Leia o texto para responder às questões de 11 a 15.

When the glaciologist1 John Moore began studying the Arctic in the 1980s there was an abundance of suitable sites for him to carry out his climate research. The region’s continuous warming means many of those no longer exist. With the Arctic heating up four times faster than the global average, they have simply melted away.

Forty years on, Moore’s research network, the University of the Arctic, has identified 61 potential interventions to slow, stop and reverse the effects of the changing climate in the region. These concepts are constantly being updated and some will be assessed at a conference in Cambridge, where scientists and engineers will meet to consider if radical, technological solutions can buy time and prevent the loss of polar ice caps2.

From sunlight reflection methods to building vast mirrors in space, ideas that were once closer to science fiction have become increasingly common. “None of these ideas are going to fix everything,” says Moore, adding that part of the issue will be to balance the potential cost against the perceived benefit.

Among the interventions identified by Moore to slow, stop and reverse the effects of the climate emergency in the Arctic, some have been significantly researched already. But many ideas have rarely been tested in practice, require enormous funds or have little chance of being done at sufficient scale. “It’s very easy to go wrong, and no one knows the right path,” Moore says. “You proceed all the time with local benefits, and in the end, hope there can be global benefits.”

(Oren Gruenbaum. www.theguardian.com, 25.06.2025. Adaptado.)
De acordo com o quarto parágrafo, as intervenções para reduzir os efeitos da emergência climática no Ártico:
(A) foram concebidas a partir de experiências regionais e atestadas por órgãos internacionais de pesquisa.
(B) foram propostas pela primeira vez pela equipe do glaciólogo John Moore, ainda na década de 1980.
(C) têm por objetivo alcançar benefícios locais, que podem eventualmente se transformar em ganhos globais.
(D) têm sido constantemente testadas, a fim de garantir seus efeitos práticos e não apenas teóricos.
(E) foram financiadas por grandes fundos internacionais, para que pudessem ser empregadas em larga escala.