verbos modais

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93PROMILITARES.COM.BR
VERBOS MODAIS
CARACTERÍSTICAS DOS MODALS
A forma infinitiva não apresenta to antes do verbo é sempre 
seguido de infinitivo sem to.
Exemplos:
Mariane can speak Portuguese.
We should take a laptop with us.
Não são acrescidos de s na 3ª pessoa do singular.
Exemplos:
I’m sure Paul can do this for you.
He must be there at 7 am.
O conjunto de formas não é diferente de outros verbos.
Exemplo:
can (infinitivo) — could (passado) — will be able to (futuro) 
Funcionam como auxiliares comuns, tanto na forma afirmativa, 
negativa e interrogativa. 
Na forma interrogativa eles se colocam na frente do sujeito e na 
negativa basta acrescentar o “not” depois do verbo.
Afirmativa: They should wake up earlier.
Negativa: They should not (shouldn’t) wake up earlier.
Interrogativa: Should they wake up earlier?
Interrogativa-negativa: Shouldn’t they wake up earlier? (= 
Should they not wake up earlier?) 
• CAN general ability - habilidade / capacidade
I can speak Chinese. 
I could speak Chinese when I was a kid. 
I will be able to speak Chinese by the time I finish my course.
• CAN permission - permissão
I can drive my mother’s car when she is out of town. 
I was allowed to drive my mother’s car while she was out of town 
last week. 
I can drive my mother’s car while she is out of town next week.
Can I take your can? Yes you can / no you can’t. 
• CAN request - pedido
Can I have a glass of water? 
Can you give me a lift to school? 
(Requests usually refer to the near future.)
• CAN possibility /impossibility - possibilidade/impossibilidade
Anyone can become rich and famous if they win the lottery. 
It can’t cost more than two hundred dollars. 
You can’t be 62! I thought you were about 40 years old. 
(This use is usually a generalization or an supposition.)
• COULD possibility - possibilidade
Paul could be the one who entered to AFA. 
Paul could have been the one who entered to AFA. 
Paul could be charged with the crime when the Polícia Federal 
finish the investigation.
• COULD suggestion - sugestão/ conselho
You could study more. 
You could have spent your vacation in Hawaii. 
You could spend your vacation in Hawaii.
• COULD past ability - habilidade no passado
I could run ten miles in my twenties. 
I could speak Japanese when I was a kid.
I couldn’t run more than a mile in my twenties. 
• COULD polite request - pedido educado
Could I have something to drink? 
Could borrow your stapler? 
• MAY possibility - possibilidade
Paul may be upset. I can’t really tell if he is annoyed or tired. 
Paul may have been upset. I couldn’t really tell if he was annoyed 
or tired.
• MAY permission - permissão
You may leave the classroom now that you’re finished with your 
exercises. 
You were allowed to leave the classroom after you finished your 
exercises. 
You may leave the classroom when you finish your exercises.
• MIGHT possibility - possibilidade
She might be on the subway. I think her car is having problems. 
She might have taken the subway. I’m not sure how she got home. 
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• MUST certainty - certeza
That must be Patrick. They said he was tall with bright red hair. 
That must have been the right school. There are no other schools 
on this street. 
That must not be Patrick. He is supposed to have black hair. 
• MUST (not) prohibition - proibição
You must not walk on that street. It’s dangerous. 
• MUST strong recommendation - forte recomendação
She must take some time off and get some rest. 
She mustn’t drink so much. It’s not good for her. 
• MUST necessity - necessidade
You must have a permit to enter the U.S.A. 
We had to have a permit to enter the U.S.A. 
We must get a permit to enter the park next week. 
We don’t have to get a permit to enter the Quinta da Boa Vista.
• SHOULD recommendation advisability - recomendação/ conselho
People with high cholesterol should eat low fat foods. 
John should have eaten low fat foods. That might have prevented 
his heart attack. 
You really should start eating better.
• SHOULD assumption / expectation / probability - suposição /
expectativa / probabilidade
Peter should be in Salvador by now.
Mary should have arrived in Porto Alegre last week. Let’s call her 
and see what she is up to.
• OUGHT TO recommendation / advisability - recomendação / 
conselho
Frank ought to exercise more.
Frank ought to have exercised more so she would be better 
prepared for the marathon.
• OUGHT TO assumption / expectation / probability - suposição /
expectativa / probabilidade
They ought to have the package by now. 
They ought to have received the package yesterday. 
• HAD BETTER recommendation - recomendação / conselho /
desperate hope
You had better unplug the oven before you try to clean it.
You had better not clean the house before 8 o’clock.
• SHALL future action - ação futura
The manager shall be replaced by someone from the São Paulo 
office.
Paul shall be there by 9:00.
EXERCÍCIOS DE
FIXAÇÃO
01. (MACKENZIE-SP) In the sentence: “You may be wrong, and you 
may be right”, “may” expresses:
a) possibility.
b) permission.
c) ability.
d) deduction.
e) obligation.
02. (NESP) Assinale a alternativa que completa corretamente a frase: 
“Could I__________ earlier tomorrow?”
a) to leave
b) leave
c) leaves
d) left
e) leaving
03. (EEAR 2019) In the famous words by John Lennon: “You may say 
I’m a dreamer but I’m not the only one. I hope someday you’ll join us 
and the world will be as one”, the modal verb in bold indicates that:
a) He knew that he could dream about peace and try to help everybody.
b) He understood that he could be seen as a dreamer.
c) He was not able to dream about peace and love.
d) He considered himself the only dreamer.
04. (UNESP 2018) Leia o texto.
WHEN IT COMES TO POLITICS AND “FAKE NEWS”, 
FACTS AREN’T ENOUGH
In today’s political climate, it sometimes feels like we can’t even 
agree on basic facts. We bombard each other with statistics and figures, 
hoping that more data will make a difference. A progressive person 
might show you the same climate change graphs over and over while 
a conservative person might point to the trillions of dollars of growing 
national debt. We’re left wondering, “Why can’t they just see? It’s so 
obvious!”
Certain myths are so pervasive that no matter how many experts 
disprove them, they only seem to grow in popularity. There’s no shortage 
of serious studies showing no link between autism and vaccines, for 
example, but these are no match for an emotional appeal to parents 
worried for their young children. Tali Sharot, a cognitive neuroscientist 
at University College London, studies how our minds work and how we 
process new information. In her upcoming book, The Influential Mind, 
she explores why we ignore facts and how we can get people to actually 
listen to the truth.
Tali shows that we’re open to new information – but only if it 
confirms our existing beliefs. We find ways to ignore facts that challenge 
our ideals. And as neuroscientist Bahador Bahrami and colleagues have 
found, we weigh all opinions as equally valid, regardless of expertise.
So, having the data on your side is not always enough. For better 
or for worse, Sharot says, emotions may be the key to changing minds.
(Shankar Vedantam. www.npr.org. Adaptado.) 
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No trecho do quarto parágrafo “emotions may be the key to changing 
minds”, o termo sublinhado pode ser substituído, sem alteração de 
sentido no texto, por:
a) must.
b) has to.
c) can.
d) used to.
e) will.
05. (UNESP 2016) Leia o texto para responder às questões abaixo.
GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS
Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived from organisms 
whose genetic material (DNA) has been modified in a way that does 
not occur naturally, e.g. through the introduction of a gene from a 
different organism. Currently available GM foods stem mostly from 
plants, but in the future foods derived fromGM microorganisms or 
GM animals are likely to be introduced on the market. Most existing 
genetically modified crops have been developed to improve yield, 
through the introduction of resistance to plant diseases or of increased 
tolerance of herbicides.
In the future, genetic modification could be aimed at altering 
the nutrient content of food, reducing its allergenic potential, or 
improving the efficiency of food production systems. All GM foods 
should be assessed before being allowed on the market. FAO/WHO 
Codex guidelines exist for risk analysis of GM food.
(www.who.int) 
No trecho do segundo parágrafo “All GM foods should be assessed 
before being allowed on the market.”, o termo em destaque pode ser 
corretamente substituído, sem alteração de sentido, por:
a) could.
b) has to.
c) might.
d) ought to.
e) used to.
06. (ESPM 2015) The question refers to the following comic strip:
In the last strip the modal verb couldn’t could be replaced, without 
changing its meaning, by:
a) mustn’t
b) wasn’t supposed to
c) shouldn’t
d) might not
e) am not able to
07. (EPCAR/CPCAR 2019)
WHAT IS MODERN SLAVERY?
1Slavery did not end with abolition in the 19th century. 2Slavery 
3continues today and harms people in every country in the world.
Women forced into prostitution. People forced to work in 
agriculture, domestic work and factories. Children in 4sweatshops 
producing 5goods sold globally. Entire families forced to work for 
nothing to pay off generational debts. Girls forced to marry older men.
There are estimated 40.3 million people in modern slavery around 
the world, including:
• 10 million children
• 24.9 million people in forced labour
• 15.4 million people in forced marriage
• 4.8 million people in forced sexual exploitation
6Someone is in slavery if they are:
• forced to work – through coercion, or mental or physical threat;
• 7owned or controlled by an ’employer’, through mental or 
physical abuse or the 8threat of abuse;
• dehumanised, treated as a commodity or bought and sold as 
9property’;
• physically constrained or have restrictions placed on their 
freedom of 10movement.
Slavery has been a disgraceful aspect of human society for most 
of human history. However, Anti-Slavery International has refused to 
accept that this bloody status quo should be allowed to persist.
(Aidan McQuade, former director)
FORMS OF MODERN SLAVERY
[...]
11Forced and early marriage – when someone is married against 
their will and cannot leave the marriage. Most child marriages can be 
considered slavery.
[...]
In the topic “Forced and early marriage” (ref. 11), the modal verb can 
be replaced by __________ without changing the meaning.
a) mustn’t
b) shouldn’t
c) doesn’t have to
d) doesn’t need to
08. (EFOMM 2018) Mark the correct alternative.
a) We had better not to call him today.
b) I ought to read this book, oughtn’t I?
c) John is eighteen, so his sister must to be twenty.
d) I suggested she added this book to the list, and she finally would.
e) Last year I lived with my boyfriend but I knew I can live with my 
parents again at any time.
09. (UNIFESP 2018)
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A lacuna no quarto quadrinho deve ser preenchida por:
a) is writing.
b) have written.
c) used to write.
d) might write.
e) could have written.
10. (UNESP 2017) 
QUESTION: IS THERE ANYTHING I CAN DO TO 
TRAIN MY BODY TO NEED LESS SLEEP?
Karen Weintraub 
June 17, 2016
Many people think they can teach themselves to need less sleep, 
but they’re wrong, said Dr. Sigrid Veasey, a professor at the Center for 
Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology at the University of Pennsylvania’s 
Perelman School of Medicine. We might feel that we’re getting by fine 
on less sleep, but we’re deluding ourselves, Dr. Veasey said, largely 
because lack of sleep skews our self-awareness. “The more you 
deprive yourself of sleep over long periods of time, the less accurate 
you are of judging your own sleep perception,” she said.
Multiple studies have shown that people don’t functionally adapt 
to less sleep than their bodies need. There is a range of normal sleep 
times, with most healthy adults naturally needing seven to nine hours 
of sleep per night, according to the National Sleep Foundation. Those 
over 65 need about seven to eight hours, on average, while teenagers 
need eight to 10 hours, and school-age children nine to 11 hours. 
People’s performance continues to be poor while they are sleep 
deprived, Dr. Veasey said.
Health issues like pain, sleep apnea or autoimmune disease can 
increase people’s need for sleep, said Andrea Meredith, a neuroscientist 
at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. A misalignment of 
the clock that governs our sleep-wake cycle can also drive up the need 
for sleep, Dr. Meredith said. The brain’s clock can get misaligned by 
being stimulated at the wrong time of day, she said, such as from 
caffeine in the afternoon or evening, digital screen use too close to 
bedtime, or even exercise at a time of day when the body wants to 
be winding down.
(http://well.blogs.nytimes.com. Adaptado.) 
No trecho do primeiro parágrafo “We might feel that we’re getting 
by fine on less sleep”, o termo em destaque pode ser substituído, sem 
alteração de sentido, por
a) could.
b) ought to.
c) will.
d) should.
e) has to.
EXERCÍCIOS DE
TREINAMENTO
01. (ACAFE 2017) Answer the question based on the text below.
The Brazilian government has ratified its participation in the Paris 
agreement on climate change, a significant step by Latin America’s 
largest emitter of greenhouse gases that could spur other countries 
to follow suit.
With a landmass larger than the continental US, Brazil emits 
about 2.5% of the world’s carbon dioxide and other polluting gases, 
according to United Nations data.
“Our government is concerned about the future,” said President 
Michel Temer during a signing ceremony in Brasilia. “Everything we do 
today is not aimed at tomorrow, but rather at a future that preserves 
the living conditions of Brazilians.”
Temer said Brazil’s ratification would be presented formally to the 
UN later this month.
The Paris agreement will enter into force once 55 countries 
representing at least 55% of global emissions have formally joined it. 
Climate experts say that could happen later this year.
Countries set their own targets for reducing emissions. The 
targets are not legally binding, but nations must update them every 
five years. Using 2005 levels as the baseline, Brazil committed to 
cutting emissions 37% by 2025 and an “intended reduction” of 43% 
by 2030.
In the last decade, Brazil has achieved significant emissions cuts 
thanks to efforts to reduce deforestation in the Amazon and increase 
in the use of energy from hydropower and other renewable sources 
including wind, solar and biomass.
The Paris accord got a boost earlier this month when the US 
president, Barack Obama, and China’s President, Xi Jinping, sealed 
their nations’ participation.
“Brazil is now the next major country to move forward. It will 
add even greater momentum,” said David Waskow, director of the 
International Climate Initiative at the Washington, DC-based think 
tank the World Resources Institute.
(Source: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/sep/13/brazil-ratifies-paris-
agreement-with-pledge-to-sharplyreduce-emissions.)
Why has the author used the modal “must” in the sentence:
“The targets are not legally binding, but nations must update them 
every five years”?
a) Because the author meant to say that the update of nation’s set 
targets every five years is a recommendation.
b) Because the author meant to convey the idea of a future possibility 
of nations update their set targets every five years.
c) Because the author meant to convey the idea of what is right or 
correct to do.
d) Because the author meant to convey the idea of an obligation of 
nations update their set targets every five years.
02. (ESPM 2017) The question refers to thefollowing comic strip:
In the sentence “it had better not be!” in the first frame, the boy:
a) advises his mother not to put in rice in the food.
b) says that they had better food the day before.
c) indicates that he is about to refuse to eat.
d) is thrilled with the possibility of eating the rice.
e) complains that the meal is not better today.
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03. (UFSJ 2012)
CLASSIC ADVERTISING MISTAKE: ARABIC VERSION
A disappointed salesman of Coca Cola returns from his assignment 
in Arabia.
A friend asked, “Why weren’t you successful with the Arabs?”
The salesman explained, “When I got posted in the Middle East, I 
was very confident that I would make a good sales pitch in rural areas. 
But, I had a problem I didn’t know how to speak Arabic. So, I planned 
to convey the message through three posters...”
• First poster – A man lying in the hot desert sand... totally 
exhausted and fainting.
• Second poster – man is drinking our Cola.
• Third poster – Our man is now totally refreshed.
Then these posters were pasted all over the place.
1“That should have worked,” said the friend.
The salesman replied “l didn’t realize that in Arabic you read from 
right to left.”
(Taken from: Clipmarks.com Ava ii able at: http://clipmarks.com/clipmark/BC4C6FAC-
C464-4D58-A4B5-BAOE7267CF79/. Access: August 30th, 2011.)
In the text, the sentence “That should have worked” (ref. 1) means 
that the strategy used by the salesman
a) will work properly, so the salesman can use it.
b) worked as expected in spite of the problems.
c) did not work, but it was a good strategy.
d) will not work and the salesman must not try it.
04. (UNIFESP 2016) Leia o texto.
NOBEL WINNER MALALA OPENS SCHOOL FOR SYRIAN REFUGEES
Sylvia Westall 
July 13, 2015 
Bekaa Valley, Lebanon
Malala Yousafzai, the youngest winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, 
celebrated her 18th birthday in Lebanon on Sunday by opening a 
school for Syrian refugee girls and called on world leaders to invest 
in “books not bullets”. Malala became a symbol of defiance after 
she was shot on a school bus in Pakistan in 2012 by the Taliban for 
advocating girls’ rights to education. She continued campaigning and 
won the Nobel in 2014.
“I decided to be in Lebanon because I believe that the voices of 
the Syrian refugees need to be heard and they have been ignored 
for so long,” Malala told Reuters in a schoolroom decorated with 
drawings of butterflies. The Malala Fund, a non-profit organization 
that supports local education projects, provided most of the funding 
for the school, set up by Lebanon’s Kayany Foundation in the Bekaa 
Valley, close to the Syrian border. The Kayany Foundation, established 
by Syrian Nora Joumblatt in response to Syria’s refugee crisis, has 
already completed three other new schools to give free education to 
Syrian children in Lebanon. The Malala school can welcome up to 200 
girls aged 14 to 18.
“Today on my first day as an adult, on behalf of the world’s 
children, I demand of leaders we 1must invest in books 2instead 
of bullets,” Malala said in a speech. Lebanon is home to at least 
1.2 million of the 4 million refugees that have fled Syria’s war to 
neighboring countries. There are about 500,000 Syrian school-age 
children in Lebanon, but only a fifth are in formal education. “We 
are in danger of losing generations of young Syrian girls due to the 
lack of education,” Joumblatt said in a speech at the opening of the 
school. “Desperate and displaced Syrians are increasingly seeing early 
marriage as a way to secure the social and financial future of their 
daughters. We need to provide an alternative: Keep young girls in 
school instead of being pressured into wedlock.”
Lebanon, which allows informal settlements on land rented by 
refugees, says it can no longer cope with the influx from Syria’s four-
year conflict. More than one in four people living in Lebanon is a 
refugee. The United Nations says the number of Syrian refugees in 
neighboring countries is expected to reach 4.27 million by the end of 
the year. “In Lebanon as well as in Jordan, an increasing number of 
refugees are being turned back at the border,” Malala said. “This is 
inhuman and this is shameful.”
Her father Ziauddin said he was proud she was carrying on her 
activism into adulthood. “This is the mission we have taken for the last 
8-9 years. A small moment for the education of girls in Swat Valley: it 
is spreading now all over the world,” he said.
(www.reuters.com. Adaptado.) 
Termo “must” (ref. 1) pode ser substituído, sem alteração de sentido, por
a) has to.
b) can.
c) might.
d) used to.
e) ought to.
05. (ITA 2018) Leia o que segue abaixo.
GOODBYE THINGS, HELLO MINIMALISM: 
1CAN LIVING WITH LESS MAKE YOU HAPPIER?
Fumio Sasaki owns a roll-up mattress, three shirts and four pairs of 
socks. After deciding to scorn possessions, he began feeling happier. 
He explains why.
Let me tell you a bit about myself. I’m 35 years old, male, single, 
never been married. I work as an editor at a publishing company. I 
recently moved from the Nakameguro neighbourhood in Tokyo, 
where I lived for a decade, to a neighbourhood called Fudomae in a 
different part of town. 2The rent is cheaper, but the move pretty much 
wiped out my savings.
Some of you may think that I’m a loser: an unmarried adult with 
not much money. The old me would have been way too embarrassed 
to admit all this. I was filled with useless pride. But I honestly don’t 
care about things like that any more. The reason is very simple: I’m 
perfectly happy just as I am. The reason? I got rid of most of my 
material possessions.
Minimalism is a lifestyle in which 3you reduce your possessions 
to the least possible. Living with only the bare essentials has not only 
provided superficial benefits such as the pleasure of a tidy room or the 
simple ease of cleaning, 4it has also led to a more fundamental shift. 
It’s given me a chance to think about what it really means to be happy.
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We think that 5the more we have, the happier we will be. 6We 
never know what tomorrow might bring, so we collect and save as 
much as we can. This means we need a lot of money, so we gradually 
start judging people by how much money they have. You convince 
yourself that you need to make a lot of money so you don’t miss out 
on success. And for you to make money, you need everyone else to 
spend their money. And so it goes.
So I said goodbye to a lot of things, many of which I’d had for 
years. And yet now I live each day with a happier spirit. 7I feel more 
content now than I ever did in the past.
I wasn’t always a minimalist. I used to buy a lot of things, believing 
that all those possessions would increase my self-worth and lead to 
a happier life. I loved collecting a lot of useless stuff, and I couldn’t 
throw anything away. I was a natural hoarder of knick-knacks that I 
thought made me an interesting person.
At the same time, though, I was always comparing myself with 
other people who had more or better things, 8which often made me 
miserable. I couldn’t focus on anything, and I was always wasting 
time. Alcohol was my escape, and I didn’t treat women fairly. I didn’t 
try to change; I thought this was all just part of who I was, and I 
deserved to be unhappy.
My apartment wasn’t horribly messy; if my girlfriend was coming 
over for the weekend, I could do enough tidying up to make it look 
presentable. On a usual day, however, there were books stacked 
everywhere because there wasn’t enough room on my bookshelves. 
Most I had thumbed through once or twice, thinking that 9I would 
read them when I had the time.
The closet was crammed with what used to be my favorite 
clothes, most of which I’d only worn a few times. The room was filled 
with all the things I’d taken up as hobbies and then gotten tired of. 
A guitar and amplifier, covered with dust. Conversational English 
workbooks I’d planned to study once I had morefree time. Even a 
fabulous antique camera, 10which of course I had never once put a 
roll of film in.
11It may sound as if I’m exaggerating when I say I started to 
become a new person. Someone said to me: “All you did is throw 
things away,” which is true. 12But by having fewer things around, I’ve 
started feeling happier each day. I’m slowly beginning to understand 
what happiness is.
If you are anything like I used to be – miserable, constantly 
comparing yourself with others, or just believing your life sucks – 13I 
think you should try saying goodbye to some of your things. […] 
Everyone wants to be happy. But trying to buy happiness only makes 
us happy for a little while.
(Fonte: adaptado de <https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/apr/12/goodbye-
things-hello-minimalism-can-living-with-lessmake-you-happier>. 
Acesso em: 21 mai. 2017.)
Marque a opção correta de acordo com o sentido com que os verbos 
modais sublinhados são empregados no texto.
I. Can living with less make you happier? (ref. 1) → para indicar uma 
possibilidade.
II. We never know what tomorrow might bring, (ref. 6) → para 
indicar um estado contrário à realidade.
III. It may sound as if I’m exaggerating… (ref. 11) → para indicar uma 
probabilidade.
IV. I think you should try saying goodbye to some of your things. (ref. 
13) → para dar um conselho.
Estão corretas:
a) I e II.
b) I, II e IV.
c) I, III e IV.
d) II, III e IV.
e) II e IV.
06. (PUC-RJ 2017)
FALCON SOARS INTO SPACE AND LANDS IN THE OCEAN
Musk’s Falcon 9 rocket had just shot 200 km up into space and 
flown almost horizontal to the planet at six times the speed of sound, 
before falling back to Earth. Then, somehow, it landed like a feather 
on a robotic barge in the ocean. The Falcon even found time to put an 
inflatable space habitat into orbit, too.
[...]
Musk must prove that his Falcon 9 rocket can be re-flown with 
modest modifications. After the first SpaceX landing in December, the 
company performed a static firing test of the 1vehicle, 2which went 
well until one of the nine engines showed thrust fluctuations. That 
rocket will stand as a monument outside the company’s headquarters 
in Hawthorne, California. Perhaps the Falcon 9 that landed at sea will 
be flown again.
3“It should fly again,” Musk said Friday. SpaceX will try to return 
the booster back to Cape Canaveral, in Florida, by Sunday. After 
running a series of tests on the Falcon, the company plans to fire its 
engines 10 times in a row on the ground. “If things look good, it will 
be qualified for reuse,” Musk said. “We’re hoping to relaunch it on an 
orbital mission, let’s say by June”, he added. [...]
(By Eric Berger Retrieved and adapted from http://arstechnica.com/science/2016/04/ 
like-a-boss-falcon-soars-into-space-and-lands-in-the-ocean/ 
Access on July 2nd, 2016.)
In the fragment of the text “‘It should fly again,’ Musk said Friday” 
(ref. 3) the modal verb “should” implies an idea of
a) advice.
b) necessity.
c) permission.
d) possibility.
e) request.
07. (UFRGS 2018) A questão a seguir está relacionada ao texto abaixo.
_____1_____ September 11, 2001, at 8:46 A.M., a hijacked 
airliner crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New 
York. At 9:03 A.M. a second plane crashed into the south tower. The 
resulting infernos caused the buildings to collapse, 1the south tower 
after burning for an hour and two minutes, the north tower twenty-
three minutes after that. 2The attacks were masterminded by Osama 
bin Laden in an attempt to intimidate the United States and unite 
Muslims for a restoration of the caliphate.
9/11, as the happenings of that day are now called, has set 
off debates on a vast array of topics. But I would like to explore a 
lesserknown debate triggered by it. Exactly how many events took 
place in New York on that morning _____2_____ September?
3It could be argued that the answer is one. The attacks on the two 
buildings were part of a single plan conceived by one man in service of 
a single agenda. They unfolded _____3_____ a few minutes and yards 
of each other, targeting the parts of a complex with a single name, 
design, and owner. And they launched a single chain of military and 
political events in their aftermath.
Or it could be argued that the answer is two. The towers were 
distinct collections of glass and steel separated by an expanse of 
space, and they were hit at different times and went out of existence 
at different times. The amateur video that showed the second plane 
4closing in on the south tower as the north tower billowed with smoke 
makes the twoness unmistakable: while one event was frozen in the 
past, the other loomed in the future.
The gravity of 9/11 would seem to make this discussion frivolous 
to the point of impudence, a matter of mere “semantics,” as we say, 
with its implication of 5splitting hairs. But the relation of language to 
our inner and outer worlds is a matter of intellectual fascination and 
real-world importance.
_____4_____ “importance” is often hard to quantify, _____5_____ 
this case I can put an exact value on it: 3,5 billion dollars. That was 
the sum in a legal dispute for the insurance payout to Larry Silverstein, 
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the leaseholder of the World Trade Center site. Silverstein’s insurance 
policies stipulated a maximum reimbursement for each destructive 
“event.” If 9/11 comprised a single event, he stood to receive 3,5 
billion dollars; if two, he stood to receive 7 billion. In the trials, the 
attorneys disputed the applicable meaning of the term event. The 
lawyers for the leaseholder defined it in physical terms (two collapses); 
those for the insurance companies defined it in mental terms (one 
plot). There is nothing “mere” about semantics!
(Adapted from: PINKER, Steven. The Stuff of Thought. New York: Penguin, 2007. p. 1-2.)
Consider the following propositions for rephrasing the clause It could 
be argued that the answer is one (ref. 3).
I. One might argue that the answer is one.
II. You could say that the answer is one.
III. They should argue that the answer is one.
If applied to the text, which ones would be correct and keep the literal 
meaning?
a) Only I.
b) Only II.
c) Only III.
d) Only I and II.
e) I, II and III.
08. (UEG 2017) Leia com atenção o texto a seguir e responda à questão.
THE INTERNET OF THINGS
The “Internet of Things” (IoT) is becoming an increasingly 
growing topic of conversation both in the workplace and outside of 
it. It’s a concept that not only has the potential to impact how we live 
but also how we work. But what exactly is the “Internet of Things” 
and what impact is it going to have on you, if any? There are a lot of 
complexities around the “Internet of Things” but we want to stick to 
the basics. Lots of technical and policy-related conversations are being 
had but many people are still just trying to grasp the foundation of 
what the heck these conversations are about.
Let’s start with understanding a few things.
Broadband Internet is becoming more widely available, the cost of 
connecting is decreasing, more devices are being created with Wi-Fi 
capabilities and sensors built into them, technology costs are going 
down, and smartphone penetration is sky-rocketing. All of these 
things are creating a “perfect storm” for the IoT.
So what is the Internet of Things?
Simply put, this is the concept of basically connecting any device 
with an on and off switch to the Internet (and/or to each other). 
This includes everything from cell phones, coffee makers, washing 
machines, headphones, lamps, wearable devices and almost anything 
else you can think of.
So what now?
The new rule for the future is going to be, “Anything that can be 
connected, will be connected.”
(Disponível em: <http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobmorgan/2014/05/13/simple-
explanation-internet-things-that-anyone-can-understand/#29a0a1cd6828>. 
Acesso em: 12 set. 2016. (Adaptado).)
Analisando-se os aspectos estruturaisdo texto, verifica-se que
a) a sentença “more devices are being created” encontra-se na voz 
passiva. Na voz ativa seria “they create many more devices”.
b) a sentença “technology costs are going down,” na forma 
negativa, seria “technology costs be not going down”.
c) na sentença “Let’s start with understanding a few things”, o 
termo “Let´s” é composto pela contração dos vocábulos “Let” 
e “is”.
d) na sentença “Anything that can be connected”, o modal “can” 
apresenta a ideia de possibilidade de ocorrência.
e) na sentença “many people are still just trying”, o termo “many” 
pode ser substituído pelo vocábulo “much”, sem alteração de 
sentido.
09. (UEG 2015) Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.
CATEGORIES OF TERRORIST GROUPS
There are many different categories of terrorism and terrorist 
groups that are currently in use. These categories serve to differentiate 
terrorist organizations according to specific criteria, which are usually 
related to the field or specialty of whoever is selecting the categories. 
Also, some categories are simply labels appended arbitrarily or 
redundantly, often by the media. For example, every terrorist 
organization is by definition “radical”, as terror tactics are not the 
norm for the mainstream of any group.
Separatist. Separatist groups are those with the goal of separation 
from existing entities through independence, political autonomy, or 
religious freedom or domination.
Revolutionary. Dedicated to the overthrow of an established 
order and replacing it with a new political or social structure.
Political. Political ideologies are concerned with the structure and 
organization of the forms of government and communities.
Religious. Religiously inspired terrorism is on the rise. While 
Islamic terrorists and organizations have been the most active, and 
the greatest recent threat to the United States, all of the major world 
religions have extremists that have taken up violence to further their 
perceived religious goals.
International or Transnational. International groups typically 
operate in multiple countries, but retain a geographic focus for their 
activities. Transnational groups operate internationally, but are not tied 
to a particular country, or even region.
(Disponível em: <http://www.terrorism-research.com/groups/categories.php>. 
Acesso em: 05 set. 2014. (Adaptado).) 
A estrutura linguística do texto evidencia que
a) a sentença “There are many different categories of terrorism 
and terrorist group” expressaria uma possibilidade na seguinte 
forma: There may be different categories of terrorism and terrorist 
groups.
b) o termo their na sentença “all of the major world religions have 
extremists that have taken up violence to further their perceived 
religious goals” refere-se a “all of the major world religions”.
c) os vocábulos “currently”, “arbitrarily”, “redundantly” e 
“religiously”, presentes no texto, são advérbios transformados a 
partir de adjetivos, pelo processo de formação por prefixação e 
sufixação.
d) a afirmação “Separatist groups are those with the goal of 
separation from existing entities” responde adequadamente à 
pergunta: What do separatist groups do to achieve their goal?
10. (UDESC 2014) Answer the question, according to text.
ARCHAEOLOGISTS USE DRONES TO STUDY PERU’S RUINS
To get a bird’s-eye view of ancient sites, archaeologists often turn 
to planes, helicopters and even hot air balloons. But today researchers 
have access to more agile and less expensive technology to map, 
explore and protect archaeological treasures: tiny airborne drones.
In Peru – the home of Machu Picchu and other amazing ruins – 
the government is planning to purchase several drones to 5quickly and 
cheaply conduct archaeological surveys in areas targeted for building 
or development, according to Reuters.
Archaeologists working in the country have already been using 
small flying robots to study 4ancient sites, including the colonial 
Andean town Machu Llacta, and the San José de Moro burial grounds, 
which contain the tombs of Moche priestesses. Some researchers have 
even built their own drones for less than $ 2,000, Reuters reported.
“It’s like having a scalpel instead of a club,” Jeffrey Quilter, an 
archaeologist at Harvard University, told the news agency. “You 
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can control it to a very fine degree. You can go up 3 meters and 
photograph a room, 300 meters and photograph a 3site, or you can 
go up 3,000 meters and photograph the entire valley.”
6Cheap and effective drones could be a boon for Peru’s culture 
ministry, which has a modest budget and is tasked with protecting 
more than 13,000 archaeological sites that are threatened by looters, 
squatters and illegal mining, according to Reuters.
Elsewhere robots have 1enabled archaeological discovery. A 
remote-controlled robot the size of a 2lawn mower recently found 
burial chambers inside the Temple of the Feathered Serpent, an 
ancient pyramid in Mexico. And in Russia, researchers used a miniature 
airborne drone to capture images that could be used to create a 3-D 
model of an ancient burial mound.
(www.foxnews.com/tech/2013. Accessed on: 26/08/2013.)
Some of the English grammar points which are present in ref. 6 are:
a) adverb, present simple, present perfect.
b) adjective, modal, relative pronoun.
c) adjectives, passive voice, simple past.
d) future perfect, possessive case, simple present.
e) present perfect, modals, simple past.
EXERCÍCIOS DE
COMBATE
01. (UFSC) Assinale a alternativa correta.
a) You can’t drive a car unless you have a driver’s license.
b) You can’t to drive a car unless you have a driver’s license.
c) You can’t driving a car unless you have a driver’s license.
d) You don’t can drive a car unless you have a driver’s license.
e) You cannot to drive a car unless you have a driver’s license.
02. (FCM/SANTA CASA-SP) She’s so good that there isn’t anything 
she ______do.
a) can’t
b) can
c) may
d) has to
e) isn’t able
03. (EPCAR) “Cyberbullying is getting extremely popular because 
teens can stay anonymous”. The underlined verb expresses
a) possibility.
b) obligation.
c) prohibition.
d) permission.
04. (PUC-CAMPINAS) Mother to child: “You _________ tell lies.”
a) don’t need
b) mustn’t
c) may not
d) don’t must
e) haven’t
05. (EEAR) Select the correct modal verb that fills in the blank in the 
paragraph below.
“Paul feels very sick and dizzy. I think he has been drinking all night 
again. He ____ get out of bed this morning.”
a) will
b) must
c) can’t
d) could
06. (CFOE) “Peter, you must do your homework now.” The underlined 
verb means the same as:
a) have to
b) may
c) should
d) can
07. (FMU/FIAM-SP) You ______ finish your food, if you don’t want to.
a) must
b) don’t need
c) needn’t
d) may not
e) mustn’t
08. (FMU-SP) ________ I smoke here? Yes, but you _____ throw ashes 
on the floor.
a) May – should
b) Might – must not
c) Can – mustn’t
d) Could – ought to
e) Would – shouldn’t
09. (EN) 
– (…) Where did you get this recipe for roast chicken, my dear? Quite 
delicious. 
– It’s the same thing we have every day, Daddy, – replied Annabel.
– Is it really? It tastes quite different this week. Do you have a good 
cook at Hartlepool Hall, Edward? Is Mrs. Horton still there? But she 
______ be. She ______ be dead by now.
a) might not / can’t 
b) can’t / will 
c) can’t / must 
d) shouldn’t / mustn’t 
e) shouldn’t / can’t
10. (EN) Ocean Acidification: It is a direct impact of excessive 
production of CO2. 25% of CO2 is produced by humans. The ocean 
acidity has increased by the last 250 years, but by 2100, it _______ 
shoot up by 150%.
Acid Rain: Acid rain occurs due to the presence of certain pollutants in the 
atmosphere. Acid rain is a known environmental problem that _______ 
have serious effect on human health, wildlife and aquatic species.
a) may / can
b) would / can
c) would / may
d) may / would
e) could / would
GABARITO
EXERCÍCIOSDE FIXAÇÃO
01. A
02. B
03. B
04. E
05. D
06. E
07. A
08. B
09. E
10. A
EXERCÍCIOS DE TREINAMENTO
01. D
02. C
03. C
04. E
05. C
06. D
07. D
08. D
09. A
10. B
EXERCÍCIOS DE COMBATE
01. A
02. A
03. A
04. B
05. C
06. A
07. E
08. C
09. C
10. A