AULA_06_-_ESA_2024

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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ESA 
2024 
AULA 06 
Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
Prof. Leonardo Pontes 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
Sumário 
1. INTRODUÇÃO 3 
2. QUESTION WORDS 4 
What 4 
Which 5 
When 7 
Where 8 
Why 8 
Who/Whom 9 
Whose 11 
How 12 
3. CONTRACTION 14 
Contractions with letter “s” 14 
Contraction: verb to be 16 
Contraction: do and did 17 
contraction: will 18 
Contraction: verb have in the present perfect 18 
contraction: verb have in the past 20 
contraction: Modal verbs 21 
Contraction: ain’t 22 
4. QUANTIFIERS 23 
5.0 QUESTÕES DE PROVAS ANTERIORES 26 
5.1 GABARITO 94 
6. QUESTÕES COMENTADAS 95 
7.0 VERSÕES DAS AULAS 196 
8.0 REFERÊNCIA BIBLIOGRÁFICA 196 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
9.0 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS 197 
 
1. Introdução 
 Vamos, então, à nossa aula sobre alguns tópicos que estão sempre presentes nas provas: 
Question Words, Contraction e Quantifiers. 
 As Question Words são os pronomes interrogativos, e são utilizados para elaborar 
perguntas que trazem a ideia de lugar, tempo, razão/motivo, maneira, entre outros 
 As Contractions, ou contrações em português, são as palavras que trazem o apóstrofo e 
são utilizadas para encurtar e tornar mais simples o uso da língua no cotidiano dos falantes 
nativos. 
 Os Quantifiers são as palavras utilizadas para atribuir noção de quantidade às coisas das 
quais falamos, sendo que temos substantivos contáveis e incontáveis, que são determinantes 
para sabermos qual determinante usar em cada situação. 
Ter conhecimento sobre esses temas é algo que, certamente, deixará você um passo mais 
próximo da aprovação. 
Conte comigo nesse processo e vamos juntos até o seu nome aparecer na lista de aprovados!!! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
2. Question Words 
Os Question Words são pronomes interrogativos utilizados para elaborar perguntas em 
Inglês. Eles são empregados antes dos verbos auxiliares e modais para se questionar algo. Vale 
lembrar que, em Português, podemos transformar qualquer afirmação em pergunta somente 
mudando a entonação, mas não em Inglês, como você tem visto em nossas aulas. 
Muitas vezes, os question words são chamados Wh Questions porque eles contêm as letras 
“W” e “H” em sua estrutura, veja: 
• What (O quê/qual); 
• Which (O quê/qual); 
• When (Quando); 
• Who (Quem); 
• When (Quando); 
• Why (Por quê); 
• How (Como), entre outros que estudaremos. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
What 
What significa o quê/qual e é usado para perguntar sobre objetos, situações, assuntos 
diversos e tudo aquilo que não sabemos. É o Wh question mais genérico de todos e, 
consequentemente, o mais usado em textos dos mais variados tipos. 
A pergunta feita com WHAT é genérica, como abaixo, qual é o seu nome, endereço, o que 
você gosta, que horas são e o que você faz, a resposta pode ser qualquer uma e não possui 
escolhas, como entre duas ou mais coisas que você goste. 
Se perguntar “do que você gosta?” – What do you like, a resposta pode ser o que vier em 
sua mente, diferente de WHICH, que veremos a seguir. 
 
 
 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
WHAT
WHAT'S	
YOUR	
NAME?	
WHAT'S	
YOUR	
ADDRESS?
WHAT	DO	
YOU	LIKE?
WHAT	
TIME	IS	
IT?
WHAT	DO	
YOU	DO?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Which 
Which também significa o quê/qual porém, é usado quando temos opções limitadas, 
escolhas. Enquanto what é usado para perguntas de um modo geral, o which é usado quando são 
oferecidas opções de respostas. 
Por exemplo, a pergunta sobre o que você gosta – “What do you like?”, usando o which, 
você, provavelmente, precisaria escolher algo que gosta, como: “Which do you like, pizza or ice-
cream?”, em que sua resposta tem que ser uma das duas ou mais opções. 
Veja outros exemplos: 
 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
WHICH
WHICH	NAME	
DO	YOU	
PREFER,	TOM	
OR	JOHN?	
WHICH	CITY	
WOULD	YOU	
LIVE,	NEW	
YORK	OR	
LONDON?
WHICH	DO	
YOU	LIKE	IN	
THE	MORNING,	
MILK	OR	
JUICE?
WHICH	KIND	
OF	MOVIE	DO	
YOU	LIKE	THE	
MOST,	
SUSPENSE	OR	
DRAMA?
WHICH	JOB	IS	
BETTER,	
BEING	A	
TEACHER	OR	
A	LAWYER?
WHAT DO	YOU	EAT	IN	
THE	MORNING? WHICH DO	YOU	EAT	IN	THE	
MORNING,	BREAD	OR	TOAST?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
WHEN?
WHEN	IS	
YOUR	
BIRTHDAY?	
WHEN	DID	
YOU	
GRADUATE?
WHEN	DO	
YOU	GO	TO	
THE	GYM?
WHEN	WILL	
YOU	TRAVEL	
AGAIN?
WHEN	ARE	
YOU	GOING	
TO	DECIDE?
When 
When significa quando e é usado para saber sobre tempo/período ou ocasião - quando 
algo aconteceu, acontece ou irá acontecer. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
WHERE?
WHERE	IS	
YOUR	
SCHOOL?	
WHERE	DO	
YOU	WORK	
OUT?
WHERE	DID	
YOU	GO	
YESTERDAY?
WHERE	WILL	
YOU	
GRADUATE?
WHERE	CAN	
YOU	LEAVE	
YOUR	CAR?
Where 
Where significa onde e é usado para saber sobre local, localização. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Why 
Why significa por que e é usado para saber o motivo, a razão de algo acontecer, ter 
acontecido ou o porquê de aquilo acontecer. A resposta é sempre because – why para perguntar 
e because para responder. 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
WHY?
WHY ARE	YOU	
TIRED?	
BECAUSE	I	
STUDIED	A	
LOT.
WHY DO	YOU	
STUDY?	
BECAUSE	I	
WANT	TO	BE	
APPROVED.
WHY DID	YOU	
GET	LATE?	
BECAUSE	OF	
THE	TRAFFIC.
WHY	WILL	
YOU	TRAVEL?	
BECAUSE	I'M	
ON	VACATION.
WHY ARE	YOU	
LEAVING?	
BECAUSE	I	
HAVE	TO	GO.		
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Who/Whom 
Who e Whom significam quem, para saber sobre pessoas mas, são usados em diferentes 
situações – enquanto who tem a função de sujeito, whom tem a função de objeto, como vou 
mostrar abaixo. 
Se a pergunta for “Quem é o ator principal desse filme?”, é “Who is this movie leading 
actor?” (a resposta do who será o ator, que é o sujeito da pergunta). 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
WHO?
WHOM?
WHO ARE	
YOU	
TALKING	TO?	
WHO IS	YOUR	
TEACHER?	
WITH	WHOM	
DID	YOU	GO	
OUT?	
TO	WHOM	
SHOULD	I	
TALK?	
WHO IS	THE	
AUTHOR?	
WHOM IS	
THIS	STORY	
ABOUT?
Mas, se a pergunta for “Sobre quem é esse filme?”, é “Whom is this movie about?” (a 
resposta será sobre quem é o filme, sendo o sujeito da frase o filme e não sobre quem é). Sobre 
quem é o objeto. O whom faz exatamente esse papel: de objeto direto ou indireto nas frases. 
E ainda podem aparecer perguntas com preposições, como a preposição “to” no seguinte 
exemplo: “To whom was she talking?” (Com quem ela estava falando?), também na função de 
objeto. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / QuantifiersWHOSE?
WHOSE PEN	IS	
THIS?	
WHOSE	
TEACHER	IS	
THE	BEST?	
WHOSE	ARE	
THOSE	BOOKS?	
WHOSE	CARDS	
ARE	THOSE?	
WHOSE BOOK	IS	
THIS?
Whose 
Whose significa de quem e é usado para saber quem é o dono de algo, para saber a quem 
pertence alguma coisa. É sempre seguido de um nome e um verbo. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
HOW?
HOW ARE	
YOU	
DOING?	
HOWMANY
STUDENTS?	
HOW	MUCH	
MONEY?		
HOW	OLD
ARE	YOU?	
HOW FAR
IS	YOUR	
WORK?	
HOW	TALL	
ARE	YOU?
HOW	BIG	
IS	YOUR	
HOUSE?	
HOW	
OFTEN	DO	
YOU	
STUDY?
HOW	HIGH	IS	
THE	
MONUMENT?	
HOW	FAST	
IS	THAT	
BUS?	
How 
Usamos a Question Word HOW (como) quando queremos perguntar a forma como algo é 
feito e a condição ou qualidade. Veja alguns exemplos abaixo e outros para melhor compreensão. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outros exemplos: 
 
How was your class? - Como está sua aula? 
How do you cook vegetables? - Como você cozinha verduras? 
How do you know his name? - Como você sabe o nome dele? 
How can I speak English fast? - Como eu posso falar Inglês rápido? 
 
How old: usado para perguntar a idade de alguém ou algo. 
How old is you mother? Quantos anos tem sua mãe? 
How old is this building? Quantos anos tem esse edifício? 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
How long: usando para perguntar há quanto tempo, quanto tempo. 
How long have you been studying? Há quanto tempo você tem estudado? 
 
How far: usando para perguntar a distância entre uma coisa e outra. 
How far is the hotel from the school? Qual é a distância entre o hotel e a escola? 
 
How many: quantos - usado para substantivos contáveis, quando o plural é possível. 
How many students can you see? Quantos alunos você consegue ver? 
 
How much: quanto - usado para substantivos incontáveis, quando o plural não é possível. 
How much money do you need? Quanto de dinheiro você precisa? 
How much sugar would you like? Quanto de açúcar você gostaria? 
 
Preparei uma tabela para você: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
3. Contraction 
Contractions – as contrações em Inglês – são termos que, muitas vezes, deixam as pessoas 
em dúvida porque, apesar de ser um recurso considerado facilitador da comunicação, pode gerar 
confusão na hora da leitura e, é claro, na comunicação em geral. 
Uma contração pode ser definida como uma forma reduzida de uma palavra ou uma 
combinação de palavras. As contrações são formas encurtadas de certas palavras, com a omissão 
de algumas letras. 
Quando um falante da língua inglesa se expressa (seja um americano ou um britânico ou 
de qualquer lugar em que se fala Inglês como língua oficial), é típico que essas pessoas, já 
familiarizadas com sua língua materna, falem um pouco mais rápido e usem abreviações e 
contrações, assim como nós, brasileiros, usamos algumas também quando falamos e escrevemos. 
Mas, algumas contrações são usadas com outro propósito, que não é a informalidade ou 
gíria mas, por sua vez, utilizadas por causa de regras específicas que estabelecem seu uso, como 
veremos adiante. 
As Contrações acontecem quando, basicamente, há uma omissão de algumas letras e a 
adição do apóstrofo para sinalizar e mostrar que ali há uma palavra contraída. Ou, para indicar 
posse, como estudaremos, entre outras funções. Vejamos algumas das contrações mais comuns. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Contractions with letter “s” 
Quando pensamos em contractions, a primeira coisa que vem à nossa mente são palavras 
que, possuem contrações e apóstrofos em sua composição porque não estão sendo usadas de 
acordo com as regras que as regem. E, ainda imagina-se que, palavras com apóstrofos, estão 
abreviadas porque estão sendo usadas informalmente mas não é sempre assim. 
No caso de palavras com contrações que utilizam o apóstrofo e a letra “s”, pode ser que 
estejamos diante de um caso de posse, ou seja, demonstrando que algo pertence a alguém. Trata-
se do Genitive Case, quando o apóstrofo “s” é utilizado para indicar a posse de algo. 
Veja: 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
• Roger has a computer. (Roger tem um computador). 
• Roger’s computer is modern. (O computador de Roger é moderno). 
 
 
O apóstrofo em união à letra “s” no final de substantivos, tem a função de posse em relação 
ao sujeito da frase. 
Outro caso em que usamos essa estrutura é quando queremos nos referir a um grupo ou 
uma família, por exemplo, dizer que a casa de praia é da família Smith – “This is the Smith’s beach 
house (Essa é a casa de praia dos “Smith”). 
Veja outro exemplo: 
 
• This is the Hangton’s dog. (Este é o cachorro dos Hangton – dessa família). 
 
 
É importante lembrar que, em palavras já terminadas em “s”, quando vamos demonstrar 
posse, usa-se apenas o apóstrofo, sem letra “s”, veja: 
 
• No reply is my favorite Beatles’ song. (No reply é a minha música dos Beatles favorita). 
 
Como o nome da banda é The Beatles e já possui a letra “s” no fim da palavra, apenas se 
acrescenta o apóstrofo e a condição de posse é estabelecida. Por isso, cuidado se, na prova, 
houver alternativas dizendo que as contrações são formas de abreviar sempre com a intenção de 
diminuir palavras ou poupar tempo. 
Vimos que, algumas vezes, a estrutura com “‘s” são exemplificações de frases que indicam 
posse. E o apóstrofo, junto à letra “s”, também pode ser o verbo to be, como veremos agora. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
Contraction: verb to be 
Já estudamos o verbo to be na aula sobre tempos verbais e vimos as possíveis contrações 
mas, não falamos das particularidades que podem aparecer em provas de vestibular em relação 
à letra “s”, quando você precisa definir se é verbo to be ou verbo have, ambos na terceira pessoa, 
usados com apóstrofo e a letra S. 
Primeiro, vamos relembrar a conjugação com as devidas abreviações no presente e 
passado: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Observe que, para os sujeitos He, She e It, no presente, foi mostrada a forma da contração 
apenas representada pelo apóstrofo e a letra “s”. 
Na construção do tempo verbal Presente Perfect, devemos utilizar o verbo “to have”como 
auxiliar, conforme visto na aula de verbos. Quando temos esse tempo verbal conjugado na 
terceira pessoa do singular, ou seja, com os sujeitos He/She/it, pode-se contrair o auxiliar “has”, 
formando as palavras she’s / He’s / It’s, referindo-se a she has / He has / It has. 
Aposto que, ao ler este último parágrafo, você já percebeu onde mora o problema, não é? 
Por exemplo, She’s pode significar She is ou She has. Você somente poderá diferenciar essas 
contrações analisando o contexto no qual elas estão inseridas. 
Se o contexto sugere uma qualidade ou um estado (cansado, satisfeito, doente etc.), então 
a contração será do verbo to be (is). Mas caso o contexto sugira uma ação sendo executada, então 
estamos falando do verbo TO HAVE sendo utilizado no Present Perfect. 
Outra dica é perceber se, depois da contração, há um verbo conjugado no particípio, pois 
esse verbo é parte da estrutura do Present Perfect, veja: 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
• HE IS = HE’S 
• HE HAS = HE’S 
• HE IS INTERESTING (Ele é interessante) – A contração fica: HE’S INTERESTING. 
• HE HAS DONE A GREAT JOB. (Ele fez um excelente trabalho) - A contração fica: HE’S DONE A GREATJOB. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Contraction: do and did 
Também já estudamos os auxiliares do e did na aula sobre tempos verbais. Estão aqui 
devidamente citados para relembrar a estrutura de cada um deles. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
contraction: will 
O auxiliar will, também já estudado na aula de tempos verbais, como uma das formas de 
se demonstrar o que ainda vai acontecer, possui as seguintes formas com contrações: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A dica aqui é apenas prestar atenção para não confundir palavras terminadas em “ll” (bell, 
well, doll, bull, entre outras) com palavras abreviadas e que usam o apóstrofo e duas letras “L” 
(He’ll.., she’ll..., they’ll...), certo? 
 
 
 
 
 
Contraction: verb have in the present perfect 
Já falamos brevemente sobre a contração do verbo TO HAVE, quando parte da estrutura 
do Present Perfect. Vamos ver mais detalhadamente e observar alguns exemplos para entender 
melhor. 
 Em relação ao auxiliar have, devemos ficar atentos sobre as contrações com apóstrofo, 
pois, nas terceiras pessoas do singular (he, she, it), a estrutura ficará igual às contrações do verbo 
to be, apenas com a letra “s”. 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
Para não confundir você, observe se há um verbo no particípio após o apóstrofo com “s” 
pois, como estudamos nos tempos verbais, se, logo após o “has”, conjugado para as terceiras 
pessoas, houver um verbo no particípio, é a estrutura convencional de Present Perfect. 
E, analisando dessa forma, confirma-se que a contração encontrada é o apóstrofo com s 
(‘s) de “has” e não de “is”, certo? Veja as contrações para todos os sujeitos e exemplos: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
She’s studied a lot = She has studied a lot. (Ela tem estudado muito/Ela estuda muito) 
She’s a good student = She is a good student. (Ela é uma boa aluna.) 
 
 
Assim como o verbo to have no presente pode gerar confusão em relação à abreviação do 
verbo to be quando é apóstrofo e a letra s, o verbo to have no passado também gera dúvidas em 
relação a um auxiliar que já estudamos. Vejamos agora para deixar claras as diferenças. 
 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
contraction: verb have in the past 
Em relação ao auxiliar have conjugado no passado, devemos ficar atentos sobre as 
contrações com apóstrofo e a letra “d”, pois a estrutura ficará igual às frases em que se utilizam 
contrações do auxiliar would, apenas com a letra “d”. 
Para não confundir você, observe se há um verbo no particípio após o apóstrofo com “d” 
pois, como estudamos, se, logo após o “had”, houver um verbo no particípio, estamos diante da 
estrutura convencional de Past Perfect. Analisando dessa forma, se o próximo verbo não estiver 
no particípio e sim no infinitivo (forma original), a contração é would (‘d). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
• She’d studied a lot before she passed the test = She had studied a lot before she passed the 
test. (Ela tinha estudado muito/Ela estudou muito) 
• She’d study if she had time = She would study if she had time. (Ela estudaria se tivesse tempo.) 
 
 
 
 
Agora, vejamos contrações com os verbos modais. 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
contraction: Modal verbs 
Os verbos modais, quando usados com as contrações, em suas formas negativas, ficam 
conforme o quadro abaixo. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
As contrações dos verbos modais são fáceis de serem identificadas já que, muitas vezes, 
ao invés de aparecer as formas abreviadas, é mais comum aparecer o “not” junto ao verbo modal. 
E , no caso do “can”, o not vem “colado” palavra com palavra, veja exemplos de alguns 
modais mais comuns em textos: 
 
• She cannot go = She can’t go. (Ela não pode/não consegue ir) 
• She should not go = She shouldn’t go. (Ela não deveria ir) 
• She must not go = She mustn’t go. (Ela está proibida de ir) 
 
 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
Agora, vejamos um exemplo de contraction que é muito comum na linguagem falada dos 
nativos da língua, porém gramaticalmente incorreta e, portanto, raramente presente nos textos 
de prova, mas pode aparecer em diálogos informais ou charges ou como demonstração de frases 
informais. 
 
Contraction: ain’t 
A contração “ain’t” pode significar muitas palavras negativas. É um termo que pode 
substituir e representar as contrações am not, is not, are not, don’t, doesn’t, didn’t, there isn’t, 
there aren’t, has not e have not. Veja exemplos: 
 
• I ain’t working now = I’m not working now. (Eu não estou trabalhando agora). 
• He ain’t worried about it = He isn’t worried about it. (Ele não está preocupado com isso). 
• She ain’t good at Geography = She isn’t good at Geography. (Ela não é boa em Geografia). 
• They ain’t the best students = They aren’t the best students. (Eles não são os melhores alunos). 
• I ain’t got a car = I haven’t got a car. (Eu não tenho um carro). 
• I ain’t know that = I didn’t know that. (Eu não sabia disso). 
• You ain’t seen everything! = You have not seen everything! (Você não viu tudo!) 
• Ain’t no one like you= There isn’t anyone like you. (Não há ninguém como você). 
• Ain’t no friends like you, guys. = There aren’t friends like you, guys. (Eu não tenho um carro). 
• He ain’t heard anything = He hasn’t heard anything. (Ele não ouviu nada). 
 
 Essa forma “ain’t” de negação não é comum nos textos de prova mas, como eu disse sobre 
todas as abreviações e contrações que usamos, podem aparecer palavras em tirinhas, charges ou 
no meio de um texto, para fazer algum tipo de referência. 
Agora, vamos estudar os Quantifiers. 
Let’s go!!!! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
4. Quantifiers 
 Os determinantes – quantifiers, são expressões usadas para indicar informações a respeito 
da quantidade de alguma coisa. Para estudar e entender bem os tipos de quantifiers, é importante 
lembrar de quando estudamos os substantivos. 
 Você lembra que havia substantivos classificados com contáveis – countable – aqueles que 
podemos contar, não necessitando de nenhuma unidade de medida, permitindo a forma singular 
e plural, e os substantivos incontáveis – uncountable – que não podemos contar, tornando-se 
necessária uma unidade de medida ou o uso de quantidades indeterminadas (muito, pouco...). 
 Esses substantivos só apresentam a forma singular. Agora vejamos os quantifiers que mais 
aparecem na sua prova: 
 
 
 
 
“Much”, “Many” e “A Lot of” 
 As três palavras indicam a mesma coisa: uma grande quantidade. No entanto, o uso de 
cada um depende exatamente do tipo de substantivo que há na frase: 
 
• “Much” é usado nos casos de substantivos não-contáveis. 
Example: How much sugar do you need? A few. Quanto de açúcar você precisa? Um pouco. 
 
• “Many” é usado nos casos de substantives contáveis. 
Example: How many students are there? Six. Quantos estudantes estão lá? Seis. 
 
• “A lot of” é usado em ambos os casos. 
Example: I have a lot of things to do. Eu tenho muitas coisas pra fazer. 
 I have a lot of work to do. Eu tenho muito trabalho a fazer 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
“Too” e “So” 
Esses dois pronomes são usados para intensificar algo. A diferença é que “too” dá a 
impressãode exagero, às vezes com uma ideia negativa, enquanto “so” indica uma grande 
quantidade, sempre com ideia positiva. 
 
Examples: There is too much traffic jam in SP. = Há congestionamento demais em SP. 
 
 I love you so much. = Eu te amo muito. 
 
 
 
 
“Little”, “Few” e “Enough” 
Os quantifiers “little” e “few” significam uma pequena quantidade de alguma coisa. A 
diferença entre os dois é que enquanto “little” se refere aos substantivos não-contáveis, “few” se 
refere aos contáveis. 
 
Examples: There are few people in the classroom. = Há poucas pessoas na sala de aula. 
 
 Add a little sugar, please. = Adicione um pouco de açúcar, por favor. 
 
 
 
Por sua vez, “enough” se refere a algo suficiente, podendo ser usado tanto para substantivos 
contáveis como incontáveis. 
 
Examples: There isn’t enough food. = Essa comida não é suficiente/ não é o bastante. 
 
 I drove fast enough to get there in time. Eu dirigi rápido o suficiente/ o bastante para chegar 
lá na hora. 
 
 
 
 
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AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
Então, “enough” significa suficiente ou bastante, certo? Mas não basta saber a tradução. 
preciso saber como usar enough em Inglês de forma correta. Afinal, enough pode ser usado com 
várias classes gramaticais em inglês. 
 
 Mas, o que importa mesmo é aprender como identificar enough nos textos da sua prova. 
Ainda podemos usar enough em algumas expressões fixas, veja: 
 
ü Enough is enough! I don’t want to argue anymore. (Já chega! Não quero mais discutir.) 
 
ü I’m just annoyed with her because she’s behaved so badly. Fair enough! ( Eu só estou chateada com 
ela porque ela se comportou muito mal. Nada mais justo!) 
 
ü I can’t eat anymore. I’ve had enough. (Não aguento mais comer. Estou satisfeito/cheio.) 
 
ü I’ve had enough of your excuses (Já estou cheio de suas desculpas/cansado de suas desculpas.) 
 
ü The doctors tried everything they could, but it was not enough to save him. (Os médicos tentaram 
tudo que podiam, mas não foi suficiente para salvá-lo.) 
 
ü You’ve been practicing the flute all afternoon. Enough! (Você tocou flauta a tarde inteira. Basta! 
Chega!) 
 
Vamos aos exercícios para praticar os assuntos abordados na aula de hoje e massificar o 
conteúdo em sua mente. 
Let’s go! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
5.0 QUESTÕES DE PROVAS ANTERIORES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1. (Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/INÉDITA) 
In “I was wondering if you’d like to come and spend a few days at the shore.” (lines 9 and 10), the 
underlined letter is a contracted form of: 
 
a) had 
b) did 
c) would 
d) do 
Read the dialogue and answer questions 2 and 3. 
 
Child: Mom, uncle Tom looks so sleepy and tired. 
Mom: He may have stayed up all night. 
 
2. (Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/2016) “May”, in bold type in the dialogue, expresses 
 
a) impossibility. 
b) possibility. 
 
 
 27 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
c) permission. 
d) certainty. 
 
3. (Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/2016) “So”, underlined in the text, is closest in meaning 
to 
 
a) such 
b) much 
c) many 
d) very 
 
Read the paragraph below and answer question 4. 
In 1829, a poor tailor in Paris, Barthelémy Thimonnier, invented the first sewing machine in the 
world and made eighty of them. 
 
4. (Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/2016) Which of the following questions cannot be 
answered with information from the text? 
 
a) Where did the inventor of the first sewing machine die? 
b) Who was the inventor of the first sewing machine? 
c) When was the first sewing machine invented? 
d) How many sewing machines were made? 
 
Read the text and answer question 5. 
Spain warned of dire impact of second coronavirus lockdown 
As officials across Spain wrestle with a surge in coronavirus cases, a chorus of voices is warning 
that another lockdown could have dire consequences for a country that just months ago 
emerged from one of Europe’s strictest confinements. 
While cases of the virus have climbed across Europe, Spain has led the pack in recent days. 
More than 78,000 cases have been detected in the past two weeks, pushing the 14-day infection 
rate to 166 per 100,000, compared with 67 in France and 22 in the UK. 
The steady rise has raised the spectre of fresh lockdowns in the coming weeks, particularly in 
Madrid where unions have warned that the primary care system is “on the edge of collapse”, 
due to a lack of staff and testing resources. 
“If things continue as they are going, we’ll probably have to return to some sort of 
confinement, at least partially,” José Felix Hoyo Jiménez of the Spanish non-profit Médicos del 
Mundo told the broadcaster TeleMadrid on Monday. While the recent rise had been steady, it 
was likely to be less pronounced than what the country experienced in March and April, he 
added. 
Adapted from (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/25) 
 
5. (Estratégia Militares 2020 - Inédita) 
According to the text, choose the best response. 
 
 
 28 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
In “As officials across Spain wrestle with a surge in coronavirus cases.”, we can infer 
that___________. 
a) the authorities are embracing the surge in coronavirus cases 
b) the authorities are enjoying the surge in coronavirus cases 
c) the authorities are accepting the surge in coronavirus cases 
d) the authorities are fighting against the surge in coronavirus cases 
 
Read the text and answer questions 6 and 7 
Ugandan gorillas in Bwindi park have 'baby boom' 
Five baby gorillas have been born in six weeks in Bwindi National Park, leading the Ugandan 
Wildlife Service (UWS) to declare a baby boom. 
 Announcing the latest birth, the UWS said: "The Rushegura gorilla family welcomes another 
bouncing cute baby gorilla". 
 Seven babies have been born since January compared to three for the whole of 2019, 
according to the UWS. 
 Mountain gorillas are endangered with just over 1,000 in existence. 
 The UWS told the BBC that this year was unprecedented for gorilla births but it is not clear why 
there has been this uptick. 
 The five recent births were to different families, not to the same family, as we initially 
reported. 
 BBC Africa correspondent Catherine Byaruhanga says the baby boom comes as the parks are 
testing out visits to primate locations, which were stopped due to coronavirus. 
 In March, most of Uganda's tourism sector was shut down and the industry is slowly opening 
up but primates are of particular concern as they share so much of our DNA. 
 Now, small groups of visitors are allowed into protected areas as new safety procedures, such 
as wearing face masks and social distancing, are tried out. 
 Poaching has also been a major worry for authorities especially during the lockdown. 
 In July, a man was sentenced to 11 years in prison over the killing of Rafiki, a silverback gorilla 
in Bwindi. 
 Around 400 gorillas live in Bwindi, in 10 family groups. 
 The mountain gorilla species is restricted to protected areas in the Democratic Republic of 
Congo, Rwanda and Uganda. 
 As well as in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, they can also be found in a network of parks 
in the Virunga Massif range of mountains which straddle the borders of the three countries. 
 In 2018, the mountain gorilla was removed from the list of critically endangered species by the 
International Union for Conservation of Nature, after intensive conservation efforts, including 
anti-poaching patrols, paid off. 
 The IUCN now classifies the species as endangered. 
(Adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53997900)6. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) According to the text, we can infer that __________ 
 
a) The Rushegura gorilla family has been without new cubs for a while 
b) There was a rise in the birth of baby gorillas in Uganda 
 
 
 29 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
c) The births of gorilla pups did not contribute to the direction of the species' existence 
d) Despite the high in 2020, the year of 2019 had more births of baby gorillas 
 
7. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) According to the text, the mountain gorilla 
 
a) Nowadays, it is an endangered species 
b) Was never a species considered endangered 
c) It was once an endangered species but today it is no longer 
d) Has always been considered an endangered species 
 
Read the paragraph and answer questions 8 and 9 
Trump Isn’t Here to Serve the People 
He has shown that we need new laws to constrain a president who seeks unchecked power. 
Desperate to salvage his presidency, Donald Trump is inciting racial violence by encouraging 
armed vigilantes to confront protesters angry over the killing and maiming of unarmed Black 
people by the police. The president is stoking civil conflict to distract voters from his failed 
leadership and strengthen his electoral prospects. 
(Adapted from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/01/opinion/trump-corruption-
democracy.html) 
 
8. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) According to the paragraph, is correct to say that 
 
a) President Trump does not support racial violence 
b) President Trump is trying to deceive the people 
c) The protests against racial violence are peaceful 
d) Trump isn’t trying to save his presidency 
 
9. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) “salvage”, underlined in the paragraph, has the 
same meaning as 
 
a) Redeem 
b) Abandon 
c) Forfeit 
d) Deliver 
 
Read the comic strip and answer question 10 
 
 
 30 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
 
(Adapted from https://www.gocomics.com/calvinandhobbes/2020/10/12) 
 
 
10. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) Choose the best alternative according to the comic 
strip 
 
a) The little boy likes going to bed early 
b) The little boy has an erroneous impression of his parents' wishes 
c) The little boy can do what he wants 
d) The little boy has the same desires as his parents 
 
Read the comic strip and answer question 11 and 12 
 
(Adapted from https://comics.azcentral.com/slideshow?comic=dt) 
 
11. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) Choose the best alternative to complete the blank 
 
a) No. 
b) Does it. 
c) At all. 
d) Doesn’t it. 
 
12. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) Choose the best alternative according to the comic 
strip 
 
a) The employee’s statement was used against him 
b) The employer got happy because his employee worked fast 
 
 
 31 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
c) The employer thinks the employee deserves more money than he earns 
d) Both of them are happy with the employee’s performance 
 
Read the text and answer questions 13 and 14 
A 12-year-old found a 69 million-year-old dinosaur fossil while hiking with his dad 
 Nathan Hrushkin _____ to be a paleontologist for as long as he can remember, and the 12-
year-old has already made a significant discovery. 
 He found a partially unearthed dinosaur fossil while hiking with his dad this summer at a 
conservation site in the Horseshoe Canyon in the Badlands of Alberta, Canada. 
 "It's pretty amazing to find something that's like real, like an actual dinosaur discovery," he told 
CNN. "It's kind of been my dream for a while." 
 The fossil was a humerus bone from the arm of a juvenile hadrosaur -- a duck-billed dinosaur 
that lived about 69 million years ago, according to a news release from the Nature Conservancy 
of Canada. 
 Nathan and his dad, Dion, had found bone fragments in the area on a previous hike and 
thought that they might have washed down from farther up the hill. 
 They were just finishing lunch when Nathan climbed up the hill to take a look. 
 "He called down to me, he's like, 'Dad, you need to get up here,' and as soon as he said that I 
could tell by the tone in his voice that he found something," Dion Hrushkin said. 
 Nathan said the fossil was very obvious and it looked like "a scene on a TV show or a cartoon or 
something." 
 They sent pictures of the bone to the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology, which identified 
the fossil and sent a team of paleontologists to the site. 
 Fossils are protected by law in Alberta, and the NCC said that it is important that people don't 
disturb any fossils they may find. 
 The crew has been working at the site for about two months and uncovered between 30 and 
50 bones that came from a single young hadrosaur that was about three or four years old, 
according to the statement. 
 Hadrosaur bones are the most common fossils found in Alberta's badlands, but few juvenile 
skeletons have been found, the statement said. It was also found in a layer of rock that rarely 
preserves fossils. 
 "This young hadrosaur is a very important discovery because it comes from a time interval for 
which we know very little about what kind of dinosaurs or animals lived in Alberta," François 
Therrien, the Royal Tyrrell Museum's curator of dinosaur palaeoecology, said in the statement. 
"Nathan and Dion's find will help us fill this big gap in our knowledge of dinosaur evolution." 
 The fossils were very close together, so the paleontologists removed large pieces of the 
surrounding rock from the canyon walls. 
 One of the fossil-rich slabs weighed about 1,000 pounds and was more than four feet wide, 
according to Carys Richards, a communications manager with the NCC. 
 Nathan had heard of the hadrosaur before his big find but said it wasn't the most well-known 
dinosaur. 
 It's probably his favorite now -- beating out the wildly popular Tyrannosaurus rex. 
 Nathan and his dad have come to watch the dig several times since the discovery and were 
there on Thursday when the team was hauling out the last specimens. 
 
 
 32 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
 "It was pretty fun to be there and watch them do their things," Nathan said. 
(Adapted from https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/16/world/canada-dinosaur-find-12-year-old-trnd-scn/index.html) 
 
13. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) Choose the best alternative according to the text 
 
a) Although unexpected, Nathan's discovery was not important 
b) The work with fossils from the crew of paleontologists is not easy and fast 
c) The dinosaur found by Nathan was already well known, as well as the time it lived 
d) Nathan was not very impacted by the discovery 
 
14. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) According to the text, we can infer that 
 
a) Finding something rare is impossible 
b) Nathan and his father were intrigued by the discovery only the day it happened 
c) The most unexpected can happen at any time 
d) Despite being a small animal in stature, it was a huge discovery 
 
Read Text VI to do questions 15 and 16 according to it 
 
Text VI 
 
Apple Electric Car 
The Apple company changed business with electronics when it made the first iPhone. In 
2015, Apple started to think about making an electric car without a driver, and a lot of 
people think that it will be special, too. 
Nobody really knows much about Apple´s plans for an electric car because the company 
keeps they secret. To build a factory for electric cars takes a lot of time, and it costs a lot of 
money. It seems that Apple will work together with a company which makes cars. Last week, 
two Korean automakers Hyundai and Kia saidthat they were not working with Apple on an 
electric car, and it is not clear which company would like to work with Apple. 
Sales of electric cars are growing fast in Europe. Experts say that there could be around 800 
million electric cars in 2050. 
 
15. (Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/INÉDITA – Leonardo Pontes) “To build a factory for 
electric cars takes a lot of time, and it costs a lot of money”. The expression “a lot of” can 
be replaced by: 
 
a) lots 
b) many 
c) a mount of 
d) a lots of 
e) few 
 
 
 
 33 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
16. (Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/INÉDITA – Leonardo Pontes) “and a lot of people think 
that it will be special, too”. The expression “a lot of” can be replaced by: 
 
a) many 
b) a mount of 
c) a lots of 
d) little 
e) a great deal of 
 
Read Text VII to do question 17. 
 
Text VII 
 
Smart Gym 
During the coronavirus pandemic, many gyms had to close. At the same time, many people 
spent a lot of time at home. They worked from home and sick people had to stay in 
quarantine. Business with smart gyms started to grow quickly. 
Smart gym is a fitness tool which people use at home. You have your own training plan, and 
you can also be a part of a community of other people who exercise at home. Smart gym is 
really clever because it can check how you move, and it makes the exercise easier or harder. 
You can share your progress with other people, and they can help you work harder. This is 
very important now when people mustn’t go to a gym. 
Smart gym is not cheap and it can cost more than 1,000 dollars. Some companies believe 
that more people will use smart gyms in the future and that the coronavirus pandemic only 
made this change quicker. 
 
17. (Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/INÉDITA – Leonardo Pontes) The modal verb mustn’t, 
bolded in the text means 
 
a) inability. 
b) obligation. 
c) permission. 
d) prohibition. 
e) probability. 
 
Read Text VI to do question 18 based on it. 
 
Text VI 
 
Are Planes Safe 
Regulators, insurers, and experts are warning airlines to take extra care when reactivating 
planes that were left in extended storage during the COVID-19 pandemic. 
The sudden fall in global air travel meant that an unprecedented number of planes had to be 
parked on runways. At one point, two thirds of the global fleet were put on the ground. 
 
 
 34 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
Now, as planes are returning to the skies, regulators worry about maintenance errors, pilots 
being out of practice, and even insect nests blocking key sensors. 
This year, there´s been a sharp rise in the number of poor landings, and some of them 
resulted in crashes. According to European regulators, this year has also seen an alarming 
rise in incidents involving wrong air speed or altitude readings. Long periods out of service 
also raise worries, including contaminated fuel and drained batteries in emergency systems. 
 
18. (Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/INÉDITA – Leonardo Pontes) “This year, there´s been a 
sharp rise…”. The contraction ('s) means 
 
a) is 
b) was 
c) has 
d) as 
e) genitive case. 
 
Read Text VII to do question 19 based on it. 
 
Text VII 
 
Love Of My Life 
 
Love of my life, you've hurt me 
You've broken my heart, and now you leave me 
Love of my life, can't you see? 
Bring it back, bring it back 
Don't take it away from me 
 
Because you don't know 
What it means to me 
Love of my life, don't leave me 
You've taken my love, and now desert me 
Love of my life, can't you see? 
Bring it back, bring it back 
Don't take it away from me 
 
Because you don't know 
What it means to me 
You will remember 
When this is blown over 
And everything's all by the way 
When I grow older 
I will be there at your side to remind you 
How I still love you (I still love you) 
 
 
 35 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
 
Back, hurry back 
Please, bring it back home to me 
Because you don't know 
What it means to me 
 
Love of my life 
Love of my life 
Ooh, ooh 
 
Queen 
 
 
19. (Estratégia Militares 2020 – EEAR/INÉDITA – Leonardo Pontes) The modal verb CAN’T, 
bolded in the text means 
 
a) request. 
b) obligation. 
c) permission. 
d) prohibition. 
e) inability. 
 
Directions: Answer question 20. 
 
TEXT I 
 
Many COVID-19 patients lost their sense of smell. Will they get it back? 
 
 IN EARLY MARCH, Peter Quagge began experiencing COVID-19 symptoms, such as chills and 
a low-grade fever. As he cut pieces of raw chicken to cook for dinner one night, he noticed 
he couldn’t smell the meat. “Must be really fresh,” he remembers thinking. But the next 
morning he couldn’t smell the Dial soap in the shower or the bleach he used to clean the 
house. “It sounds crazy, but I thought the bleach had gone bad,” he says. When Quagge 
stuck his head into the bottle and took a long whiff, the bleach burned his eyes and nose, but 
he couldn’t smell a thing. 
 The inability to smell, or anosmia, has emerged as a common symptom of COVID-19. 
Quagge was diagnosed with COVID-19, though he was not tested, since tests were not 
widely available at the time. He sought anosmia treatment with multiple specialists and still 
has not fully recovered his sense of smell. 
 Case reports suggest that anywhere between 34 and 98 percent of hospitalized patients 
with COVID-19 will experience anosmia. One study found that COVID-19 patients are 27 
times more likely than others to lose their sense of smell, making anosmia a better predictor 
of the illness than fever. 
 
 
 36 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
 For most COVID-19 patients who suffer anosmia, the sense returns within a few weeks, and 
doctors don’t yet know if the virus causes long-term smell loss. While not being able to smell 
may sound like a small side effect, the results can be devastating. The sense is intricately tied 
up in self-preservation—the ability to smell fire, chemical leaks, or spoiled food—and in our 
ability to pick up on complex tastes and enjoy food. 
 “So many of the ways we connect with each other is over meals or over drinks,” says Steven 
Munger, director of the Center for Smell and Taste at the University of Florida. “If you can’t 
fully participate in that, it creates a sort of social gap.” 
 Smell even plays a role in our emotional lives, connecting us to loved ones and memories. 
People without smell often report feeling isolated and depressed and losing their enjoyment 
in intimacy. Now scientists are starting to unravel how COVID-19 affects this critical sense, 
hoping those discoveries will help thousands of newly anosmic people looking for answers. 
What the nose knows 
 The olfactory system, which allows humans and other animals to smell, is essentially a way 
of decoding chemical information. When someone takes a big sniff, molecules travel up the 
nose to the olfactory epithelium, a small piece of tissue at the back of the nasal cavity. Those 
molecules bind to olfactory sensory neurons, which then send a signal by way of an axon, a 
long tail that threads through the skull and delivers that message to the brain, which 
registers the molecules as, say, coffee, leather, or rotting lettuce. 
 Scientists still don’t fully understand this system, including exactly what happens when it 
stops working. And most people don't realize how common smell loss really is, Munger says. 
“That lack of public understanding means there’s less attention to try to understand the 
basic functions of the system.” 
People can lose their sense of smell after suffering a viral infection, like influenza or the 
common cold, or after a traumatic brain injury. Some are born without any senseof smell at 
all or lose it because of cancer treatments or diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. It 
may also fade as people age. While smell disorders aren’t as apparent as hearing loss or 
vision impairment, data from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) show that nearly 25 
percent of Americans over the age of 40 report some kind of change in their sense of smell, 
and over 13 million people have a measurable disorder like anosmia, the total loss of smell, 
or hyposmia, a partial loss. Such conditions can last for years or even be permanent. 
 It’s not clear if COVID-19 anosmia is different from other instances of smell loss caused by a 
virus, but those who experience anosmia due to COVID-19 appear to be unique in a few 
ways. First, they notice the loss of the sense immediately because it’s not accompanied by 
the congestion or stuffiness that generally characterizes the early stages of virally induced 
anosmia. 
 “It’s very dramatic,” says Danielle Reed, associate director of the Monell Chemical Senses 
Center in Philadelphia, which studies smell and taste loss. “People just cannot smell 
anything.” 
 Another notable difference is that many patients with COVID-19 who report losing their 
sense of smell get it back relatively quickly, in just a few weeks, unlike most people who 
experience anosmia from other viruses, which can last months or years. 
 Quagge estimates he’s recovered about 60 percent of his sense of smell so far, but he says 
in the early days, without any information about when or if he’d ever get it back, he was 
 
 
 37 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
scared. An avid amateur chef, he had to rely on his family to tell him if the milk was bad, and 
he couldn’t smell his wife’s perfume. “Stuff that gets to your soul,” he says. “It bummed me 
out.” 
(Adapted from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/08/thousands-covid-19-patients-lost-sense-smell-will-get-back-
cvd/) 
 
20. (Estratégia Militares – 2020 – Inédita) Mark the option that can replace the word "very" 
in the eleventh paragraph without changing its meaning. 
 
a) a lot. 
b) really. 
c) also. 
d) to. 
 
Directions: Answer question 21 according to TEXT I. 
 
TEXT I 
 
Facebook complies with Brazilian judge’s order to block 12 accounts accused of running a 
fake news network 
 Facebook announced Saturday it has obeyed a Brazilian judge’s order for a worldwide block 
on the accounts of 12 of President Jair Bolsonaro’s supporters who are under investigation 
for allegedly running a fake news network. 
 Supreme Court Justice Alexandre de Moraes said Friday night that the company had failed 
to fully comply with a previous ruling ordering the accounts to be shut down, saying they 
were still online and publishing by changing their registration to locations outside Brazil. 
 Facebook issued a statement saying it complied due to the threat of criminal liability for an 
employee in Brazil. 
 But it called the new order “extreme,” saying it poses a “threat to freedom of expression 
outside of Brazil’s jurisdiction and conflicting with laws and jurisdictions worldwide.” The 
company said it would appeal to the full court. 
 Facebook also argued it had complied with the previous order by “restricting the ability for 
the target Pages and Profiles to be seen from IP locations in Brazil”. 
 “People from IP locations in Brazil were not capable of seeing these Pages and Profiles even 
if the targets had changed their IP location”, the company said. 
Moraes said that Facebook ought to pay $ 367,000 in penalties for not complying with his 
previous decision during the last eight days. 
 He also had ruled Twitter should block the accounts. While Twitter said then the decision 
was “disproportionated” under Brazil’s freedom of speech rules and that it would appeal, 
the targeted profiles were disabled. 
 Moraes is overseeing a controversial investigation to determine whether some of 
Bolsonaro’s most ardent allies are running a social media network aimed at spreading 
threats and fake news against Supreme Court justices. 
 The probe is one of the main points of confrontation between Bolsonaro and the Supreme 
Court. 
 
 
 38 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
 The president himself filed a lawsuit last week demanding the accounts to be unblocked. 
(Adapted from https://time.com/5874695/facebook-blocks-accounts-worldwide/) 
 
21. (Estratégia Militares – 2020 – Inédita) Read the extract from the text. 
“Alexandre de Moraes said Friday night that the company had failed to fully comply with a 
previous ruling ordering the accounts to be shut down” Choose the correct question for the 
sentence below. 
 
a) What was the supreme statement on Facebook’s first attitude? 
b) At first, did Facebook comply with the order of Alexandre de Moraes? 
c) What was the final answer from Facebook to the Brazilian Supreme Court Justice? 
d) Were the accounts blocked? 
e) Who is Alexandre de Moraes? 
 
Directions: Answer question 22 according to TEXT II. 
 
TEXT II 
 
Lagos’s poor lament COVID fallout: “we don’t see the virus, we see suffering”. 
 
 Lockdown has tipped many working-class Nigerians from struggle to crisis. 
 Drawing open the curtains in Alapere, Lagos, unveils a sea of shanty roofs and watery-
coloured housing blocks. “We don’t see any virus but we see suffering,” says Juliana Chokpa, 
a 38-year-old cleaner. 
 This working-class Lagos community has been reeling from job losses, a collapse in informal 
services, and rising food and transport costs. The pandemic, Chokpa says, has wrought a 
swift descent from struggle into crisis. 
 Her pay of 35,000 naira (£70) a month, working in a lavish home 20 miles away in Banana 
Island, was suddenly halved in March when her employers left the country as coronavirus 
cases began to rise. Weeks later, with government lockdown measures taking hold, her 
husband, a driver for an international corporate firm, was told his pay would be cut by two-
thirds because the staff he had been driving were working from home. 
“What do we do? Things are a struggle and we have children. They don’t know what these 
difficulties mean. They just want to know they can have their cereal, can enjoy things. 
Sometimes we borrow, sometimes we get help from people. It’s only God sustaining us,” she 
says. 
 In areas such as Alapere, the fallout from the pandemic has tipped economic ecosystems 
over the edge. While Juliana wealthier employers’s have been affected by the lockdown, 
they are better insulated from the disruption. The knock-on effects further down the chain 
are more profound. 
 “Cooks, cleaners, house-helps, they’ve lost their jobs or had their salaries reduced. It’s the 
same thing: their bosses have travelled, or have less income so can’t pay them like before,” 
she says. 
 
 
 39 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
 Transport costs have doubled since the government introduced social distancing, limiting 
passenger numbers to half of normal capacity. Transport providers, also contending with 
rising fuel costs, responded by raising fares. For millions on low incomes, increases of 200 
naira (£0.40) are upending. “My husband stays at work during the week now because to go 
back and forth is too expensive,” she says. Now she often has to care for their four children 
alone. 
 For Africa’s largest economy, the pandemic has precipitated a crisis at a time when many 
people were already in difficulty. 
 The government have quickly responded with financial help, including loans to medium and 
small business and cash transfers to some poor and vulnerable households. While the 
programs are likely to have an impact, criticisms have grown that they do not effectively 
target those in need.“The very poor such as the artisans and rural farmers are likely to be 
financially excluded,” Ekeruche said. A national register collated by the government to 
identify poorer citizens eligible for social welfare, only captures a fraction of those requiring 
help. 
 Already, 82 million Nigerians live on less than $1 a day. Nigeria’s economy was predicted to 
contract by 5.4%, the International Monetary Fund said, while the government anticipated 
that unemployment could rise by half to 33%. 
For many people, the pain of the economic fallout from the coronavirus outbreak feels 
inexplicable. 
 Omozuanfo Fatima, 25, an architecture graduate, helps run her mother’s stall. “I don’t 
know anyone who has the virus, nobody has been sick or died, so to be honest we don’t 
understand why all of this should be happening. None of us are wearing masks,” she says, 
“but we’re all fine.” 
 A lack of trust in the government, often derided as corrupt, has hampered any sense of 
shared sacrifice to help reduce the outbreak. Many people bemoan that the measures have 
not been adapted to the realities for working people. 
 Blessing Apara inherited her mother’s fruit and vegetable stall at Obalende 14 years ago. 
“I’ve never remembered it being this bad,” she says. “I’ve lowered my prices to get 
customers but I’m making half of what I used to. I’m just praying it all turns around.” 
(Adapted from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/14/lagoss-poor-lament-covid-fallout-we-dont-see-the-virus-we-see-
suffering) 
 
22. (Estratégia Militares – 2020 – Inédita) Read the extract from the text. 
“For Africa’s largest economy, the pandemic has precipitated a crisis at a time when many 
people were already in difficulty”. Mark the alternative with the correct question to the 
sentence below. 
 
a) Did everyone in Africa feel the economic effects of the pandemic? 
b) How many people were affected by the pandemic, in Africa? 
c) Considering the pandemic situation, how is the economy in Africa developing? 
d) Can the pandemic be considered the last straw for many African citizens? 
e) Can you define how is the current situation of Africa’s economy? 
 
 
 
 40 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
Directions: answer question 23 according to TEXT I 
 
The World Health Organization Declares Africa Polio-Free 
 
 Nobody will ever know the identity of the thousands of African children who were not killed 
or paralyzed by polio this year. They would have been hard to keep track of no matter what 
because in ordinary times, they would have followed thousands last year and thousands the 
year before and on back in a generations-long trail of suffering and death. 
 Instead, no African children were claimed by polio this year or last year or the year before. 
It was in 2016 that the last case of wild, circulating polio was reported in Nigeria—the final 
country on the 54-nation African continent where the disease was endemic. And with a 
required multi-year waiting period now having passed with no more cases, the World Health 
Organization today officially declared the entirety of Africa polio-free. A disease that as 
recently as the late 1980s was endemic in 125 countries, claiming 350,000 children per year, 
has now been run to ground in just two remaining places, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where 
there have been a collective 102 cases so far in 2020. That’s 102 too many, but there is no 
denying the scope of the WHO announcement. 
 “Today’s victory over the wild poliovirus in the African region is a testament to what can 
happen when partners from a variety of sectors join forces to accomplish a major global 
health goal,” says John Hewko, general secretary and CEO of Rotary International. “[It is] 
something the world can and should aspire to during these turbulent times.” 
 It was Rotary, an international nonprofit service organization, that kicked off the polio 
endgame in 1988 with the launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI). That 
program aimed to leverage the power of Rotary’s 35,000 clubs and 1.22 million members in 
200 countries and territories worldwide to make polio only the second human disease—after 
smallpox—to be pushed over the brink of extinction. The job was made easier by the 
partners Rotary immediately attracted: the WHO, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and 
Prevention (CDC) and UNICEF. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation joined in 2007, 
followed by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, just last year. The 32-year initiative has depended on 
volunteer workers and charitable donations, which together have produced an army of 20 
million field workers administering vaccines to over 2.5 billion children at a cost of $17 
billion. 
 Some countries were a lighter lift than others. In the U.S. the disease was eradicated in 
1979, well before the GPEI even began its work. Other nations followed: In 1994 the 
Americas were declared polio-free. Europe as a whole got a clean bill of health in 2002, when 
all 53 countries in the WHO’s designated European region were declared free of the virus. 
Massive vaccination efforts began in India in 1997, which eradicated the virus in 2014. 
 
How Polio Was Eradicated from the African Continent 
 But Africa, with its vast sprawl of village populations, long distances to urban hospitals, 
spotty infrastructure like adequate roads and reliable “cold chains”—refrigerated transport 
networks to keep vaccines viable—was always going to present special challenges. In 1996, 
when the case count on the continent regularly reached 75,000 victims every year, South 
African President Nelson Mandela partnered with Rotary to launch the “Kick Polio Out of 
 
 
 41 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
Africa” Campaign, and the group scrambled fast—or as fast as was possible with so many 
children to vaccinate on so vast a land mass. In 2000, the first synchronized campaigns began 
in 17 countries, with 76 million children being vaccinated by tens of thousands of volunteers. 
The work fanned out across the continent from there, including an especially heavy push 
from 2008 to 2010, when an outbreak in 24 countries in western and central Africa was met 
by a large-scale, multi-national vaccination of 85 million children. 
 Finally, Nigeria stood alone as the only African nation where the disease was still endemic, 
in part because of resistance by religious leaders in the northern part of the country who 
objected western interference in local affairs and claimed that the vaccine was unsafe. That 
opposition broke down, partly thanks to Muhammad Sanusi II, the Emir of the city of Kano—
a hereditary leader descended from a ruling family—who appeared at a public ceremony 
before the kick off of a seasonal vaccination campaign in 2016, called for a vial of polio 
vaccine to be brought to the stage, and with the audience watching, broke its seal and drank 
down its entire contents. That year, the country recorded its last case of polio, and this year, 
Nigeria’s WHO certification is the reward for its efforts. 
 “The polio eradication program in Nigeria has gone through some difficult times, but I never 
once doubted that this day would come,” says Dr. Tunji Funsho, a former cardiologist who is 
the chair of Rotary International’s Polio-Plus Committee in Nigeria. “Any time that we’ve 
experienced a setback, Rotary and our partners have been able to find solutions and develop 
new strategies for reaching vulnerable children.” 
(Adapted from https://time.com/5883233/africa-declared-polio-free/) 
 
23. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) Mark the option with the suitable question to 
answer the underlined fragment below 
 
“Instead, no African children were claimed by polio this year or last year or the year 
before…” (paragraph 2) 
 
a) How does polio affect African children?b) When was the last case of polio recorded in Africa? 
c) How many African children have been victims of polio in recent years? 
d) How many people have been victims of polio in Africa? 
 
Read Text II to do question 24 based on it 
 
TEXT II 
 
Does Wearing Glasses Protect You From Coronavirus? 
 
 When researchers in China were analyzing hospital data of patients with Covid-19, they 
noticed an odd trend: Very few of the sick patients regularly wore glasses. 
 In one hospital in Suizhou, China, 276 patients were admitted over a 47-day period, but 
only 16 patients — less than 6 percent — had myopia or nearsightedness that required them 
to wear glasses for more than eight hours a day. By comparison, more than 30 percent of 
 
 
 42 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
similarly aged people in the region needed glasses for nearsightedness, earlier research had 
shown. 
 Given that the rate of nearsightedness appeared to be so much higher in the general 
population than in the Covid ward, the scientists wondered: Could wearing glasses protect a 
person from becoming infected with coronavirus? 
 “Wearing of eyeglasses is common among Chinese individuals of all ages,” wrote the study 
authors. “However, since the outbreak of Covid-19 in Wuhan in December 2019, we 
observed that few patients with eyeglasses were admitted in the hospital ward.” 
 The observation “could be preliminary evidence that daily wearers of eyeglasses are less 
susceptible to Covid-19,” the authors speculated. 
 Experts say it’s too soon to draw conclusions from the research — or recommend that 
people start wearing eye protection in addition to masks in hopes of lowering their risk for 
infection. 
 It may be that eyeglasses act as a partial barrier, protecting eyes from the splatter of a 
cough or sneeze. Another explanation for the finding could be that people who wear glasses 
are less likely to rub their eyes with contaminated hands. 
 The current study, published in JAMA Ophthalmology, was accompanied by a commentary 
from Dr. Lisa Maragakis, an infectious disease specialist and associate professor of medicine 
at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, who urged caution in interpreting the results. 
 The study was small, involving fewer than 300 cases of Covid-19, a tiny fraction of the 
nearly 30 million reported cases of coronavirus infection around the world. Another concern 
is that the data on nearsightedness in the comparison group were gleaned from a study that 
took place decades earlier. 
 And Dr. Maragakis noted that any number of factors could confound the data, and it may 
be that wearing glasses is simply associated with another variable that affects risk for Covid-
19. For example, it could be that people who wear glasses tend to be older, and more careful 
and more likely to stay home during a viral outbreak, than those who do not wear glasses. Or 
perhaps people who can afford glasses are less likely to contract the virus for other reasons, 
like having the means to live in less crowded spaces. 
 “It’s one study,” Dr. Maragakis said. “It does have some biological plausibility, given that in 
health care facilities, we use eye protection,” such as face shields or goggles. “But what 
remains to be investigated is whether eye protection in a public setting would add any 
protection over and above masks and physical distancing. I think it’s still unclear.” 
 Health care workers wear protective equipment over their eyes to protect them from 
droplets that can fly from coughs and sneezes, as well as aerosolized particles that form 
when patients undergo medical procedures, such as intubation. But for the vast majority of 
people, that extra level of protection probably isn’t needed if a person is wearing a mask and 
keeping physical distance in public spaces. There’s also the possibility of introducing risk by 
wearing glasses — some people might touch their faces more when they put on glasses, 
rather than less, noted Dr. Maragakis. 
 That said, more study is needed to see if the trend holds up in other study populations, said 
Dr. Thomas Steinemann, a spokesman for the American Academy of Ophthalmology and 
professor of ophthalmology at MetroHealth Medical Center in Cleveland. 
 “I think it’s provocative, and it’s extremely interesting,” Dr. Steinemann said. 
 
 
 43 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
(Adapted from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/16/well/live/does-wearing-glasses-protect-you-from-
coronavirus.html?surface=home-living-
vi&fellback=false&req_id=153492936&algo=identity&imp_id=364422693&action=click&module=Smarter%20Living&pgtype=Homepa
ge) 
 
 
24. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) The vast majority of people 
 
a) Must wear eyeglasses as an extra level of protection 
b) Mustn’t wear eyeglasses as an extra level of protection 
c) Have to wear eyeglasses as an essential level of protection 
d) Perhaps, don’t need to wear eyeglasses if they’re respecting social distance and the use 
of mask 
e) Shouldn’t wear both eyeglasses or masks 
 
Observe this comic strip to do item 25 
 
(https://www.thecomicstrips.com/comic-strip/Pickles/2020-09-17/184837) 
 
25. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) About Earl, we can assume that 
 
a) He thinks that he is helping enough at home 
b) He is helping just enough at home 
c) He didn’t collaborate with his wife 
d) He doesn’t care about helping around the house 
e) He was cleaning the house 
 
26. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) Match the questions and answers 
 
I. How many clothes do you have at your closet? 
II. How is Erica? 
III. How much water do you have in a day? 
IV. Whose son is Daniel? 
V. What does Jennifer do? 
 
 
 
 44 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
( ) A few 
( ) He’s hers 
( ) A little 
( ) She is a firefighter 
( ) She’s fine 
 
a) III – IV – I – V – II 
b) I – IV – III – V – II 
c) I – II – IV – V – III 
d) III – II – IV – I – V 
e) I – IV – II – III – V 
 
Leia o texto a seguir e responda a questão 27. 
 
COVID-19 Has Killed Nearly 200,000 Americans. How Many More Lives Will Be Lost Before 
the U.S. Gets It Right? 
 
 Forty-five days before the announcement of the first suspected case of what would become 
known as COVID-19, the Global Health Security Index was published. The project—led by the 
Nuclear Threat Initiative and the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security—assessed 195 
countries on their perceived ability to handle a major disease outbreak. The U.S. ranked first. 
 It’s clear the report was wildly overconfident in the U.S., failing to account for social ills that 
had accumulated in the country over the past few years, rendering it unprepared for what 
was about to hit. At some point in mid-September—perhaps by the time you are reading 
this—the number of confirmed coronavirus-related deaths in the U.S. will have passed 
200,000, more than in any other country by far. 
 If, early in the spring, the U.S. had mobilized its ample resources and expertise in a coherent 
national effort to prepare for the virus, things might have turned out differently. If, in 
midsummer, the country had doubled down on the measures (masks, social-distancing rules, 
restricted indoor activities and public gatherings) that seemed to be working, instead of 
prematurely declaring victory, things might have turned out differently. The tragedy is that if 
science and common sense solutions were united in a national, coordinated response, the 
U.S. could have avoided many thousands of more deaths this summer. 
(Adapted from https://time.com/5887432/coronavirus-united-states-failure/) 
 
 
27. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) Choose the statement in which the word far is 
used with the samemeaning as in paragraph 2 
 
a) Why did you go so far? 
b) You are too far from school 
c) So far, we haven´t done anything 
d) I am prettier than you by far 
e) This is not working, as far as I know 
 
 
 45 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
 
Leia o texto a seguir e responda a questão 28. 
 
(Título omitido propositalmente) 
 
The numbers point to a second wave. Without strong action, hospitalisations will increase 
and deaths will follow 
 As Spain, France and Germany start ___(1) struggle with rising Covid-19 cases, alarm bells 
are ringing again in the UK. Over the weekend, 3,000 new people tested positive for Covid-19 
in a 24-hour period, and dozens of schools in England and Wales have reported outbreaks. 
While the number of hospitalisations is still low, the trajectory of the US, France and Spain 
suggest that hospitalisations tend to follow increased case numbers by several weeks. It’s 
impossible to have a high number of infections and community transmission and not have 
vulnerable or elderly individuals hospitalised. They live with and among all of us. 
 It’s worth remembering that case numbers now aren’t comparable to those in March. 
Before, tests were only done on people who had been admitted to hospital. Now, 
symptomatic people are being tested outside of hospitals and in the community, along with 
their contacts. This means that we’re picking up infections and positive cases that we 
weren’t previously testing ___(2). 
 Nonetheless, after enduring the considerable pain of a prolonged lockdown, nobody wants 
to see the UK going backwards on the progress it has made. As numbers rise, ministers face 
difficult decisions about how to get on top of this situation and ensure schools remain open. 
If ___(3) government doesn’t do anything and lets the virus spread, hospitalisations will 
increase, deaths will follow and ministers will be blamed for not doing enough to suppress 
the virus. 
(Adapted from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/08/coronavirus-cases-rising-uk-second-wave) 
 
 
28. (2020 – Estratégia Militares – Inédita) What is the question the author refers to when he 
says “Over the weekend, 3,000 new people tested positive for Covid-19 in a 24-hour 
period…”? (paragraph 1) 
 
a) How is the number of daily cases of Covid-19? 
b) What is the total number of Covid-19 cases in the UK? 
c) How is the UK dealing with the pandemic situation? 
d) How many people tested positive for coronavirus throughout the pandemic? 
e) What was the government’s last move to fight the coronavirus? 
 
Leia o texto a seguir e responda a questão 29. 
 
“Hello”, said a quiet, musical voice. 
 
I looked up, stunned that he was speaking to me. He was sitting as far away from me as the 
desk allowed, but his chair was angled toward me. His hair was dripping wet – he looked like 
 
 
 46 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
someone in a commercial for hair gel. His dazzling face was friendly, open, a slight smile on 
his flawless lips. But his eyes were careful. 
“My name is Edward Cullen,” he continued. “I didn’t have a chance to introduce myself last 
week. You must be Bella Swan.” 
My mind was spinning with confusion. He was perfectly polite now. I had to speak; he was 
waiting. But I couldn’t think of anything conventional to say. 
“H-how do you know my name?” I stammered. 
He laughed a soft laugh. 
“Oh, I think everyone knows your name. The whole town was waiting for you to arrive.” 
MEYER, S. Twilight. New York: Megan Tingley Books, 2006. Page 43 
 
 
29. (Estratégia Militares 2020 – EsPCEx/2012) 
According to the sentence “I looked up, stunned that he was speaking to me.”, Bella 
[A] didn’t expect Edward to approach her. [B] was feeling comfortable. 
[C] didn’t want to be friends with Edward. [D] didn’t want to talk to Edward. 
[E] was offended by Edward’s attitude. 
 
Leia o texto a seguir, extraído do livro He knows too much, e responda a questão 30. 
 
Chapter 1 - Madras 1986 
“He knows too much. I must ask you to do nothing.” 
“But this time I caught him in the act. I have proof, witnesses, everything. There is no 
possible doubt.” 
“I said he knows too much! The company can’t afford to have any problems. Our position is 
very sensitive in this country. We can’t afford to take risks. I am telling you once again – you 
will do nothing. And if there is any trouble, I’m afraid I shall have to hold you personally 
responsible. So be sensible for once in your life.” 
“I see. So you are telling me to close my eyes to corruption and behave as if nothing has 
happened. Is that right?” 
“I didn’t put it quite like that. But, if you insist, yes. What Vish does or doesn’t do is a minor 
matter compared with the company’s global strategy. Just try to get things in perspective. 
After all, you won’t be stuck in Madras for ever – I’ll make sure that you are not. So just go 
with the flow for a bit longer. When you’re in your next post this will all seem a very long 
way away, I can assure you. But meantime, no trouble. I hope I’ve made myself clear. Oh, 
and, by the way, I advise you to forget that we have had this conversation. Goodbye.” 
Dick Sterling put the phone down. His hands were trembling. He was furious with himself for 
failing to persuade his boss in Delhi, Keith Lennox, to support him, and was disgusted at the 
mixture of veiled threats and vague promises Lennox had made. 
Adapted from MALEY, Alan. He knows too much. Cambridge University Press, 1999. P.6 
 
30. (Estratégia Militares 2020 – EsPCEx/2015) 
The sentence “So just go with the flow for a bit longer.” (paragraph 5), the expression go 
with the flow means 
[A] don’t accept corruption. 
 
 
 47 
AULA 06 – Question Words / Contraction / Quantifiers 
 
[B] don’t accept bribery. 
[C] don’t fight vague promises. 
[D] don’t accept threats. 
[E] don’t fight prevailing trends. 
 
Leia as perguntas e respostas a seguir e responda a questão 31. 
 
Frequently Asked Questions – Instagram 
 
What is Instagram? 
It’s an application for your mobile phone that enables you to edit pictures you have taken 
with your mobile phone camera using built-in filters and share them with others. If you have 
an Instagram account you can tag pictures, rate and comment on other people’s pictures and 
follow other users. 
How much is your app? 
$0.00. 
Where does the name come from? 
When we were kids we loved playing around with cameras. We loved how different types of 
old cameras marketed themselves as “instant” - something we take for granted today. We 
also felt that the snapshots people were taking were like telegrams in that they got sent over 
the wire to others - so we figured why not combine the two? 
How did the idea come about? 
We love taking photos. We always assumed taking interesting photos required a big bulky 
camera and a couple years of art school. But as mobile phone cameras got better and better, 
we decided to challenge that assumption. We created Instagram to solve three simple 
problems: 
- Mobile photos always come out looking mediocre. Our awesome looking filters transform 
your photos into professional-looking snapshots. 
- Sharing on multiple platforms is a pain - we help you take a picture once, then share it 
(instantly) on multiple services. 
- Most uploading experiences are clumsy and take forever - we’ve optimized the experience 
to be fast and efficient. 
How does privacy work? 
We have adopted a follower model that means if you’re “public” on Instagram, anyone can 
subscribe to follow your photos. We do, however, have a special private option. In this 
mode, a user can make sure he/she must approve all follow requests before they go 
through. 
Who can see my photos? 
All photos are public by default which means they are visible