LÍNGUA INGLESA RELAÇÕES DISCURSIVAS simulado 2

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Disc.: LÍNGUA INGLESA RELAÇÕES DISCURSIVAS   
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Verbals can be de�ned as non-�nite forms which can present speci�c con�gurations. Bearing this in mind, read
the text below:
First published in 1951, Shamanism soon became the standard work in the study of this mysterious and
fascinating phenomenon.
Source: https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/28022.Shamanism
The highlighted element in the text is an example of a:
Gerund
Bare in�nitive
 Present participle
Past participle
To-in�nitive
Respondido em 16/04/2023 23:04:19
Explicação:
Answer key: Present participle
Feedback:
Present participle (ANSWER) - it refers to a verb + ing structure which can be used to characterize nouns. In the case
above, fascinating characterizes the noun phenomenon, indicating that it makes people feel fascinated.
Past Participle - Past participles are used to form Perfect Verb Tenses in English and are based either on regular verb
forms ("-ed" ending) or irregular verb forms.
Bare in�nitive - it is when an in�nitive form is exploited without TO.
To-in�nitive - a non-�nite verb form composed of TO + verb
Gerund - it is a verb + ing structure which is used to function as a noun.
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Participles can take part in Perfect and Progressive verb tenses. Another two important uses have to do with
characterizing noun phrases and simplifying more complex sentences. Bearing this information in mind, read the
sentence below:
"Fernando Pessoa became universally known as a writer due to his interesting heteronyms".
The participle form in the sentence is used to:
 characterize a noun phrase
reduce an adverbial clause
simplify a restrictive adjective clause
form a passive voice structure
form a perfective verb tense
Respondido em 16/04/2023 23:04:32
Explicação:
Answer key: characterize a noun phrase
Feedback:
The participle form in this example is used to characterize the noun phrase heteronyms. More speci�cally, the present
participle structure indicates that people feel interested in Fernando Pessoa's writings due to his heteronyms. The
sentence above is not in the passive voice, the participle, therefore, does not form a passive voice structure. The
participle is not being used to simplify any clause either: be it an adjective or an adverbial clause. And �nally, the
sentence above does not present a perfective verb tense. The correct answer is: "characterize a noun phrase".
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Verbals comprise a special set of non-�nite forms present in the English language. They can be used to perform
a variety of syntactic functions depending on the type of transitivity a sentence presents, as well as other
factors involving punctuation and sentence patters, for example. Bearing this information in mind, read the
sentence below:
"My assignment, to write an essay in 40 minutes, was a great challenge."
The in�nitive form in the sentence above functions as:
direct object
 subject
prepositional complement
 appositive
subject complement
Respondido em 16/04/2023 23:04:35
Explicação:
Answer key: appositive
Feedback:
Appositive (ANSWER) - In�nitives operate as appositives when they are used to offer extra information on the
subject and are placed between commas, which is the case in question.
Subject complement - An in�nitive functions as subject complement when it is placed after a linking verb, which is not
the case in question.
Subject - When an in�nitive structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
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Direct object - In order to operate as a direct object, an in�nitive structure must be located after a transitive verb,
which is not the case of the main verb of the sentence (= it is a linking verb)
Prepositional complement - it refers to using an in�nitive structure to complete the meaning of a preposition so that
the sentence does not become agrammatical or has its full meaning jeopardized.
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Gerund Clauses can be present in a variety of texts. Bearing this piece of information in mind, consider the
following passage from The Catcher in the Rye:
 
"If you really want to hear about it, the �rst thing you'll probably want to know is where I was born, and what my
lousy childhood was like, and how my parents were occupied and all before they had me, and all that David
Copper�eld stuff, but I don't feel like going into it, if you want to know the truth."
 
Source: http://www.uzickagimnazija.edu.rs/�les/Catcher%20in%20the%20Rye.pdf     
 
What is the function of the Gerund Clause highlighted in the passage above?
 
Subject
Subject complement
Indirect object
 Direct object
Prepositional complement
Respondido em 16/04/2023 23:04:41
Explicação:
Direct object (ANSWER) - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a
transitive verb or verbal expression (i.e. feel like), which is the case in question.
Prepositional complement - it refers to using gerund structure to complete the meaning of a preposition so
that the sentence does not become agrammatical or has its full meaning jeopardized.
Indirect object - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the �rst object of ditransitive
verbs.
Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed immediately after a linking
verb.
Subject - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
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Gerund clauses represent a speci�c type of subordinate clause whose structure is based on a non-�nite form.
Moreover, depending on the type of verbal transitivity employed in the main clause, the Gerund Clause will
have speci�c syntactic functions. Bearing this information in mind, read the sentence below:
 
"People in general prefer not talking about politics in social occasions."
 
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The gerund form in the sentence above functions as:
Subject
 Direct object
Subject complement
Prepositional complement
Indirect object
Respondido em 16/04/2023 23:04:44
Explicação:
Direct object (ANSWER) - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a
transitive verb, which is the case of the verb prefer: it requires a direct object so that its meaning is not
jeopardized.
Subject complement - A gerund functions as subject complement when it is placed immediately after a linking
verb.
Prepositional complement - it refers to using gerund structure to complete the meaning of a preposition so
that the sentence does not become agrammatical or has its full meaning jeopardized.
Indirect object - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the �rst object of ditransitive
verbs.
Subject - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
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Consider the following passage from The Pit and The Pendulum:
 
"The agony of suspense grew at length intolerable, and I cautiously moved forward, with my arms extended, and
my eyes straining from their sockets, in the hope of catching some faint ray of light."
 
Source: https://poestories.com/read/pit
 
What is the function of the Gerund Clause highlighted in the passage above?
 
Direct object
Subject complement
 Prepositional complement
Indirect object
Subject
Respondido em 16/04/2023 23:04:47
Explicação:
Prepositional complement (ANSWER) - it refersto using a gerund structure to complete the meaning of a
preposition so that the sentence does not become agrammatical or has its full meaning jeopardized. It is what
happens in the example above.
Indirect object - Gerunds operate as indirect objects when they are used as the �rst object of ditransitive
verbs.
Subject complement - A gerund functions as a subject complement when it is placed immediately after a
linking verb.
Subject - When a gerund structure is placed before the verb phrase, it operates as the subject of the sentence.
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Direct object - In order to operate as a direct object, a gerund structure must be located after a transitive
verb.
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The advise-type includes a some verbs, such as "advise".  Mark the option in which an advise-type main verb is
completed by a to-in�nitive clause:
Emma wanted him very much to be gone.
Emma made no answer, and tried to look cheerfully unconcerned.
 But she had believed them to be well-meaning, worthy people (...).
He had heard many people say the same.
 Miss Fairfax should be allowed to come to you at such a time.
Respondido em 16/04/2023 23:04:51
Explicação:
Other than the verb "advise" itself, this category also includes other verbs such as:
allow
cause
force
urge
permit
Therefore, the only option that presents this type of verb is: Miss Fairfax should be allowed to come to you at such a
time. Furthermore, the verb "allowed" Is followed by a to-in�nitive clause "to come to you at such a time".
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A to-in�nitive clause may play the role of subject, object, adjunct and even object complement. Choose the
option in which the in�nitive clause plays the role of object complement:
She wanted to persuade herself.
 Sir William's interruption has made me forget everything.
To imitate his politeness, she admired the beauty of the place.
He has pledged to assist Mr. Wickham with money.
He was coming to us in order to assure us of his concern.
Respondido em 16/04/2023 23:04:53
Explicação:
All the alternatives above were adapted from the novel Pride and Prejudice.
AUSTEN, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Available at: The Project Gutenberg eBook of Pride and Prejudice, by Jane
Austen. Accessed Oct 12th, 2021
 
To imitate his politeness, she admired the beauty of the place and He was coming to us in order to assure us of his
concern contain examples in which the to-in�nitive clauses function as circumstantial adjuncts, they provide us with
the reason why. In He has pledged to assist Mr. Wickham with money and She wanted to persuade herself, they
complete the main verb, playing the role of objects. At last, in Sir William's interruption has made me forget
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everything, the bare-in�nitive clause operates as an object complement, since "forget everything" is connected to the
object "me".
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RPCs are shortened versions of full subordinate clauses. They vary according to the type of participle used to
replace the verb tense of the unreduced clause. Regarding the different types of RPCs, read the statements
below:
I - Reduced present participle clauses have participle forms ending in -ing, that convey an active meaning in the
clause.
II - Reduced past participle clauses can have three types of structure: basic, progressive and perfective.
III - Reduced present participle clauses in their perfective form are introduced by the auxiliary have.
What is the option that presents the correct judgement about the statements above?
 I - true, II - true, III - false.
 I - true, II - true, III - true.
I - false, II - false, III - true.
I - true, II - false, III - true.
I - false, II - true, III - true.
Respondido em 16/04/2023 23:04:54
Explicação:
Answer: I - true, II - true, III - true.
Feedback: It is true that reduced present participle clauses convey an active meaning and are formed using a
participle form that ends in -ing as well as it is true that, in their perfective form, they are preceded by an auxiliary
verb: have. Finally, it is also true that reduced past participle clauses have three types of form: basic, progressive and
perfective.
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The process of transforming full adverbial clauses into RPCs includes the exchange of the main verb for a
participle form, the deletion of the subject and the be verb and, sometimes, even the omission of the
subordinator. Look at the sentences below and choose the option that shows a clause that was correctly
reduced to a participle form.
Although tries to convince everyone about the solidity of the project, nobody was actually buying it.
Studying while a lot, my son was not able to pass in the selection to the university he applied to.
While my neighbors were partying, I was struggling with the loud noise they were making.
 If she wanted to be taken seriously, she should be behaving like a serious person.
 Whispering some words to himself, he left the building to never come back.
Respondido em 16/04/2023 23:04:58
Explicação:
Answer: Whispering some words to himself, he left the building to never come back.
Feedback: Options "While my neighbors were partying, I was struggling with the loud noise they were making" and  "If
she wanted to be taken seriously, she should be behaving like a serious person" present unreduced adverbial clauses
while "Studying while a lot, my son was not able to pass in the selection to the university he applied to" and "Although
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tries to convince everyone about the solidity of the project, nobody was actually buying it" present reduced but
ungrammatical clauses. Therefore, the correct answer is "Whispering some words to himself, he left the building to
never come back".