?
	
	
	
	5
	
	
	1
	
	
	2
	
	
	4
	
	
	3
	
Explicação:
Item (1) should have been translated as 'recentemente revigorou', since the use of the Present Perfect Simple in English for unspecified actions in the past (no specific time reference) should be translated into Brazilian Portuguese by using 'Pretérito Perfeito Simples'.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		Muitos teóricos da Linguística também fizeram suas contribuições aos estudos da tradução. _____________, por exemplo, dizem que certas ideias de uma língua de partida não podem ser compreendidas por pessoas que falem outra língua porque a estrutura ou a semântica não dispõem de um correspondente.
	
	
	
	Chomsky-Bloomfield
	
	
	Saussure-Whorf
	
	
	Sapir-Whorf
	
	
	Saussure-Chomsky
	
	
	Sapir-Chomsky
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		As time went by, theories about the nature of translation started to emerge. Some issues concerning the challenges of a translation are listed below, EXCEPT:
	
	
	
	fixed word order versus free word order
	
	
	fidelity or transparency
	
	
	forward translation
	
	
	etymological knowledge
	
	
	metaphrase and paraphrase
		
	Gabarito
Comentado
	
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		Choose the alternative that is INCORRECT
	
	
	
	The old man is sad.
	
	
	My children are happy.
	
	
	Last week we saw an intersting movie.
	
	
	They are intelligents boys.
	
	
	My dress is new.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		Read the text below:
If there is one genre that has captured the imagination of people in all walks of life throughout the world, it is the fairy tale. Yet we still have great difficulty understanding how it originated, evolved, and spread--or why so many people cannot resist its appeal, no matter how it changes or what form it takes. In this book, renowned fairy-tale expert Jack Zipes presents a provocativenew theory about why fairy tales were created and retold--and why they became such an indelible and infinitely adaptable part of cultures around the world.
(Source: https://www.amazon.com)
The text above has been translated into Brazilian Portuguese as follows:
Se (1) existe um gênero que (2) tem capturado a imaginação das pessoas em todas as esferas da vida em todo o mundo, é o conto de fadas. (3) No entanto, ainda temos grandes dificuldades em entender como ele se originou, evoluiu e se espalhou - ou por que tantas pessoas não conseguem resistir ao seu apelo, não importa como ele mude ou que forma assuma. Neste livro, (4) o renomado especialista em contos de fadas Jack Zipes apresenta uma nova teoria provocativa sobre por que os contos de fadas foram criados e recontados - e por que eles se tornaram (5) uma parte tão indelével e infinitamente adaptável das culturas ao redor do mundo.
►Which of the highlighted items above has not been translated adequately?
	
	
	
	2
	
	
	3
	
	
	4
	
	
	5
	
	
	1
	
Explicação:
Item (2) should have been translated as 'capiturou', since the use of the Present Perfect Simple in English for unspecified actions in the past (no specific time reference) should be translated into Brazilian Portuguese by using 'Pretérito Perfeito Simples'.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		One of the first linguists to consider the contributions of linguistics to the study of translation, understanding that the translation process should be considered through interlingual, intralingual and semiotic differences was:
	
	
	
	Dell Hymes
	
	
	Edward Sapir
	
	
	Roman Jakobson
	
	
	Ferdinand de Saussure
	
	
	Benjamin Lee Whorf
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		If you are "quick on the trigger", you are quick to ___.
	
	
	
	make mistakes
	
	
	quit or finish something
	
	
	sing
	
	
	sleep
	
	
	respond
		1.
		Dentre os tempos verbais abaixo, qual se encaixa perfeitamente na definição do termo Tense: "a category of verbal inflection that serves chiefly to specify the time of the action or state expressed by the verb"?
	
	
	
	Future with WILL
	
	
	Modal Verbs for ability (E.g. CAN)
	
	
	Past Perfect Progressive
	
	
	Simple Present
	
	
	Past Perfect
		
	Gabarito
Comentado
	
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		Read the text below:
In over 1,000 entries, this acclaimed Companion (1) covers all aspects of the Western fairy tale tradition, from medieval to modern, under the guidance of Professor Jack Zipes. It provides an authoritative reference source for this complex and captivating genre, exploring the tales themselves, the writers who (2) wrote and reworked them, and the artists who illustrated them. It also covers numerous related topics such as the fairy tale and film, television, art, opera, ballet, the oral tradition, music, advertising, cartoons, fantasy literature, feminism, and stamps.
First published in 2000, 130 new entries (3) have been added to account for recent developments in the field, including J. K. Rowling and Suzanne Collins, and new articles on topics such as cognitive criticism and fairy tales, digital fairy tales, fairy tale blogs and websites.... The remaining entries (4) have been revised and updated in consultation with expert contributors.
This second edition contains beautifully designed feature articles highlighting countries with a strong fairy tale tradition[¿] In addition, the A to Z entries (5) are accompanied by over 60 beautiful and carefully selected black and white illustrations.
Already renowned in its field, the second edition of this unique work is an essential companion for anyone interested in fairy tales in literature, film, and art; and for anyone who values the tradition of storytelling.
(Source: https://www.amazon.com)
►Which of the highlighted items above has not been correctly analyzed in terms of verb tense or grammatical structure?
	
	
	
	(1) Covers - Simple Present 
	
	
	(5) Are accompanied ¿ Present Passive
	
	
	(4) Have been revised and updated - Present Perfect Passive
	
	
	(2) Wrote - Simple Past 
	
	
	(3) Have been added - Past Perfect Passive
	
Explicação:
In the context, the structure have/has + been + verb (past participle) refers to the Present Perfect Passive. The Past Perfect Passive uses the auxiliary verb had [= had + been + verb (past participle)]
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		Choose the correct preposition for the following phrasal verb: "You have to break the chocolate _______ into squares."
	
	
	
	after;
	
	
	about;
	
	
	under;
	
	
	up;
	
	
	out.
	
Explicação:
To break up = quebrar , separar.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		Choose the correct causative form Let´s have our buttler _____ some watter.
	
	
	
	Bring
	
	
	Have brought
	
	
	Bringing
	
	
	Brought
	
	
	To bring
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		Marque, dentre as alternativas abaixo, qual o pronome possessivo adjetivo que substitui corretamente "joana" na frase: Joana's bus is leaving at 4 o'clock.
	
	
	
	our bus is leaving at 4 o'clock
	
	
	hers bus is leaving at 4 o'clock.
	
	
	his bus is leaving at 4 o'clock.
	
	
	your bus is leaving at 4 o'clock.
	
	
	her bus is leaving at 4 o'clock.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		Complete a frase corretamente com o pronome pessoal do caso oblíquo: Take these books and put _____ in the table.
	
	
	
	them
	
	
	that
	
	
	their
	
	
	it
	
	
	its
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		Choose the alternative that correctly complete the given sentences: 1. Your website has helped me a lot to ______ the good work. 2. A friend of mine has ____ her wedding. 3. His mother can't ____ his terrible behavior anymore.
	
	
	
	1. put up with ; 2keep up; 3. called off;
	
	
	1.keep up; 2. put up with; 3. called off
	
	
	1.keep up; 2. called off; 3. put up with
	
	
	1.keep up; 2. called off; 3. put up with
	
	
	1. called off; 2. put up with;3. keep up
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		In relation to studies about verb. It ia true to say that the word ASPECT mean
	
	
	
	an event or action can be viewed with no respect to time, rather than to its actual location in time, and it indicates if an action is completed or not.
	
	
	an event or action can be viewed with respect to history, rather than to its actual location in time, and it indicates if an action is incompleted or not.
	
	
	the unknown location of the action or event in time and the verb used to express this action or event is inflected.
	
	
	the specific location of the action or event in time and the verb used to express this sensation or event is inflected.
	
	
	an event or action can be viewed with respect to time, rather than to its actual location in time, and it indicates if an action is completed or not.
		1.
		Could you turn _____ the TV? The soap opera is about to start
	
	
	
	Out
	
	
	On
	
	
	Back
	
	
	Off
	
	
	In
	
Explicação:
Turn on = ligar
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		I´ve been looking _____ my car keys for half an hour. Have you seen them anywhere?
	
	
	
	After
	
	
	In
	
	
	For
	
	
	At
	
	
	Up
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		Catarina the Wise and Other Wondrous Sicilian Folk and Fairy Tales
By Jack Zipes & Giuseppe Pitrè
As Zipes relates, the true story of the Wondrous Sicilian Folk and Fairy Tales origins is as extraordinary as the tales themselves. Born to a poor family of sailors in Palermo, Giuseppe Pitrè would go on to serve under General Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi in the 19th century. In this process, Pitrè would become a traveling country doctor, and come across one of the most colossal collections of folk and fairy tales of the nineteenth century as. But while his work as a folklorist rivaled that of the Brothers Grimm, Pitrè remains a relative unknown. Catarina the Wise highlights some of the most delectable stories at the heart of his collection. Featuring new, original illustrations, this book is a beautiful, charming treasure for any fan of story,storytelling, and heroines and heroes living happily ever after - sometimes.
►The phrasal verb using the verb TO COME in the example above has the same meaning as:
	
	
	
	to gain possession of
	
	
	to contract an illness
	
	
	to criticize harshly
	
	
	to take place
	
	
	to find by chance
	
Explicação:
In the text, the phrasal verb with the verb TO COME is synonymous of 'to meet/find by chance/by accident'.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		Complete a sentença: "Because I was walking so slowly, my wife kept saying, 'Come __________, come __________ !'"
	
	
	
	Up, up
	
	
	About, about
	
	
	Around, around
	
	
	On, on
	
	
	In, in
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		Complete a seguinte sentença: "What time did the sun come __________ today?"
	
	
	
	Up
	
	
	On
	
	
	Into
	
	
	Back
	
	
	Across
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		Read the text below:
A diverse new anthology that traces the meaning and magic of the sorcerer's apprentice tale throughout history
The Sorcerer's Apprentice might conjure up images of Mickey Mouse from the Disney film Fantasia, or of Harry Potter. As this anthology reveals, however, 'sorcerer's apprentice' tales - in which a young person rebels against, or complies with, an authority who holds the keys to magical powers - have been told through the centuries, in many languages and cultures, from classical times to today. This unique and beautifully illustrated book brings together more than fifty sorcerer's apprentice stories by a plethora of writers, including Ovid, Sir Walter Scott, and the Brothers Grimm. From Goethe's 'The Pupil in Magic' to A. K. Ramanujan's 'The Guru and His Disciple', this expansive collection presents variations of a classic which have been come down to us through countries and eras.
(Source: https://www.amazon.com)
►The phrasal verb using the verb TO COME in the example above has the same meaning as:
	
	
	
	to gain possession of
	
	
	to pass on by tradition
	
	
	to criticize
	
	
	to contract an illness
	
	
	to take place
	
Explicação:
In the text, the phrasal verb with the verb TO COME is synonymous of 'to hand down to = to pass down to by tradition'.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		Tick ​​the only correct alternative:
	
	
	
	He always drives his car carefully.
	
	
	Always he drives his car carefully.
	
	
	Carefully he drives always his car.
	
	
	He drives his car carefully always.
	
	
	He drives his car always carefully.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		Complete a lacuna da frase com o Pronome Possessivo Substantivo correto: I've already done my homework. Have you done _____?
	
	
	
	it
	
	
	your
	
	
	yours
	
	
	theirs
	
	
	its
		1.
		Read the text below:
Legend: this form of tale purports to be an account of an extraordinary happening believed to have actually occurred. It may recount an event of something which happened in ancient times at a particular place - a legend which has attached itself to that locality, but which will probably be told with equal conviction of many other places, even in remote parts of the world.
(Adapted from: THOMPSON, Stith. The Folktale)
► The term legend should be translated into Brazilian Portuguese as:
	
	
	
	Lenda
	
	
	Legenda
	
	
	Novela
	
	
	Mito
	
	
	Aparição
	
Explicação:
O termo legend em inglês tem o significado de Lenda no português brasileiro.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		Nomes genéricos precisam de atenção especial quando traduzidos do inglês para o português, pois o uso de substantivos contáveis e incontáveis fará diferença na tradução brasileira. Sobre isso, é correto afirmar que:
	
	
	
	Em inglês, o artigo definido não é usado com substantivos contáveis no plural, mas o mesmo deve estar presente no português.
	
	
	Em inglês, o artigo definido é usado com substantivos contáveis no plural, mas o mesmo não deve estar presente no português.
	
	
	Em inglês, quando o substantivo fizer referência a uma atividade, o artigo indefinido deve ser sempre utilizado.
	
	
	Em português, quando o substantivo fizer referência a uma atividade, o artigo indefinido deve ser utilizado.
	
	
	O artigo definido é usado com substantivos incontáveis em inglês, mas não deve ser usado na tradução para o português.
		
	Gabarito
Comentado
	
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		To say "word for word" means to ___.
	
	
	
	say lies
	
	
	say it backwards
	
	
	say it exactly the same
	
	
	change what was said
	
	
	condense it
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		Choose the alternative that is INCORRECT in relation to Present Perfect:
	
	
	
	The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and the perfectaspect, used to express a past event that has present consequences.
	
	
	The Present Perfect tense is one of the most used verb tenses in English.
	
	
	Present Perfect express actions that occurred in a determined moment in time
	
	
	Present Perfect is one of the most difficult tense for the Brazilian speaker of English to acquire, due mostly to the fact that there is no equivalent in BrP.
	
	
	Present Perfect is mostly used by speakers of BrE rather than by speakers of AmE, who tend to prefer the simple past.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		"Water down" means to ___.
	
	
	
	sing
	
	
	have a beer
	
	
	weaken
	
	
	hate
	
	
	make stronger
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		If someone is looking for an AVOCADO they are looking for:
	
	
	
	Um advogado
	
	
	Um abacate
	
	
	um aviador
	
	
	Um abacaxi
	
	
	Uma pessoa invocada
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		A frase ¿Time flies¿, quando traduzida para o português, vira ¿O tempo voa¿ porque,
	
	
	
	no inglês, ao contrário do português, a posição do sujeito pode ficar vazia.
	
	
	em inglês, as frases devem sempre iniciar com um artigo.
	
	
	em português, bem como no inglês, a posição do sujeito pode ficar vazia.
	
	
	em português, substantivos comuns não devem iniciar frases.
	
	
	em português, é sempre errado iniciar a frase com um substantivo.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		Choose the alternative that correctly translates the following word in English - DISCO
	
	
	
	Disco
	
	
	Roda
	
	
	Discoteca
	
	
	Fisco
	
	
	Fiscal
		1.
		I think I just saw dad's car pull ___ the driveway.
	
	
	
	among
	
	
	into
	
	
	over
	
	
	amid
	
	
	by
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		Which one of the classifications below does not refer to the register
	
	
	
	Frozen
	
	
	Casual
	
	
	Formal
	
	
	Concerned
	
	
	Consultative
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		Quem procura um livro sobre DESSERTS está querendo um informações a respeito de:
	
	
	
	Desertores
	
	
	Descobertas
	
	
	Sobremesas
	
	
	Desertos
	
	
	Viagens
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		Read the text below:
In linguistics, (1) _______________ is defined as the way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstances. Think about the words you choose, your tone of voice, even your body language. You probably behave very differently chatting with a friend than you would at a formal dinner party or during a job interview. These variations in formality, also called stylistic variation, are known as (2) ______________ in linguistics. They are determined by such factors as social occasion, context, purpose, and audience.
(3) _______________ must be taken into consideration in all forms of communication, including written, spoken, and signed. Depending on grammar, syntax, and tone, (4) _____________ may be extremely rigid or very intimate.
(Adapted from: https://www.thoughtco.com/)
► Which word can be used to fill blanks (1), (2), (3) and (4) in the text?
	
	
	
	Accent
	
	
	Grammar
	
	
	Pronunciation
	
	
	Register
	
	
	Variation
	
Explicação:
Register relates to the style of language, grammar, and words used for particular situations, especially when it comes to formal vs. informal uses of linguistic elements.5.
		Choose the alternative that correctly translates the following word in English - LIBRARY
	
	
	
	Livros
	
	
	Biblioteca
	
	
	Jornaleiro
	
	
	Livraria
	
	
	Banca
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		"The style of language that is appropriate in a given context. Thus, the different types of language that are used in more or less formal contexts are examples of it". The previous citation is a good definition for the term:
	
	
	
	Informatilty
	
	
	Formality
	
	
	Variation
	
	
	Genre
	
	
	Register
		
	Gabarito
Comentado
	
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		Read the text below:
A History of the English Language, by Albert C. Baugh, Thomas Cable
Comprehensive and balanced, this classic exploration of the history of the English language combines internal linguistic history and external cultural history from the Middle Ages to the present. The emphasis is on political, social and cultural forces that affect language. 
The fifth edition reflects the latest trends and statistics of the past 10 years in a revised and updated Chapter One, 'English Present and Future.' It also provides a new section on gender issues and linguistic change and includes a thorough revision of Chapter 11, 'The English Language in America,' including updated material on African American Vernacular English. Discusses Black English and varieties of English in both Africa and Asia, as well as varieties in the United States, Australia and Canada. Includes a map of American dialects. Provides examples of twentieth-century vocabulary.
For multilingual readers or anyone who wishes to develop a well-rounded understanding of present-day English.
  Adapted from: https://www.goodreads.com/
► One of the issues every translator must bear in mind refers to the type of text he/she will depart from, which possesses specific structural, linguistic, visual and discursive elements to be taken into consideration. Taking the previous ideas into consideration, what type of text is exemplified above?
	
	
	
	A summary
	
	
	A report
	
	
	A paper
	
	
	A covering letter
	
	
	A review
	
Explicação:
In this example, the text exemplifies a book review. Basically speaking, it is a form of literary criticism in which a book is analyzed based on content, style, and merit.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		Choose the alternative that correctly translates the following term in English - RECIPIENT
	
	
	
	Receptaculo
	
	
	Receptor
	
	
	Recipiente
	
	
	Resiliente
	
	
	Expediente
		1.
		Read the text below:
By definition, a proverb is a short sentence usually known by many people, stating something commonly experienced or giving advice. Moreover, since it is intrinsic to society where it is manifested, it also reflects cultural issues in its essence.
► Bearing the information above in mind, what is the meaning of the English proverb 'You scratch my back and I will scratch yours'  in Brazilian Portuguese?
	
	
	
	Deus ajuda quem cedo madruga
	
	
	Olho por olho, dente por dente
	
	
	Os últimos serão os primeiros
	
	
	Quem com ferro fere com ferro será ferido
	
	
	Uma mão lava a outra
	
Explicação:
The proverb 'You scratch my back and I will scratch yours' is used to tell someone that if they help you, you will help them, which is similar to 'Uma mão lava a outra'.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		Como tradutor, qual seria a versão do seguinte provérbio em língua inglesa para a língua portuguesa? ''Birds of the same feather, flock together".
	
	
	
	Quem guarda, tem.
	
	
	Mais vale um pássaro na mão do que dois voando.
	
	
	Em terra de cegos, quem tem um olho é rei.
	
	
	Dize-me com que andas, que dir-te-ei quem és.
	
	
	Achado não é roubado.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		I wish she wouldn't make ___ stories like that.
	
	
	
	for
	
	
	up
	
	
	about
	
	
	over
	
	
	on
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		If there is an earthquake, you should make ___ the park.
	
	
	
	out
	
	
	up
	
	
	for
	
	
	about
	
	
	on
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		Read the text below:
A proverb is a short sentence stating something commonly experienced or giving advice. Needless to say, it is intrinsic to society where it is manifested, reflecting cultural issues in its essence.
► Bearing the information above in mind, what is the meaning of the English proverb 'Better safe than sorry' in Brazilian Portuguese?
 
	
	
	
	Antes tarde do que nunca
	
	
	Seguro morreu de velho
	
	
	Melhor prevenir do que remediar
	
	
	Uma mão lava a outra
	
	
	Mais vale um passarinho na mão do que dois voando
	
Explicação:
The proverb 'Better safe than sorry' means that it is wiser to be cautious than to be hasty or rash and so do something you may later regret. Consequently, it is similar to 'Melhor prevenir do que remediar' in Brazilian Portuguese.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		Choose the alternative that IS NOT CORRECT in relation to colloquial language
	
	
	
	Colloquial language is considered informal, and for this reason it is usually used during academic or professional writing or speaking. Even so, people may use colloquialisms when writing or speaking to their family members, friends, or neighbors. Usually, these people are familiar with the language and the meaning. Colloquialisms are usually accepted within certain kinds of creative writing, such as fiction novels and short stories, and other kinds of creative works. This is especially true if a story takes place in a geographical area well known for certain kinds of colloquial language.
	
	
	Formal language is considered informal, and for this reason it is not usually used during academic or professional writing or speaking. Even so, people may use colloquialisms when writing or speaking to their family members, friends, or neighbors. Usually, these people are familiar with the language and the meaning. Colloquialisms are usually accepted within certain kinds of creative writing, such as fiction novels and short stories, and other kinds of creative works. This is especially true if a story takes place in a geographical area well known for certain kinds of colloquial language.
	
	
	Colloquial language is considered informal, and for this reason it is not usually used during academic or professional writing or speaking. Even so, people may use colloquialisms when writing or speaking to their family members, friends, or neighbors. Usually, these people are familiar with the language and the meaning. Colloquialisms are usually accepted within certain kinds of creative writing, such as fiction novels and short stories, and other kinds of creative works. This is especially true if a story takes place in a academicl area well known for certain kinds of colloquial language.
	
	
	Colloquial language is considered informal, and for this reason it is not usually used during academic or professional writing or speaking. Even so, people may use colloquialisms when writing or speaking to their family members, friends, or neighbors. Usually, these people are familiar with the language and the meaning. Colloquialisms are usually accepted within certain kinds of formal writing, such as fiction novels and short stories, and other kinds of creative works. This is especially true if a story takes place in a geographical area well known for certain kinds of colloquial language
	
	
	Colloquial language is considered informal, and for this reason it is not usually used during academic or professional writing or speaking. Even so, people may use colloquialisms when writing or speaking to their family members, friends, or neighbors. Usually, these people are familiar with the language and the meaning. Colloquialisms are usually accepted within certain kinds of creative writing, such as fiction novels and short stories, and other kinds of creative works. This is especially true if a story takes place in a geographical area well known for certain kinds of colloquial language.
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		7."A short popular saying, usually of unknown and ancient origin, that expresses effectively some commonplace truth or useful thought; adage". A definição anterior refere-se a um(a):
	
	
	
	Dialect
	
	
	Proverb
	
	
	Jargon
	
	
	Slang
	
	
	Idiomatic Expression
	
	
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		Can you help me pull ___ these boots?
	
	
	
	our
	
	
	among
	
	
	in
	
	
	at
	
	
	off
Disc.: FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA   
		1a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	What does " translation" mean? Mark the CORRECT option:
 
		
	
	Translation means providing written captions that appear at the bottom of the screen and are synchronized with the dialogue in the film.
	
	Translation means using computers and online translation tools as a valuable aid for the translator`s job.
 
	
	Translation means changing the audio track of a film itself so that the characters appear to be speaking in the TL.
	 
	Translation means converting writing from a SL to a TL.
	
	Translation means having to listen to what a person says in a SL and converting it, either immediately or after a few sentences, into a TL.
	
	
	
		2a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	We have learned different types of translations. Choose the WRONG definition about one type:
		
	 
	Consecutive - Type of written translation in which the SL is translated into the TL after the utterance has been made.
	
	Machine Translation (MT) - Translation in which a computer program analyses a text in a SL and produces a text in the TL without human intervention; this sort of translation, however, involve pre- or post-editing from a translator.
	
	Non-literary - Translation of texts that belong to the world of facts (eg. weather forecast, reports).
	
	Human-Assisted Machine Translation (MAMT) - Translation in which a computer system does most of the translation, appealing in case of difficulty to a (mono- or bilingual) human for help.
	
	Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT)/ Machine-Assisted Translation (MAT) / Translation in which human translators interact with a translation system, as an assistance tool, and which offers, a list of translations that best complete the part of the sentence already translated.
	
	
	
		3a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	There are different types of translation. Choose the alternative that is an example of MECHANICAL TRANSLATION
		
	
	written-literary
	
	computer-assisted translation
	
	oral
	
	machine translation
	 
	translation in which a computer program analyses a source text and produces a target text without any human intervention.
	
	
		4a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	The indeterminacy of translation, based on the fact that there are different ways with which one might break a sentence into words, and different ways to distribute functions among words, and that, depending on the translator¿s choices the meanings would vary considerably, was proposed by:
		
	
	Roman Jackobson
	
	Edward Sapir
	
	Benjamin Whorf
	
	Eugene A. Nida
	 
	W.V. Quine
	
	
	
		5a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Choose the CORRECT alternative:
		
	
	He was very depressing after his wife died.
	
	This book is very intersted.
	 
	The trip to Boston was very exciting.
	
	I was so tiring last night.
	
	The result of the election was surprised.
	
	
		6a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	It was so foggy that she couldn't make ___ the road ahead.
		
	 
	out
	
	up
	
	over
	
	in
	
	over
	
	
		7a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	To "wear on" someone is to ___ them.
		
	
	ignore
	
	show off
	
	answer
	 
	annoy
	
	agree with
	
	
		8a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Uma palavra em língua inglesa que certamente causa dúvidas a muitos alunos e que, ao mesmo tempo, constitui um falso cognato é: CARTON. O que essa palavra significa?
		
	
	Carta
	 
	Caixa de Papelão
	
	Telegrama
	
	Cartão Postal
	
	Cartão de Crédito
	
	
	
		9a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Choose the alternative that correctly translates the following word in English - DEFENDANT
		
	 
	Réu
	
	Defendendo
	
	Defensor
	
	Defesa
	
	Indefeso
	
		10a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	When translating proverbs it is not correct to say that
		
	
	The wording of proverbs is deeply affected by cultural issues
	
	The translator must concentrate on the meaning of the proverb and find the one in the TL which most suits the original message of the proverb in the SL.
	
	It constitutes a very slippery area for translators mainly because there is usually no direct correspondence
	
	Sometimes there is no correspondence between proverbs in two different languages.
	 
	There is no need of a more careful vision since it does not matter if there is no correspondence between proverbs in different languages