Macronutrientes carbohidrátos, grasas y proteínas

Prévia do material em texto

!"#$%&'(#")%*
!"# $%&'(&# )*+',+)"-# .&# &'&*/0"# )"*"# ,"1+
(2.21#-21#"1+3(+,214#"$*+,"'21#5#-"(+'2"6&*+7
,"'21# 12'# -21# ,"*829+.*"(21:# !21# ,"*829+7
.*"(21#,2'1(+(%5&'#&'#/&'&*"-#-"#6"52*#)2*7
,+;'#.&#1%#.+&("4#("'(2#,262#&-#<= )2*#,+&'(2
&'#"-/%'21# ,"121:#>2*#&-# ,2'(*"*+24# -21# ,"*7
829+.*"(21#*&)*&1&'("'#?'+,"6&'(&#.&-#@A#"-
A= )2*#,+&'(2#.&#-"#.+&("#&'#6%,9"1#)&*127
'"1#&'#)"01&1#+'.%1(*+"-+B".21:
!21# ,"*829+.*"(21# 12'# ,26)%&1(21# C%&
,2'(+&'&'#,"*82'24#9+.*;/&'2#5#2D0/&'2#&'
-"1#)*2)2*,+2'&1#EFGHFE:#I%*"'(&#&-#6&("827
-+162# 1&# C%&6"'#)"*"# )*2.%,+*# &'&*/0"4# 5
-+8&*"'# .+;D+.2# .&# ,"*82'2# JKLHM# 5# "/%"
JNHLM:#!21#,"*829+.*"(21#&'#-"#.+&("#9%6"7
'"#&1(3'#128*&#(2.2#&'#$2*6"#.&#"-6+.2'&1
5# .+O&*121# "B?,"*&1:# !21# ,"*829+.*"(21# 1&
)%&.&'#.+O+.+*#&'#(*&1#/*%)21F
P#62'21",3*+.214# &Q&6)-24#/-%,21"4# $*%,7
(21"4#/"-",(21"R
P#.+1",3*+.214# &Q&6)-24# 1","*21"# J"B?,"*
.&#6&1"M4#-",(21"4#6"-(21"R
P#)2-+1",3*+.214# &Q&6)-24# "-6+.;'4# /-+,;7
/&'2#J"-6+.;'#"'+6"-M4#,&-%-21":
+,-,./01234,.
!21# ,"*829+.*"(21# 631# 1&',+--21# 12'# -21
62'21",3*+.21# 2# "B?,"*&1# 1+6)-&1:# S1(21
"B?,"*&1#)%&.&'#)"1"*#"#(*"OT1#.&#-"#)"*&.
.&-# (*",(2# "-+6&'("*+2# 1+'# 1&*# 62.+$+,".21
)2*# -"1# &'B+6"1# .+/&1(+O"1:# !21# (*&1# 631
,26%'&1#12'F#/-%,21"4#$*%,(21"#5#/"-",(21":
!"#/-%,21"4#"#O&,&1#("68+T'#.&'26+'"."
.&D(*21"4# 1&# &',%&'(*"# &'# $*%("14# 8"("("14
,&82--"1# 5# 2(*"1# 1%1("',+"1# O&/&("-&1R# &1# -"
1%1("',+"# &'# -"# C%&# 1&# ,2'O+&*(&'#6%,921
2(*21#,"*829+.*"(214#,262#-21#.+1",3*+.21#5
"-6+.2'&14# )2*# -"1# &'B+6"1# .+/&1(+O"1:# !"
/-%,21"# 1&# 2D+."# )"*"# )*2.%,+*# &'&*/0"4
,"-2*#5#.+;D+.2#.&#,"*82'24#C%&#1&#&-+6+'"
,2'#-"#*&1)+*",+;':
I&8+.2#"#C%&#-"#/-%,21"#&1#&-#"B?,"*#&'#-"
1"'/*&4#,2'#$*&,%&',+"#1&#%(+-+B"#,262#1%17
("',+"#)"*"#."*#&'&*/0"#"#-"1#)&*12'"1#"#-"1
C%&#1&#"-+6&'("#)2*#O0"#&'.2O&'21":#!"#/-%7
,21"#.+1%&-("#&'#"/%"#&1(T*+-4#,"1+#1+&6)*&#&'
,2',&'(*",+2'&1#.&#A#"#G= )2*#,+&'(24#)2*#-2
/&'&*"-#1&#%(+-+B"#,2'#&1(&#)*2);1+(2:
!"# $*%,(21"# 1&# &',%&'(*"# &'# -"# 6+&-# .&
"8&Q"#5#"-/%'21#Q%/21#.&#$*%("1:#!"#/"-",(27
1"#&1#%'#62'21",3*+.2#C%&#1&#$2*6"4#Q%'(2
,2'#-"#/-%,21"4#,%"'.2#-"1#&'B+6"1#.+/&1(+7
O"1# $*",,+2'"'# -"# -",(21"# 2# "B?,"*# .&# -"
-&,9&:
(3./01234,.
!21# .+1",3*+.214# ,26)%&1(21# .&# "B?,"*&1
1+6)-&14# '&,&1+("'# C%&# &-# ,%&*)2# -21# ,2'7
O+&*("#&'#62'21",3*+.21#"'(&1#C%&#1&#)%&7
."'#"812*8&*#&'#&-#(*",(2#"-+6&'("*+2:#SQ&67
)-21#.&#.+1",3*+.21#12'#-"#1","*21"4#-"#-",(27
1"# 5# -"#6"-(21":# !"# 1","*21"# &1# &-# '268*&
,+&'(0$+,2# )"*"# &-# "B?,"*# .&# 6&1"# J&-# (+)2
C%&4#)2*#&Q&6)-24#1&#&6)-&"#)"*"#&'.%-B"*
&-#(TM:#U&#)*2.%,&#9"8+(%"-6&'(&#.&#-"#,"V"
.&#"B?,"*4#)&*2#("68+T'#"#)"*(+*#.&#-"#*&627
-",9":# !"# 1","*21"# 1&# 9"--"# ("68+T'# &'# -"1
B"'"92*+"1#5#-"#)+V":#!"#-",(21"#&1#&-#.+1",37
*+.2#C%&#1&#&',%&'(*"#&'#-"#-&,9&#9%6"'"#5
"'+6"-:#S1#6%,92#6&'21#.%-,&#C%&#-"#1","7
*21":#!"#6"-(21"#1&#&',%&'(*"#&'#-"1#1&6+--"1
/&*6+'"."1:
5,63./01234,.
!21#)2-+1",3*+.21#12'#C%06+,"6&'(&#-21#,"*7
829+.*"(21# 631# ,26)-&Q21:# W+&'.&'# "# 1&*
+'12-%8-&1# &'# &-# "/%"#5# -21# 1&*&1#9%6"'21
1;-2#)%&.&'#%(+-+B"*#"-/%'21#)"*"#)*2.%,+*
&'&*/0":# SQ&6)-21# .&# )2-+1",3*+.21# 12'F# &-
"-6+.;'4#&-#/-+,;/&'2#5#-"#,&-%-21":
S-# "-6+.;'# &1# %'"# $%&'(&# .&# &'&*/0"
+6)2*("'(&# )"*"# -21# 1&*&1# 9%6"'21:# U&
&',%&'(*"#&'# -21#/*"'21#,&*&"-&14#"10# ,262
Nutrición humana en el mundo en desarrollo 99
!"#$%&'()*
+/02,-78239-89.:;0/2<,=342/8,.>;
?2/./.;@;A2,89B-/.
&'# *"0,&1# ,26&1(+8-&1# ("-&1# ,262#)"("("1# 5
5%,":# S-# "-6+.;'# 1&# -+8&*"# .%*"'(&# -"# ,2,7
,+;'4#,%"'.2#&-#,"-2*#*26)&#-21#/*3'%-21:#
S-# /-+,;/&'2# 1&# )*2.%,&# &'# &-# ,%&*)2
9%6"'2#5#"#O&,&1#1&#,2'2,&#,262#"-6+.;'
"'+6"-:#U&#$2*6"#"#)"*(+*#.&#-21#62'21",3*+7
.21#*&1%-("'(&1#.&#-"#.+/&1(+;'#.&-#"-6+.;'
"-+6&'("*+2:# S-# "-6+.;'# .&# "**2B# 2# .&# -"
5%,"#1&#.+O+.&#&'#-21#+'(&1(+'21#)"*"#$2*6"*
62-T,%-"1#.&#62'21",3*+.214#C%&#)"1"'#"-
(2**&'(&# 1"'/%0'&2:# !21# &D,&.&'(&1# .&# -21
62'21",3*+.21#C%&#'2#1&#%(+-+B"'#)"*"#)*27
.%,+*#&'&*/0"#J5#.+;D+.2#.&#,"*82'2#5#"/%"M
1&# $%1+2'"'# &'# ,2'Q%'(2# )"*"# $2*6"*# %'
'%&O2#)2-+1",3*+.24#&-#/-+,;/&'2:#S-#/-+,;/&7
'24#)2*#-2#/&'&*"-4#&1(3#)*&1&'(&#&'#-21#6?17
,%-21# 5# &'# &-# 90/".24# )&*2# '2# &'# /*"'.&1
,"'(+.".&1:
K%"'.2# ,%"-C%+&*"# .&# -21# ,"*829+.*"(21
.+/&*+8-&1# 1&# ,2'1%6&# )2*# &',+6"# .&# -"1
'&,&1+.".&1# ,2*)2*"-&14# &-# 2*/"'+162# -21
,2'O+&*(&# &'# /*"1"# C%&# 1&# .&)21+("# ,262
(&Q+.2#".+)212#.&8"Q2#.&# -"#)+&-#5#&'#2(*21
1+(+21#.&-#,%&*)2:
!"#,&-%-21"4#9&6+,&-%-21"4#-+/'+'"4#)&,(+'"
5#/26"14#"-/%'"1#O&,&1#1&#.&'26+'"'#,"*7
829+.*"(21#'2#.+1)2'+8-&14#.&8+.2#"#C%&#-21
9%6"'21#'2#-21#)%&.&'#.+/&*+*:#!"#,&-%-21"
5# -"#9&6+,&-%-21"4# 12'#)2-06&*21#O&/&("-&1
)*+',+)"-&1# ,26)2'&'(&1# .&# -"1# )"*&.&1
,&-%-"*&1:#U2'#1%1("',+"1#$+8*21"1:#!"#,&-%-27
1"4# %'# )2-06&*2# .&# /-%,21"4# &1# %'"# .&# -"1
$+8*"1#.&#-"1#)-"'("1#O&*.&1:#!"#9&6+,&-%-27
1"#&1#%'#)2-06&*2#.&#2(*21#"B?,"*&14#)2*#-2
/&'&*"-# 9&D21"# 5# )&'(21":# !"# -+/'+'"# &1# &-
,26)2'&'(&# )*+',+)"-# .&# -"# 6".&*":# !"1
)&,(+'"1#1&#&',%&'(*"'#&'#-21#(&Q+.21#O&/&("7
-&1#5#&'#-"#1"O+"#5#12'#)2-+1",3*+.21#,2-2+."7
-&1:# !"1# /26"1# 12'# ".&631# ,"*829+.*"(21
O+1,2121#&D(*"0.21#.&#-"1#)-"'("1:#!"1#)&,(+7
'"1#5# -"1#/26"1#1&#%(+-+B"'#&'# -"# +'.%1(*+"
"-+6&'(+,+":# S-# (*",(2# "-+6&'("*+2# 9%6"'2
'2#)%&.&#.+O+.+*#&1(21#,"*829+.*"(21#2#%(+-+7
B"*-21#)"*"#)*2.%,+*#&'&*/0":#X-/%'21#"'+7
6"-&14#,262#-21#O",%'214#(+&'&'#&'#1%1#+'(&17
(+'21#6+,*22*/"'+1621#C%&#.+O+.&'#-"#,&-%7
-21"# 5# -"# 9",&'# .+1)2'+8-&# ,262# "-+6&'(2
)*2.%,(2*#.&#&'&*/0":#S'#-21#1&*&1#9%6"'214
,%"-C%+&*"#.&#-21#,"*829+.*"(21#'2#.+1)2'+7
8-&1#)"1"#"# (*"OT1#.&-# (*",(2# +'(&1(+'"-:#Y2*7
6"'#/*"'#)"*(&#.&-#O2-%6&'#5#.&1&,92#"-+7
6&'("*+2#C%&#1&#&-+6+'"#&'#-"1#9&,&14#5#,2'
$*&,%&',+"#1&#.&'26+'"'#Z$+8*"#.+&(T(+,"[:
X92*"#9"5#%'#+'(&*T1#,*&,+&'(&#&'#-"#$+8*"
"-+6&'("*+"4#.&8+.2#"#C%&#-"1#.+&("1#"-("1#&'
$+8*"# 1&# ,2'1+.&*"'# 1"-%."8-&1:# \'"# ,-"*"
O&'("Q"# .&# -"1# .+&("1# "-("1# &'# $+8*"# &1# -"
6&'2*#+',+.&',+"#.&#&1(*&V+6+&'(2#,2'#*&17
)&,(2# "# -"1# )&*12'"1# C%&# (+&'&'# %'"# .+&("
8"Q"# &'# $+8*":# S-# O2-%6&'# &'# -"1# .+&("1# .&
"-(2# ,2'(&'+.2#.&# $+8*"#)%&.&# ,2'(*+8%+*# "
%'"# 1&'1",+;'# .&# --&'%*"# 2# 1",+&.".4# C%&
)%&.&#--&O"*#"#%'#6&'2*#,2'1%62#.&#&'&*7
/0"4#5#&1(24#"#1%#O&B4#"5%."#"#*&.%,+*#-"#)*27
8"8+-+.".# .&# 28&1+.".:# \'"# .+&("# "-("# &'
$+8*"# *&1%-("# &'#%'# (*3'1+(2#631# *3)+.2#.&
-21#"-+6&'(21#"#(*"OT1#.&-#(*",(2#+'(&1(+'"-4#5
)2*#-2#("'(24#1&#,2'1+.&*"#.&#"5%."#)"*"#%'
$%',+2'"6+&'(2#+'(&1(+'"-#'2*6"-#5#1"-%."7
8-&:# !"# $+8*"# .+&(T(+,"# 1&# 9"# &',2'(*".2
%'+."#"#-"#8+-+1#&'#-21#+'(&1(+'21:
X92*"# 1&# *&,2'2,&#C%&#&-# "-(2# ,2'(&'+.2
&'#$+8*"#.&#-"#6"52*0"#.&#-"1#.+&("1#(*".+,+27
'"-&1#)%&.&# 1&*#%'# $",(2*# +6)2*("'(&#)"*"
)*&O&'+*#,+&*("1#&'$&*6&.".&1#C%&#)"*&,&'
1&*#6%,92#631# $*&,%&'(&1# &'# -"1#)&*12'"1
C%&#,2'1%6&'#.+&("1#.&#8"Q2#,2'(&'+.2#&'
$+8*"4# ,26%'&1# &'# -21# )"01&1# +'.%1(*+"-+B"7
.21:# I&8+.2# "# C%&# -"# $+8*"# $",+-+("# &-# )"12
*3)+.2#.&#6"(&*+"-&1#"#(*"OT1#.&-#+'(&1(+'24
)%&.&#1&*#%'#$",(2*#&'#&-#,2'(*2-#.&#.+O&*(+7
,%-+(+14# ")&'.+,+(+14# 9&62**2+.&14# ,+&*(21
(+)21#.&#,3',&*#5#C%+B3#.&#"*(&*+21,-&*21+14#-"
C%&#--&O"#"#-"#&'$&*6&.".#,2*2'"*+":
S-#,2'1%62#$*&,%&'(&#.&#,%"-C%+&*#(+)2#.&
,"*829+.*"(2# $&*6&'("8-&# O+1,2124# 5"# 1&"
"-6+.;'# 2# "B?,"*4# )%&.&# ,2'(*+8%+*# "# -"
,"*+&1# .&'("-4# 128*&# (2.2# ,%"'.2# ".&631
&D+1(&#%'"#9+/+&'&#2*"-#)28*&:#\'#".&,%".2
,2'1%62#.&#$-?2*#5]2#1%#")-+,",+;'#(;)+,"
&1#-"#6&Q2*#)*2(&,,+;'#,2'(*"#-"#,"*+&1#JOT"1&
&-#K")0(%-2#HGM:
C#"*"*
S'#6%,921#)"01&1#&'#.&1"**2--24#-"1#/*"1"1
.+&(T(+,"1# ,2'(*+8%5&'# "%'C%&# &'# )"*(&
6&'2*# "# -21# ,"*829+.*"(21# &'# &-# ,2'1%62
.&# &'&*/0"# (2("-# J$*&,%&'(&6&'(&# 1;-2# <# ;
G= )2*# ,+&'(2M:# S'# ,"1+# (2.21# -21# )"01&1
+'.%1(*+"-+B".214#-"#)*2)2*,+;'#.&#,2'1%62
.&#/*"1"# &1#6%,92#6"52*:#S'# -21#S1(".21
\'+.214# )2*# &Q&6)-24# %'# )*26&.+2# .&-
100 Macronutrientes: carbohidratos, grasas y proteínas
^E )2*#,+&'(2 .&#-"#&'&*/0"#(2("-#)*2O+&'&#.&
-"#/*"1":
!"1#/*"1"14# ,262# -21# ,"*829+.*"(214# ,2'7(+&'&'# ,"*82'24# 9+.*;/&'2# 5# 2D0/&'2:# U2'
+'12-%8-&1#&'#"/%"4#)&*2#12-%8-&1#&'#12-O&'7
(&1#C%06+,214#,262#T(&*4#,-2*2$2*62#5#8&'7
,&'2:#S-#(T*6+'2#Z/*"1"[#1&#%(+-+B"#"C%0#)"*"
+',-%+*# (2."1# -"1# /*"1"1# 5# ",&+(&1# C%&# 12'
,26&1(+8-&1#5#&1(3'#)*&1&'(&1#&'#-"#"-+6&'7
(",+;'# 9%6"'"4# O"*+"'.2# .&# -21# C%&# 12'
1;-+.21#"# (&6)&*"(%*"#"68+&'(&# $*0"4# ,262
-"#6"'(&C%+--"4#"#-21#C%&#12'#-0C%+.21#"#(&67
)&*"(%*"1# 1+6+-"*&14# ,262# -21# ",&+(&1# .&
6"'0#2#.&#1&6+--"1#.&#"-/2.;':#JS'#"-/%'"1
(&*6+'2-2/0"1# -"# )"-"8*"# Z",&+(&[# 1&# %1"
)"*"# *&$&*+*1&# "# -21# 6"(&*+"-&1# -0C%+.21# "
(&6)&*"(%*"#"68+&'(&4#6+&'(*"1#C%&#-21#C%&
12'#1;-+.21#1&#.&'26+'"'#/*"1"1:M#
!"# /*"1"# ,2*)2*"-# J("68+T'# .&'26+'"."
-0)+.21M# 1&# .+O+.&# &'# .21# ,"(&/2*0"1F# /*"1"
"-6",&'"."# 5# /*"1"# &1(*%,(%*"-:# !"# /*"1"
"-6",&'"."#8*+'."#%'"#*&1&*O"#.&#,268%17
(+8-&#)"*"#&-# ,%&*)24#6+&'(*"1#C%&# -"#/*"1"
&1(*%,(%*"-# $2*6"# )"*(&# .&# -"# &1(*%,(%*"
+'(*0'1&,"#.&#-"1#,T-%-"1#J6&68*"'"#,&-%-"*4
6+(2,2'.*+"1#5#2*/3'%-21#+'(*",&-%-"*&1M:
S-# ,2-&1(&*2-# &1# %'# -0)+.2# )*&1&'(&# &'
(2."1# -"1# 6&68*"'"1# ,&-%-"*&1:# W+&'&# %'"
$%',+;'# +6)2*("'(&# &'# &-# (*"'1)2*(&# .&# -"
/*"1"#5#&1#)*&,%*12*#.&#-"1#1"-&1#8+-+"*&1#5#-"1
92*62'"1#1&D%"-&1#5#1%)*"**&'"-&1:
!"1#/*"1"1#"-+6&'("*+"1#&1(3'#,26)%&1("1
)*+',+)"-6&'(&#.&#(*+/-+,T*+.214#C%&#1&#)%&7
.&'#)"*(+*#&'#/-+,&*2-#5#,".&'"1#.&#,"*82'24
9+.*;/&'2#5#2D0/&'24#.&'26+'"."1# 3,+.21
/*"121:#S1("#",,+;'4#-"#.+/&1(+;'#2#-"#.+O+1+;'
.&# -"1# /*"1"14# 1&# )*2.%,&# &'# &-# +'(&1(+'2
9%6"'2# )2*# -"1# &'B+6"1# ,2'2,+."1# ,262
-+)"1"14# C%&# 1&# &',%&'(*"'#)*&1&'(&1# 128*&
(2.2#&'#-"1#1&,*&,+2'&1#)"',*&3(+,"1#&#+'(&17
(+'"-&1:#!"1#1"-&1#8+-+"*&1#.&-#90/".2#&6%-1+7
$+,"'# -21# 3,+.21# /*"121# )"*"# 9",&*-21# 631
12-%8-&1#&'#&-#"/%"#5#)2*#-2#("'(2#.&#"812*7
,+;'#631#$3,+-:
!21#3,+.21#/*"121#)*&1&'(&1#&'#-"#"-+6&'7
(",+;'# 9%6"'"# 1&# .+O+.&'# &'# .21# /*%)21
)*+',+)"-&1F# 1"(%*".21# 5# '2# 1"(%*".21:# S-
?-(+62# /*%)2# +',-%5&# 3,+.21# /*"121# )2-+
+'1"(%*".21#5#62'2#+'1"(%*".21:#!21#3,+.21
/*"121# 1"(%*".21# (+&'&'# &-# 6"52*# '?6&*2
.&#3(2621#.&#9+.*;/&'2#C%&#1%#&1(*%,(%*"
C%06+,"#)&*6+(&:#W2."1#-"1#/*"1"1#5#",&+(&1
C%&#,2'1%6&'# -21# 1&*&1#9%6"'21# 12'#%'"
6&B,-"# .&# 3,+.21# /*"121# 1"(%*".21# 5# '2
1"(%*".21:#S'#/&'&*"-4#-"1#/*"1"1#.&#"'+6"7
-&1#(&**&1(*&1#J&1#.&,+*4#/*"1"#.&#,"*'&4#6"'7
(&C%+--"#5#1%&*2M#,2'(+&'&'#631#3,+.21#/*"7
121#1"(%*".21#C%&#-21#.&#2*+/&'#O&/&("-:#!"1
/*"1"1#.&#)*2.%,(21#O&/&("-&1#5#9"1("#,+&*(2
)%'(2# -"1# .&-# )&1,".2# (+&'&'# 631# 3,+.21
/*"121# '2# 1"(%*".214# )"*(+,%-"*6&'(&# -21
3,+.21#/*"121#)2-+#+'1"(%*".21#JX_>`UM:#U+'
&68"*/24#9"5#&D,&),+2'&14#,262#)2*#&Q&67
)-2#&-#",&+(&#.&#,2,2#C%&#(+&'&#%'"#/*"'#,"'7
(+.".#.&#3,+.21#/*"121#1"(%*".21:
S1("#"/*%)",+;'#.&#-"1#/*"1"1#(+&'&#+6)-+7
,",+2'&1# +6)2*("'(&1# &'# -"# 1"-%.#.&8+.2# "
C%&#&-#,2'1%62#&D,&1+O2#.&#/*"1"1#1"(%*"7
."1#&1#%'2#.&#-21#$",(2*&1#.&#*+&1/2#C%&#1&
"12,+"'#,2'#-"#"*(&*+21,-&*21+1#5#-"#&'$&*6&7
.".# ,2*2'"*+"# JOT"1&# &-# K")0(%-2# H^M:# S'
,2'(*"1(&4#1&#,*&&#C%&#-21#X_>`U#(+&'&'#%'"
$%',+;'#)*2(&,(2*":
!21#X_>`U# +',-%5&'# ("68+T'#.21# 3,+.21
/*"121#'2#1"(%*".214#&-#3,+.2#-+'2-T'+,2#5#&-
3,+.2# -+'2-T'+,24# C%&# 1&# 9"'# .&'26+'".2
Z3,+.21#/*"121#&1&',+"-&1[#JX_SM#)%&1#12'
'&,&1"*+21#)"*"#%'"#8%&'"#1"-%.:#!21#X_S
12'# +6)2*("'(&1# &'# -"# 10'(&1+1# .&# 6%,9"1
&1(*%,(%*"1# ,&-%-"*&1# 5# O"*+21# ,26)%&1(21
.&#+6)2*("',+"#8+2-;/+,":#S1(%.+21#*&,+&'(&1
9"'#.&621(*".2# ("68+T'# -21#8&'&$+,+21#.&
2(*21#3,+.21#/*"121#.&#,".&'"#631#-"*/"4#&'
&-#,*&,+6+&'(2#5#.&1"**2--2#.&# -21#'+V21#.&
,2*("#&.".:#!21#3,+.21#"*"C%+.;'+,2#5#.2,27
1"9&D"'2+,2# JXINM# 1&# .&8&'# ,2'1+.&*"*
&1&',+"-&1#.%*"'(&#&-#.&1"**2--2#.&# -21#)*+7
6&*21# "V21:# K+&*(21# &D)&*+6&'(21# &'# "'+7
6"-&1# 5# O"*+21# &1(%.+21# &'# 1&*&1#9%6"'21
9"'# .&621(*".2# ,"68+21# .&$+'+.21# &'# -"
)+&-#5#&-#,*&,+6+&'(24#"10#,262#$%',+;'#O"17
,%-"*# 5# '&%*"-# "'2*6"-&1# &'# "%1&',+"# .&
&1(21#3,+.21#/*"121:#a2#9"5#.%."#C%&#12'
&1&',+"-&1#)"*"#-"#'%(*+,+;'#.&#-"1#,T-%-"1#.&-
+'.+O+.%2#5#-21#(&Q+.21#,2*)2*"-&1:
!"#/*"1"#"5%."#"#C%&#-"#"-+6&'(",+;'#1&"
631#"/*"."8-&:#W"68+T'#)*2.%,&#"-*&.&.2*
.&#b c,"-]/4#C%&#&1#631#.&-#.28-&#.&#-"#&'&*7
/0"#-+8&*"."#)2*#-21#,"*829+.*"(21#5#-"1#)*27
(&0'"1#J")*2D+6"."6&'(&#@ c,"-]/MR#-"#/*"1"
)%&.&4#)2*#-2#("'(24#*&.%,+*#&-#O2-%6&'#.&
-"#.+&(":#\'"#)&*12'"#C%&#9",&#%'# (*"8"Q2
Nutrición humana en el mundo en desarrollo 101
6%5# )&1".24# 128*&# (2.2# &'# %'# ,-+6"# $*024
)%&.&#*&C%&*+*#9"1("#@ === c,"-#"-#.0":#S'#("-
,"124#,2'O+&'&#C%&#8%&'"#)"*(&#.&#-"#&'&*7
/0"#O&'/"#.&#-"#/*"1"4#)%&1#.&#2(*"#6"'&*"
-"# .+&("# 1&*3# 6%5# O2-%6+'21":# !"1# .+&("1
O2-%6+'21"1#)%&.&'#1&*#("68+T'#%'#)*28-&7
6"# )"*(+,%-"*6&'(&# 1&*+2# &'# -21# '+V21
)&C%&V21:#\'#"%6&'(2#*"B2'"8-&#&'#&-#,2'7
(&'+.2#.&#/*"1"#2#",&+(&#&'#-"#"-+6&'(",+;'
.&#-21#'+V21#)&C%&V214#"%6&'("#-"#.&'1+.".
&'&*/T(+,"#*&1)&,(2#.&#-"1#.+&("1#.&#,"*829+7
.*"(21#C%&#12'#6%5#O2-%6+'21"14#-2#,%"-#&1
,2'O&'+&'(&:
!"#/*"1"#("68+T'#1+*O&#,262#O&90,%-2#C%&
"5%."#"#-"#"812*,+;'#.&#-"1#O+("6+'"1#-+)27
12-%8-&1#JOT"1&#&-#K")0(%-2#GGM:
!"1#/*"1"14#&#+',-%1+O&#"-/%'21#(+)21#&1)&7
,0$+,21#.&#/*"1"4#12'#&1&',+"-&1#)"*"#-"#1"-%.:
U+'#&68"*/24#&'#-"#)*3,(+,"4#(2."1#-"1#.+&("1
1%6+'+1(*"'#-"#)&C%&V"#,"'(+.".#*&C%&*+.":
!"#/*"1"#"-6",&'"."#&'#&-#,%&*)2#9%6"7
'2# 1+*O&# ,262# *&1&*O"# .&# ,268%1(+8-&:# S1
%'"#$2*6"#&,2';6+,"#.&#"-6",&'"*#&'&*/0"4
.&8+.24# "# C%&# ,262# 1&#6&',+2';# "'(&14# -"
/*"1"# *+'.&# ,"1+# &-# .28-&# .&# &'&*/0"4# )&12
)2*#)&124#&'#*&-",+;'#,2'#-21#,"*829+.*"(21#2
-"1#)*2(&0'"1:#!"#/*"1"#1&#&',%&'(*"#.&8"Q2
.&#-"#)+&-#5#",(?"#,262#%'#"+1-"6+&'(2#,2'7
(*"#&-#$*02#5#$2*6"#%'#(&Q+.2#.&#12)2*(&#)"*"
6%,921# ;*/"'21# ,262# &-# ,2*"B;'# 5# -21
+'(&1(+'21:
W2."#-"#/*"1"#,2*)2*"-#'2#.&*+O"#'&,&1"7
*+"6&'(&# .&# -"# /*"1"# C%&# 1&# ,2'1%6&:# U+'
&68"*/24# &-# &D,&12# .&# ,"-2*0"1# &'# -21# ,"*7
829+.*"(21#5#-"1#)*2(&0'"14#)2*#&Q&6)-2#&'#&-
6"0B4#5%,"4#"**2B#2#(*+/24#1&#)%&.&'#,2'O&*7
(+*#&'#/*"1"#&'#&-#2*/"'+162#9%6"'2:
5#%)DEF"*
!"1#)*2(&0'"14#,262#-21#,"*829+.*"(21#5#-"1
/*"1"14#,2'(+&'&'#,"*82'24#9+.*;/&'2#5#2D07
/&'24#)&*2#("68+T'#,2'(+&'&'#'+(*;/&'2#5#"
6&'%.2#"B%$*&:#U2'#6%5#+6)2*("'(&1#,262
1%1("',+"1# '+(*2/&'"."1# '&,&1"*+"1# )"*"# &-
,*&,+6+&'(2# 5# -"# *&)"*",+;'# .&# -21# (&Q+.21
,2*)2*"-&1:# !"1# )*2(&0'"1# 12'# &-# )*+',+)"-
,26)2'&'(&#&1(*%,(%*"-#.&#-"1#,T-%-"1#5#-21
(&Q+.214#5# ,2'1(+(%5&'# -"#6"52*#)2*,+;'#.&
1%1("',+"#.&#-21#6?1,%-21#5#;*/"'21#J")"*(&
.&-#"/%"M:#!"1#)*2(&0'"1#'2#12'#&D",("6&'7
(&#+/%"-&1#&'#-21#.+$&*&'(&1#(&Q+.21#,2*)2*"7
-&1:#!"1#)*2(&0'"1#&'#&-#90/".24#&'#-"#1"'/*&
5#&'#,+&*("1#92*62'"1#&1)&,0$+,"14#)2*#&Q&67
)-24#12'#(2."1#.+1(+'("1:
!"1#)*2(&0'"1#12'#'&,&1"*+"1F
P#)"*"#&-#,*&,+6+&'(2#5#&-#.&1"**2--2#,2*7
)2*"-R
P#)"*"# &-#6"'(&'+6+&'(2#5# -"# *&)"*",+;'
.&-#,%&*)24#5#)"*"#&-#*&&6)-"B2#.&#(&Q+7
.21#.&1/"1(".21#2#."V".21R
P#)"*"# )*2.%,+*# &'B+6"1# 6&("8;-+,"1# 5
.+/&1(+O"1R
P#,262# ,2'1(+(%5&'(&# &1&',+"-# .&# ,+&*("1
92*62'"14#)2*#&Q&6)-24#(+*2D+'"#&#+'1%7
-+'":
X%'C%&# -"1#)*2(&0'"1# -+8&*"'#&'&*/0"4# 1%
+6)2*("',+"# )*+',+)"-# *".+,"# 631# 8+&'# &'
C%&#12'#%'#,2'1(+(%5&'(&#&1&',+"-#.&#(2."1
-"1#,T-%-"1:#W2."1#-"1#,T-%-"1#)%&.&'#'&,&1+7
("*# *&&6)-"B"*1&# .&# (+&6)2# &'# (+&6)24# 5
)"*"# &1(&# *&&6)-"B2# &1# +'.+1)&'1"8-&# &-
")2*(&#.&#)*2(&0'"1:
K%"-C%+&*# )*2(&0'"# C%&# 1&# ,2'1%6"# &'
&D,&12#.&#-"#,"'(+.".#*&C%&*+."#)"*"#&-#,*&7
,+6+&'(24#*&)21+,+;'#,&-%-"*#5#.&# -0C%+.214
5#O"*+"1#2(*"1#$%',+2'&1#6&("8;-+,"14#1&#%(+7
-+B"#,262#$%&'(&#.&#&'&*/0"4#-2#C%&#1&#-2/*"
6&.+"'(&#-"#(*"'1$2*6",+;'#.&#)*2(&0'"#&'
,"*829+.*"(2:# U+# -21# ,"*829+.*"(21# 5# -"
/*"1"#&'#-"#.+&("#'2#1%6+'+1(*"'#%'"#,"'(+7
.".#.&#&'&*/0"#".&,%"."4#&'(2',&1#1&#%(+-+7
B"# -"# )*2(&0'"# )"*"# 1%6+'+1(*"*# &'&*/0"R
,262#*&1%-(".2#9"5#6&'21#)*2(&0'"#.+1)27
'+8-&#)"*"#&-# ,*&,+6+&'(24# *&)21+,+;'#,&-%7
-"*# 5# 2(*"1# '&,&1+.".&1# 6&("8;-+,"1:# S1(&
)%'(2# &1# &1&',+"-6&'(&# +6)2*("'(&# )"*"
-21#'+V214#C%&#'&,&1+("'#)*2(&0'"1#".+,+2'"7
-&1# )"*"# &-# ,*&,+6+&'(2:# U+# *&,+8&'# 6%5
)2,"#,"'(+.".#.&#"-+6&'(2#)"*"#1%1#'&,&1+7
.".&1# &'&*/T(+,"14#-"# )*2(&0'"# 1&# %(+-+B"
)"*"# -"1# '&,&1+.".&1# .+"*+"1# .&# &'&*/0"# 5
'2#)"*"#&-#,*&,+6+&'(2:
"G3-,1034,.
!"1#)*2(&0'"1#12'#62-T,%-"1#$2*6"."1#)2*
"6+'23,+.21:# !21# "6+'23,+.21# .&# ,%"-7
C%+&*#)*2(&0'"#1&#%'&'#6&.+"'(&#-"1#--"6"7
."1#%'+2'&1#)&)(0.+,"1#)"*"# $2*6"*# ,".&7
'"1:#!"1#)*2(&0'"1#1&#&1(*%,(%*"'#)2*#.+$&7
*&'(&1#"6+'23,+.21#C%&#1&#%'&'#&'#O"*+"1
,".&'"1:#I&8+.2#"#C%&#9"5#("'(21#5#.+O&*7
121# "6+'23,+.214# &D+1(&'# 6?-(+)-&1# ,2'$+7
102 Macronutrientes: carbohidratos, grasas y proteínas
/%*",+2'&1#5#)2*#-2#("'(2#6%,9"1#)*2(&0'"1
.+$&*&'(&1:
I%*"'(&#-"#.+/&1(+;'#-"1#)*2(&0'"1#1&#.+O+7
.&'#&'#"6+'23,+.214#&'#-"#6+16"#$2*6"#&'
C%&#-21#,"*829+.*"(21#631#,26)-&Q214#,262
-21#"-6+.2'&14#1&#.+O+.&'#&'#62'21",3*+.21
1+6)-&14# 5# -"1# /*"1"1# 1&# .+O+.&'# &'# 3,+.21
/*"121:# S'# &-# &1(;6"/2# 5# &'# &-# +'(&1(+'24
.+O&*1"1#&'B+6"1#)*2(&2-0(+,"1#9+.*2-+B"'#-"
)*2(&0'"4#5#-+8&*"'#"6+'23,+.21#5#)T)(+.21:
!"1#)-"'("1#(+&'&'#-"#,")",+.".#.&#1+'(&(+7
B"*# -21# "6+'23,+.21# "# )"*(+*# .&# 1%1("',+"1
C%06+,"1#+'2*/3'+,"1#1+6)-&1:#!21#"'+6"-&14
C%&#'2#(+&'&'#&1("#9"8+-+.".4#.&*+O"'#(2.21
-21#"6+'23,+.21#'&,&1"*+21#)"*"#.&1"**2--"*
1%#)*2(&0'"#.&-#,2'1%62#.&#)-"'("1#2#"'+7
6"-&1:#I".2#C%&#-21#1&*&1#9%6"'21#,2'1%7
6&'# "'+6"-&1# C%&# +'+,+"-6&'(&# .&*+O"*2'
1%#)*2(&0'"#.&#-"1#)-"'("14#(2.21#-21#"6+'27
3,+.21#&'#-"1#.+&("1#9%6"'"1#1&#2*+/+'"'#.&
&1("#$%&'(&:
!21# "'+6"-&1# (+&'&'# .+1(+'("# ,")",+.".
)"*"#,2'O&*(+*#%'#"6+'23,+.2#&'#2(*2:#S'#&-
1&*#9%6"'2#&1("#,")",+.".#&1# -+6+(".":#!"
,2'O&*1+;'# 2,%**&# )*+',+)"-6&'(&# &'# &-
90/".2:# U+# -"# ,")",+.".# )"*"# ,2'O&*(+*# %'
"6+'23,+.2#&'#2(*2# $%&1&# +-+6+("."4# -"#.+17
,%1+;'#128*&#&-#,2'(&'+.2#.&#)*2(&0'"#&'#-"1
.+&("1#5#-"#)*&O&',+;'#.&#-"#,"*&',+"#.&#)*27
(&0'"4# 1&*0"# %'# "1%'(2# 1+6)-&:# U;-2# 1&*0"
'&,&1"*+2# 1%6+'+1(*"*# 1%$+,+&'(&# )*2(&0'"4
1+'# +6)2*("*# -"# ,"-+.".# 2# &-# ,2'(&'+.2# .&
"6+'23,+.21#.&#&--":
I&-# /*"'# '?6&*2# .&# "6+'23,+.21# &D+17
(&'(&14#H=#12'#,26%'&1#"#)-"'("1#5#"'+6"7
-&1:#I&# &--214# 1&# 9"# .&621(*".2# C%&# 2,92
12'#&1&',+"-&1#)"*"#&-#".%-(2#9%6"'2#5#(+&7
'&'4# )2*# -2# ("'(24# -"# .&'26+'",+;'# .&
Z"6+'23,+.21# &1&',+"-&1[# 2# Z"6+'23,+.21
+'.+1)&'1"8-&1[4#"#1"8&*F#$&'+-"-"'+'"4#(*+)7
(;$"'24#6&(+2'+'"4# -+1+'"4# -&%,+'"4# +12-&%,+7
'"4#O"-+'"#5#(*&2'+'":#\'#'2O&'2#"6+'23,+7
.24# -"# 9+1(+.+'"4# 1&# *&C%+&*&# )"*"# &-# ,*&,+7
6+&'(2# 5# &1# &1&',+"-# )"*"# 8&8T1# 5# '+V21R
C%+B31#("68+T'#1&#'&,&1+("#)"*"#-"#*&)"*"7
,+;'# (+1%-"*:# L(*21# "6+'23,+.21# +',-%5&'4
/-+,+'"4# "-"'+'"4# 1&*+'"4# ,+1(+'"4# (+*21+'"4
3,+.2# "1)3*(+,24# 3,+.2# /-%(36+,24# )*2-+'"4
9+.*2D+)*2-+'"4# ,+(*%--+'"#5#"*/+'+'":#K"."
)*2(&0'"#&'#%'#"-+6&'(2#&1(3#,26)%&1("#.&
%'"# 6&B,-"# )"*(+,%-"*# .&# "6+'23,+.21# 5
)%&.&# 2# '2# ,2'(&'&*# -"# (2("-+.".# .&# -21
2,92#"6+'23,+.21#&1&',+"-&1:
!/634/4;@;0/-834/4;49;A2,89B-/
>"*"# "'"-+B"*# &-# O"-2*# .&# %'"# )*2(&0'"# &'
,%"-C%+&*# "-+6&'(24# ,2'O+&'&# 1"8&*# ,%"'("
)*2(&0'"#(2("-#)21&&4#C%T#(+)2#.&#"6+'23,+7
.21# (+&'&4# ,%3'(21# "6+'23,+.21# &1&',+"-&1
&1(3'#)*&1&'(&1#5#&'#C%T#)*2)2*,+;':#d%,92
1&#1"8&#"92*"#128*&#-"1#)*2(&0'"1#+'.+O+.%"7
-&1#C%&#1&#9"--"'#&'#.+O&*121#"-+6&'(214#1%
,2'(&'+.2#.&#"6+'23,+.21#5#)2*#-2#("'(24#1%
,"'(+.".# 5# ,"-+.".:# X-/%'21# (+&'&'# %'"
6&Q2*#6&B,-"#.&#"6+'23,+.21#C%&#2(*214#5
)2*#&1(2#1&#.+,&#C%&#12'#.&#%'#O"-2*#8+2-;/+7
,2#631#"-(2:#>2*#&Q&6)-24#-"1#)*2(&0'"1#.&#-"
"-8?6+'"#&'#&-#9%&O2#5#,"1&0'"#&'#-"#-&,9&4
,2'(+&'&'#(2.21#-21#"6+'23,+.21#&1&',+"-&1
&'#8%&'"1#)*2)2*,+2'&1#5#'%(*+,+2'"-6&'(&
12'# 1%)&*+2*&1# "# 2(*"1# )*2(&0'"1# ,262# -"
B&0'"#&'#&-#6"0B4#C%&#,2'(+&'&#)2,2#(*+)(;$"7
'2#2#-+1+'"4#5#-"#)*2(&0'"#.&-#(*+/24#C%&#,2'7
(+&'&#1;-2#)&C%&V"1#,"'(+.".&1#.&#-+1+'":#U+'
&68"*/24# 121(&'&*# C%&# -"1# )*2(&0'"1# .&-
6"0B# 5# .&-# (*+/2# 12'#6&'21# 8%&'"1# '2# &1
,+&*(2:# X%'C%&# (+&'&'# 6&'21# ,"'(+.".# .&
"-/%'21# "6+'23,+.214# )21&&'# ,+&*("# ,"'(+7
.".#.&#-21#2(*21#"6+'23,+.21#&1&',+"-&14#-2
6+162# C%&# 2(*21# +6)2*("'(&1:# !"# *&-"(+O"
,"*&',+"#.&#-"1#)*2(&0'"1#.&-#6"0B#5#.&-#(*+/2
1&# )%&.&'# 1%)&*"*# "-# ,2'1%6+*# 2(*21# "-+7
6&'(21# C%&# ,2'(&'/"'# 631# ,"'(+.".# .&
"6+'23,+.21# -+6+("'(&1:# >2*# -2# ("'(24# &1
)21+8-&# (&'&*# .21# "-+6&'(21# .&# 8"Q2# O"-2*
)*2(&+,2# 5# ,26)-&6&'("*-21# &'(*&# 104# )"*"
$2*6"*#%'"#8%&'"#6&B,-"#.&#)*2(&0'"#,%"'7
.2#1&#,2'1%6&'#1+6%-(3'&"6&'(&:
!21#1&*&1#9%6"'214#128*&# (2.2# -21#'+V21
,2'#%'"#"-+6&'(",+;'#)28*&#&'#)*2(&0'"#"'+7
6"-4# *&C%+&*&'# %'"# O"*+&.".# .&# "-+6&'(21
.&# 2*+/&'# O&/&("-4# 5# '2# 1;-2# %'# "-+6&'(2
831+,2:# S'# 6%,9"1# .+&("14# -"1# -&/%68*&1
,262# 6"'04# $*0Q2-&1# 5# /"*8"'B214# "%'C%&
8"Q21#&'#"6+'23,+.21#"B%$*".214#1%)-&6&'7
("'#-"1#)*2(&0'"1#.&#-21#,&*&"-&1#C%&#,2'#$*&7
,%&',+"# (+&'&'# )2,"# -+1+'":#\'"#6&B,-"# .&
"-+6&'(21#.&#2*+/&'#O&/&("-4#&1)&,+"-6&'(&
1+#1&#,2'1%6&'#&'#-"#6+16"#,26+."4#)%&.&
1&*O+*# ,262# *&&6)-"B2#.&# -"# )*2(&0'"# "'+7
6"-#JY2(2#GHM:#
!"#YXL#9"#)*2.%,+.2#,%".*21#C%&#6%&17
Nutrición humana en el mundo en desarrollo 103
(*"'#&-#,2'(&'+.2#.&#"6+'23,+.21#&1&',+"-&1
&'# .+O&*121# "-+6&'(21# 5# 1&# )%&.&# O&*# C%T
"-+6&'(21# 1&# ,26)-&6&'("'# 6&Q2*# ,2'
2(*21:#W"68+T'# &1#'&,&1"*+24#)2*# 1%)%&1(24
"O&*+/%"*# -"# ,"'(+.".# (2("-# .&# )*2(&0'"# 5
"6+'23,+.21#&'#%'#.&(&*6+'".2#"-+6&'(2:
!"#,"-+.".#.&#-"#)*2(&0'"#.&)&'.&#&'#/*"'
)"*(&#.&#-"#,26)21+,+;'#.&#1%1#"6+'23,+.21
5#1%#.+/&1(+8+-+.".:#U+#%'"#)*2(&0'"#&1#.&$+7
,+&'(&#&'#%'2#2#631#"6+'23,+.21#&1&',+"-&14
1%#,"-+.".#&1#631#8"Q":#S-#631#.&$+,+&'(&#.&
-21#"6+'23,+.21#&1&',+"-&1#.&#%'"#)*2(&0'"
1&# .&'26+'"# Z"6+'23,+.2# -+6+("'(&[:# S-
"6+'23,+.2# -+6+("'(&# .&(&*6+'"# -"# &$+,+&'7
,+"#.&#%(+-+B",+;'#.&#-"#)*2(&0'"#)*&1&'(&#&'
%'#"-+6&'(2#2#&'#,268+'",+;'#.&#"-+6&'(21:
!21#1&*&1#9%6"'21#)2*#-2#/&'&*"-#,26&'#"-+7
6&'(21# C%&# ,2'(+&'&'# 6%,9"1# )*2(&0'"1R
*"*"#O&B#,2'1%6&'#1;-2#%'"#)*2(&0'":#>2*#-2
("'(24# -21# '%(*+,+2'+1("1# 1&# +'(&*&1"'# &'# -"
,"-+.".#.&#-"#)*2(&0'"#.&#-"#.+&("#.&#%'"#)&*7
12'"#2#.&#1%1#,26+."14#631#C%&#.&#%'#12-2
"-+6&'(2:#U+#%'#"6+'23,+.2#&1&',+"-#&1#+'1%7
$+,+&'(&#&'#-"#.+&("4#T1(&#-+6+("#-"#%(+-+B",+;'
.&#2(*21#"6+'23,+.21#)"*"#$2*6"*#)*2(&0'":
!21#-&,(2*&1#C%&#.&1&&'#$"6+-+"*+B"*1&#,2'
-21#6T(2.21#C%&#1&#%(+-+B"'#)"*"#.&(&*6+'"*
-"#,"-+.".#.&#-"#)*2(&0'"4#)%&.&'#,2'1%-("*
-+8*21#&1)&,+"-+B".21#.&#'%(*+,+;'4#C%&#.&17
,*+8&'#&'#.&("--&#&1(&#(&6"#JOT"1&#-"#e+8-+27
/*"$0"M:#\'2#.&#-21#6T(2.21#&D)&*+6&'("##&-
,*&,+6+&'(2# 5# *&(&',+;'# .&# '+(*;/&'2# &'
*"("1#Q;O&'&1:#L(*2#+6)-+,"#-"#.&(&*6+'",+;'
.&-#"6+'23,+.2#2#1%#,"-+$+,",+;'#C%06+,"4#54
)2*# -2# /&'&*"-4# &D"6+'"# -"# %(+-+B",+;'# &$+7
,+&'(&#.&#-"1#)*2(&0'"1#&'#-21#"-+6&'(21#,2'7
1%6+.214#,26)"*"#1%#,26)21+,+;'#.&#"6+7
'23,+.21#,2'#-"#.&#-"#)*2(&0'"#C%&#1&#1"8&#&1
.&# "-("# ,"-+.".4# ,262# -"# ,2'(&'+."# &'# -21
9%&O21#&'(&*21:
>2*# -2# ("'(24# -"# ,"-+$+,",+;'# C%06+,"# 1&
)%&.&# .&$+'+*# ,262# -"# &$+,+&',+"# &'# &-
&6)-&2#.&#%'"#)*2(&0'"#"-+6&'("*+"4#,267
)"*"."#,2'#-"#)*2(&0'"#.&#9%&O2#&'(&*2:#!"
%(+-+B",+;'#'&("#.&#)*2(&0'"#J\a>M#&1#%'"
6&.+."#.&#-"#,"'(+.".#2#)2*,&'("Q&#.&#)*27
(&0'"#C%&#1&#*&(+&'&#&'#*&-",+;'#,2'#-"#,2'7
1%6+.":#K262#&Q&6)-24#&-#K%".*2#GE4#+-%17
(*"#&-#O"-2*#C%06+,2#5#-"#\a> &'#,+',2#"-+7
6&'(21:
a2#&1#%1%"-#2# $3,+-#28(&'&*#O"-2*&1#\a>
&'#-"1#)&*12'"14#5#-"#6"52*0"#.&#-21#&1(%.+21
%(+-+B"'#-"1#*"("1:#S-#K%".*2#GE#1%/+&*&#C%&
9"5#%'"#8%&'"#,2**&-",+;'#&'(*&#-21#O"-2*&1
&'#*"("1#5#&'#-21#'+V214#5#C%&#-"#,"-+$+,",+;'
C%06+,"#1%6+'+1(*"#%'#,3-,%-2#*"B2'"8-&#.&
-"#,"-+.".#.&#-"#)*2(&0'":
>"*"#&-#)*2$&1+2'"-#,26)*26&(+.2#&'#",(+7
O+.".&1#.&#'%(*+,+;'#5#&'#"5%."*#"#-"#/&'(&4
5"#1&"#,262#.+&(+1("#&'#%'"#&'(+.".#.&#1"-%.4
,262#(*"8"Q".2*#.&#&D(&'1+;'#"/*0,2-"#2#&.%7
,".2*#&'#'%(*+,+;'4#-2#C%&#+6)2*("#&1#C%&#&-
O"-2*#.&#-"#)*2(&0'"#O"*0&#&'(*&#-21#"-+6&'(21
5#C%&#-"#6&B,-"#.&#"-+6&'(21#6&Q2*&#-"#,"-+7
.".#.&#-"#)*2(&0'"#&'#%'"#,26+."#2#&'#-"#"-+7
6&'(",+;':#S-#K%".*2#Gf#)*&1&'("#&-#,2'(&'+7
.2#.&#)*2(&0'"#5#-"#,"-+$+,",+;'#.&-#"6+'23,+7
.2# -+6+("'(&# .&# "-/%'21# "-+6&'(21# 831+,21
O&/&("-&1# C%&# 1&# ,2'1%6&'# ,2'#6"52*# $*&7
,%&',+":#I&8+.2#"#C%&#-"#-+1+'"#&1#&-#"6+'237
,+.2# -+6+("'(&# 631# ,26?'# &'# 6%,921# "-+76&'(21#.&#2*+/&'#O&/&("-4#("68+T'#1&#1%6+7
'+1(*"#-"#,"-+$+,",+;'#)"*"#-"#-+1+'":
(3?9.83H-;@;/<.,203H-;49;A2,89B-/
!"1#)*2(&0'"1#C%&#1&#,2'1%6&'#&'#-"#.+&("
1%$*&'#%'"#1&*+&#.&#,"68+21#C%06+,21#&'#&-
(*",(2# /"1(*2+'(&1(+'"-:# !"# $+1+2-2/0"# .&# -"
.+/&1(+;'#)*2(&+,"#&1#,26)-&Q"R#-"#)&)1+'"#5
-"#*&'+'"#.&-#&1(;6"/24#-"#(*+)1+'"#.&-#)3'7
,*&"1#5#-"#&*&)1+'"#.&#-21#+'(&1(+'214#9+.*2-+7
B"'# -"1# )*2(&0'"1# &'# 1%1# ,26)2'&'(&14# -21
"6+'23,+.21:#!"#6"52*0"#.&# -21# "6+'23,+7
.21# 1&# "812*8&'# &'# &-# (2**&'(&# ,+*,%-"(2*+2
.&-#+'(&1(+'2#.&-/".2#5#)2*#-2#("'(2#1&#.&17
)-"B"'#"-#90/".2#5#.&#"--0#"#(2.2#&-#,%&*)2:
K%"-C%+&*#&D,&.&'(&#.&#"6+'23,+.21#1&#.&17
)2Q"#.&-#/*%)2#"6+'2#JaNHM4#C%&#O"#"#$2*7
6"*#%*&"# &'# -"# 2*+'"4# 5#.&Q"# &-# *&1(2#.&# -"
62-T,%-"#)"*"#1&*#(*"'1$2*6"."#&'#/-%,21":
SD+1(&# "92*"# "-/%'"# &O+.&',+"# .&# C%&# %'"
)*2(&0'"# ,"1+# +'(",("# &'(*"# "# ,+&*("1# ,T-%-"1
C%&#(")+B"'#&-#-%6&'#+'(&1(+'"-:#X-/2#.&#&1("
)*2(&0'"#&'#&-#'+V2#6&'2*#.&#%'#"V2#)%&.&
(&'&*#%'#)")&-#&'#-"#+'6%'+.".#)"1+O"#C%&
-"#6".*&#-&#(*"'1$+&*&#"#1%#9+Q2#*&,+T'#'",+.2:
\'"#)"*(&#.&#-"#)*2(&0'"#5#.&#-21#"6+'237
,+.21#-+8&*".21#&'#-21#+'(&1(+'21#'2#1&#"812*7
8&:# S1(21# "6+'23,+.21# '2# "812*8+.214#631
-"1# ,T-%-"1#.&1,"6"."1#.&# -"1#O&--21+.".&1
+'(&1(+'"-&1#5#128*&#-"1#C%&#",(?"'#-"1#8",(&7
*+"14# Q%'(2# ,2'# 2*/"'+1621# .&-# +'(&1(+'24
104 Macronutrientes: carbohidratos, grasas y proteínas
,2'(*+8%5&'#"-#'+(*;/&'2#C%&# 1&# &',%&'(*"
&'#-"#6"(&*+"#$&,"-:
_*"'# )"*(&# .&# -"# )*2(&0'"# .&-# ,%&*)2
9%6"'2#1&#&',%&'(*"#&'#-21#6?1,%-21:#a2
&D+1(&# %'# O&*.".&*2# "-6",&'"6+&'(2# .&
)*2(&0'"1#&'#&-#,%&*)24#,262#1%,&.&#,2'#-"
/*"1"#54#9"1("#,+&*(2#)%'(24#,2'#&-#/-+,;/&'2:
U+'#&68"*/24#"92*"#1&#1"8&#C%&#%'"#)&*12'"
8+&'# '%(*+."# (+&'&# 1%$+,+&'(&# )*2(&0'"# ",%7
6%-"."#5#&1(3#,")",+(".2#)"*"#.%*"*#O"*+21
Nutrición humana en el mundo en desarrollo 105
!+,-./)01
I/6,2;J7BG30,;@;78363K/03H-;-98/;49;A2,89B-/
9-;/63G9-8,.;.969003,-/4,.
X-+6&'(2 g"-2*#C%06+,2 \a> .&(&*6+'".2#&'#'+V21 \a> .&(&*6+'".2#&'#*"("1
2&34(5)637%38(59) 0:: ;< *=
>3?@3)6@&A"7"9) 0:: *= ;<
,88(B 1< 1C D*
E"$B =* C1 DF
G8HI( DC =; =;
!"#$%#F#X.")(".2#.&#YXL]LdU4#Gbf^
!+,-./)0<
!,-89-34,;A2,8930,>;L/6,2;/G3-,1034,;63G38/-89;@;L/6,2;63.3-/
49;/63G9-8,.;L9?98/69.;.969003,-/4,.
X-+6&'(2 K2'(&'+.2# g"-2*#"6+'23,+.2# g"-2*
)*2(&+,2#&'( -+6+("'(& -+1+'"
!929/69.
E"$B *J= =*) 6>H5H7"9 =*
,88(B)6K'"7?(9 <J0 1F) 6>H5H7"9 1F
2"8H7")L3)%8HI( 0:JC C;) 6>H5H7"9 C;
EHM( 00J: CC) 6>H5H7"9 CC
M9?7G<29.
N8$M('35 FCJ1 0:: 00;
,843M"5 FCJD 0:: 00<
E"7$) FDJ; 1F) 6>H5H7"9 1F
&,28/63K/.
G(A"%3 :J* D1 6>3&9 1=
!"'"K"B" 0JF <:) 6%@89 *D
OHAH37%()L&'?3 :J* <<) 6>H5H7")>3&9 <<
P&?" 0JC ==) 6>3&9 D1
O"%"%" FJ0 *0) 6>3&9 0:D
!"#$%#F#X.")(".2#.&#h2%'/#5#>&--&((4#Gbb@:
.0"1#1+'#*&)21+,+;'#5#)&*6"'&,&*#&'#8%&'"
1"-%.:
F909.34/49.;49;A2,89B-/
!21# '+V21# '&,&1+("'# 631# )*2(&0'"# C%&# -21
".%-(21#.&8+.2#"#C%&#.&8&'#,*&,&*:#I%*"'(&
-21#)*+6&*21#6&1&1#.&#O+."#-21#'+V21#*&C%+&7
*&'#")*2D+6"."6&'(&#H4A /#.&#)*2(&0'"#)2*
c+-2/*"62#.&#)&12#,2*)2*"-:#S1("1#'&,&1+."7
.&1# .+16+'%5&'# "# ")*2D+6"."6&'(&
G4A /]c#.&#-21#'%&O&#"#-21#GH#6&1&1#.&#&.".:
U+'# &68"*/24# "#6&'21#C%&# &-# ,2'1%62#.&
&'&*/0"#1&"#".&,%".24#'2#(2."#-"#)*2(&0'"#1&
%(+-+B"# )"*"# &-# ,*&,+6+&'(2:# \'"# 6%Q&*
&68"*"B"."#'&,&1+("#%'#1%6+'+1(*2#".+,+27
'"-#.&#)*2(&0'"#)"*"#.&1"**2--"*#&-#$&(2#C%&
--&O":#I&#62.2# 1&6&Q"'(&4# %'"#6%Q&*# C%&
"6"6"'("# '&,&1+("# )*2(&0'"1# ".+,+2'"-&14
.&8+.2#"#C%&# -"# -&,9&#C%&#1&,*&("#,2'(+&'&
)*2(&0'":#S'#"-/%'"1# 12,+&.".&1# &1# ,26?'
C%&#-"1#6%Q&*&1#-",(&'#"#1%1#8&8T1#.%*"'(&
%'#)&*02.2#.&#9"1("#.21#"V21:#>2*#-2#("'(24
"-/%'"1#6%Q&*&1#'&,&1+("'#)*2(&0'"1#".+,+27
'"-&1# )2*# %'# -")12# .&# .21# "V21# 5# '%&O&
6&1&1#)2*#,"."#'+V2#C%&#(&'/"':
d%,92#1&#9"#+'O&1(+/".2#128*&#-"1#'&,&1+7
.".&1# .&# )*2(&0'"# 5# -"1# ,"'(+.".&1# *&,27
6&'."."14# 5# &'# &1(&# (&6"#9"#9"8+.2#/*"'
,"'(+.".# .&# .&8"(&1# 5# .&1",%&*.21# &'# -21
?-(+621#A=#"V21:#!"#YXL#5#-"#L*/"'+B",+;'
d%'.+"-#.&#-"#U"-%.#JLdUM4#)&*+;.+,"6&'7
(&#*&?'&'#"#&D)&*(21#)"*"#*&O+1"*#&-#&1(".2
",(%"-#.&-#,2'2,+6+&'(2#5#."*#2*+&'(",+2'&1:
!"1#/%0"1#631#*&,+&'(&1#$%&*2'#&-#*&1%-(".2
.&#%'"#K2'1%-("#.&#SD)&*(214# *&"-+B"."#&'
,2'Q%'(2#)2*#-"#YXL4#-"#LdU#5#-"#\'+O&*1+7
.".# .&# -"1# a",+2'&1# \'+."1# J\a\M# &'
i26"4# &'# Gb<G# JLdU4# Gb<AM:# S-# '+O&-# ".&7
,%".2#.&#,2'1%62#)"*"#%'#'+V2#.&#%'#"V2
.&#&.".#1&#&1("8-&,+;#&'#G4A#/*"621#)2*#c+-27
/*"62#.&#)&12#,2*)2*"-:#!"#,"'(+.".#-%&/2
.+16+'%5&#"#G#/]c#"#-"#&.".#.&#1&+1#"V21:#S'
-21#S1(".21#\'+.214#-"#*",+;'#.+&(T(+,"#*&,27
6&'."."# JiIiM# &1# %'# )2,2#6"52*4# 2# 1&"
G4fA#/]c#"#-"#&.".#.&#%'#"V2#5#G4H#/]c#"#-"
&.".# .&# 1&+1# "V21:# S'# -21# ".%-(214# -"
YXL]LdU]\a\#,2'1+.&*"'#C%&#&-#,2'1%7
62#".&,%".2#.&#)*2(&0'"#&1#.&#=4<#/]c#)"*"
6%Q&*&1#5#.&#=4<A#/]c#)"*"#O"*2'&1:
S-#X'&D2# G# +'.+,"# -21# '+O&-&1# 1&/%*21# .&
,2'1%62# .&# )*2(&0'"# )2*# &.".# 5# 1&D24# &
+',-%5&#-21#.&#-"1#6%Q&*&1#&68"*"B"."1#5#.&
-21# -",("'(&1:#!21#O"-2*&1# 1&#."'# ("'(2#)"*"
%'"#.+&("#"-("#&'#$+8*"4#.2'.&#9"5#128*&#(2.2
,&*&"-&14# *"0,&1# 5# -&/%68*&14# ,2'# )2,2# "-+7
6&'(2# .&# 2*+/&'# "'+6"-# 5# )"*"# %'"# .+&("
8"-"',&"."#6+D("#,2'#6&'21#$+8*"#5#,"'(+.".
1%$+,+&'(&#.&#)*2(&0'"#,26)-&(":#K262#&Q&67
)-24# %'"#6%Q&*# ".%-("# '2# &68"*"B"."# C%&
)&1&#AA c/#'&,&1+("#@b /#.&#)*2(&0'"#)2*#.0"
)"*"#-"#)*+6&*"#.+&("#5#@G /#)2*#.0"#)"*"#-"
1&/%'.":# !"# $+8*"# *&.%,&# -"# %(+-+B",+;'# .&
)*2(&0'":
S-#,2'1%62#+'".&,%".2#.&#)*2(&0'"#"-(&7
*"# &-# ,*&,+6+&'(2#5# -"# *&)"*",+;'#.&-# 2*/"7
'+162:#!"#,"*&',+"#.&#)*2(&0'"#&1#128*&#(2.2
)&-+/*21"#)"*"#-21#'+V21#.&8+.2#"#C%&#&1(3'
,*&,+&'.2# 5# ".&631# .&8+.2# "-# *+&1/2# .&
+'$&,,+;'#C%&#&1#6"52*#.%*"'(&#-"#+'$"',+"
C%&#&'#,"1+#(2."1#-"1#2(*"1#T)2,"1#.&#-"#O+.":
S'# -21# '+V214# %'# +'".&,%".2# ,2'1%62# .&
&'&*/0"#("68+T'#(+&'&#%'#+6)",(2#&'#-"#)*27
(&0'":#K262#5"#1&#6&',+2';4#"'(&#-"#"%1&'7
,+"# .&# %'# '+O&-# ".&,%".2# .&# &'&*/0"4# 1&
'&,&1+("# .&1O+"*# "-/%'"# )*2(&0'"# 54# )2*# -2
("'(24#'2#1&#%(+-+B"*3#)"*"#&-#,*&,+6+&'(2:
S'#6%,921#)"01&1#&'#.&1"**2--2# J"%'C%&
'2#&'#(2.21M4#&-#,2'1%62#.&#)*2(&0'"#&1#*&-"7
(+O"6&'(&#8"Q2#5#,2'#$*&,%&',+"#&1#.&#2*+/&'
O&/&("-:#!"#&1,"1&B#.&#"-+6&'(21#.&#2*+/&'
"'+6"-#&'#-"#.+&("#'2#&1#1+&6)*&#%'"#,%&17
(+;'#.&#&-&,,+;':#>2*#&Q&6)-24#"#6%,921#"$*+7
,"'21#5#-"(+'2"6&*+,"'21#.&#8"Q21#+'/*&121
&,2';6+,21#-&1#/%1("'#-21#)*2.%,(21#"'+6"7
-&1# )&*2# &--21# '2# 1&# &',%&'(*"'# $3,+-6&'(&
.+1)2'+8-&14# 12'#631# .+$0,+-&1# .&# )*2.%,+*4
.&#"-6",&'"*#5#631#,21(2121#C%&#-"#6"52*0"
.&#-21#)*2.%,(21#O&/&("-&1:#!"1#.+&("1#8"Q"1
&'#,"*'&#5#)&1,".2#5#)*2.%,(21#-3,(&21#12'
6%5#,26%'&1#&'#)"01&1#.2'.&# -"#6"52*0"
.&#-"1#)&*12'"1#12'#)28*&1:
!"1#+'$&,,+2'&1#--&O"'#"#%'"#6"52*#)T*.+."
.&#'+(*;/&'2#.&-#,%&*)24#5#1&#.&8&#*&&6)-"7
B"*#)2*#-"1#)*2(&0'"1#.&#-"#.+&(":#>2*#-2#("'(24
-21# '+V21# 5# -21# 2(*21# C%&# (+&'&'# +'$&,,+2'&1
$*&,%&'(&1# (&'.*3'#6"52*&1# '&,&1+.".&1# .&
)*2(&0'"#C%&#-"1#)&*12'"1#1"'"1:#U&#.&8&#(&'&*
&'#,%&'("#&1(&#9&,92#&'#-21#)"01&1#&'#.&1"**27
--24#5"#C%&#6%,921#'+V21#1%$*&'#%'"#,"1+#,2'7
(+'%"#1&*+&#.&#&'$&*6&.".&1#+'$&,,+21"1R#'2#&1
*"*2#C%&#)%&."'#)".&,&*#.&#.+"**&"#5# ".&7
631#(&'&*#)"*31+(21#+'(&1(+'"-&1:
106 Macronutrientes: carbohidratos, grasas y proteínas
!)*)+,-++
.$/+0"1#2+3+4"+$567+874#89/$:7+0/$;<+"$+/=50#$%7+2587+#$
>2/4/<+?27%#;$/+3+@5%/05$/4+AB+=/+/:585C$+:#+"$+?"6/:7+:#
0/$;+/+=/+:5#%/+:5/25/+:#+8/:/+?#247$/<+?7:2;/+=5D2/2+/=
EF258/+:#+8/45+%7:/+=/+:#4$"%2585C$+#G54%#$%#
Nutrición humana en el mundo en desarrollo 107
!21# 6+'&*"-&1# (+&'&'# '%6&*21"1# $%',+2'&1
&'#&-#2*/"'+162#9%6"'2:#S-#12.+24#&-#)2("1+2
5#&-#,-2*2#&1(3'#)*&1&'(&1#,262#1"-&1#&'#-21
-0C%+.21#,2*)2*"-&14#.2'.&#(+&'&'#-"#$%',+;'
$+1+2-;/+,"#.&#6"'(&'&*#-"#)*&1+;'#216;(+,":
!21#6+'&*"-&1#$2*6"'#)"*(&#.&#-"#&1(*%,(%*"
.&#6%,921#(&Q+.21:#>2*#&Q&6)-24#&-#,"-,+2#5#&-
$;1$2*2#&'#-21#9%&121#1&#,268+'"'#)"*"#."*
12)2*(&#$+*6&#"#-"#(2("-+.".#.&-#,%&*)2:#!21
6+'&*"-&1#1&#&',%&'(*"'#&'#-21#3,+.21#5#3-,"7
-+1#,2*)2*"-&1R#)2*#&Q&6)-24#&-#,-2*2#&1(3#&'#&-
3,+.2#,-2*90.*+,2#.&-#&1(;6"/2:#U2'#("68+T'
,2'1(+(%5&'(&1# &1&',+"-&1#.&# ,+&*("1# 92*627
'"14#)2*#&Q&6)-2#&-#52.2#&'# -"# (+*2D+'"#C%&
)*2.%,&#-"#/-3'.%-"#(+*2+.&1:
!21# )*+',+)"-&1# 6+'&*"-&1# &'# &-# ,%&*)2
9%6"'2# 12'F# ,"-,+24# $;1$2*24# )2("1+24# 12.+24
,-2*24#"B%$*&4#6"/'&1+24#6"'/"'&124#9+&**24
52.24#$-?2*4#B+',4#,28"-(2#5#1&-&'+2:#S-#$;1$2*2
1&#&',%&'(*"#("'#"6)-+"6&'(&#&'#-"1#)-"'("14
C%&#%'"#,"*&',+"#.&#&1(&#&-&6&'(2#C%+B3#'2
1&#)*&1&'(&# &'#'+'/%'"#.+&(":#S-#)2("1+24# &-
12.+2#5#&-#,-2*2#1&#"812*8&'#,2'#$",+-+.".#5
$+1+2-;/+,"6&'(&#12'#631#+6)2*("'(&1#C%&#&-
$;1$2*2:#!21#1&*&1#9%6"'21#,2'1%6&'#"B%$*&
128*&# (2.2# &'# $2*6"# .&# "6+'23,+.21# C%&
,2'(+&'&'# "B%$*&R# )2*# -2# ("'(24# ,%"'.2# 9"5
,"*&',+"#.&#"B%$*&4#1&#*&-",+2'"#,2'#,"*&',+"
.&#)*2(&0'":#a2#1&#,2'1+.&*"#,26?'#-"#,"*&'7
,+"# .&# ,28*&4# 6"'/"'&12# 5# 6"/'&1+2:# !21
6+'&*"-&1#.&#6"52*#+6)2*("',+"#&'#-"#'%(*+7
,+;'#9%6"'"#12'F#,"-,+24#9+&**24#52.24#$-?2*#5
B+',4#5#?'+,"6&'(&#T1(21#1&#(*"("'#&'#.&("--&
"C%0:#X-/%'21#&-&6&'(21#6+'&*"-&1#12'#'&,&7
1"*+21# &'# ,"'(+.".&1# 6%5# )&C%&V"1# &'# -"1
.+&("1# 9%6"'"1# )&*2# 12'# O+("-&1# )"*"# $+'&1
6&("8;-+,21R#1&#.&'26+'"'#Z&-&6&'(21#(*"B"
&1&',+"-&1[:
S-#,%".*2#.&-#X'&D2#^4#6%&1(*"#&-#,2'(&'+7
.2#.&#'%(*+&'(&1#.&#"-+6&'(21#1&-&,,+2'".214
5#&-#,2'(&'+.2#*&-"(+O2#.&#"-/%'21#6+'&*"-&1
+6)2*("'(&1#&'#.+$&*&'(&1#"-+6&'(21:
!"M!'%
S-#,%&*)2#.&#%'#".%-(2#6&.+2#,2'(+&'&#"-*&7
.&.2*#.&#G HA= /#.&#,"-,+2:#d31#.&-#bb )2*
,+&'(2#.&-#,"-,+2#1&#&',%&'(*"#&'#-21#9%&121#5
&'#-21#.+&'(&14#.2'.&#1&#,268+'"#,2'#$;1$2*2
,262#$21$"(2#.&#,"-,+24#1%1("',+"#.%*"#C%&#-&
8*+'."#*+/+.&B#"-#,%&*)2:#U+'#&68"*/24#"%'7
C%&# .%*2# 5# *0/+.24# &-# &1C%&-&(2# '2# &1# -"
&1(*%,(%*"#1+'#,"68+21#C%&#)"*&,&#1&*:#S'#*&"7
-+.".4# -21#9%&121# 12'#%'"#6"(*+B# ,&-%-"*R# &-
,"-,+2#1&#"812*8&#,2'(+'%"6&'(&#)2*#-21#9%&7
121#5#&1#.&O%&-(2#"-#2*/"'+162:#!21#9%&1214
)2*#-2#("'(24#1+*O&'#,262#*&1&*O"#)"*"#1%6+7
'+1(*"*#&1(&#6+'&*"-:
S-#,"-,+2#1&#&',%&'(*"#&'#&-#1%&*2#.&#-"#1"'7
/*&# &'# )&C%&V"1# )&*2# +6)2*("'(&1# ,"'(+."7
.&14# /&'&*"-6&'(&# G=# 6/# )2*# G==# 6-# .&
1%&*2:#N"5#".&631#,"1+#G= /#.&#,"-,+2#&'#-21
-0C%+.21#&D(*",&-%-"*&1#5#&'#-21#(&Q+.21#8-"'7
.21#.&-#,%&*)2#.&-#".%-(2:
52,A394/49.;@;N7-03,-9.
S'#-21#1&*&1#9%6"'21#5#2(*21#6"60$&*214#&-
,"-,+2#5#&-#$;1$2*2#Q%'(21#(+&'&'#%'"#$%',+;'
+6)2*("'(&# ,262# ,26)2'&'(&1# )*+',+)"-&1
.&-# &1C%&-&(2:#X.&6314# 12'# +6)2*("'(&1# &'
$%',+2'&1#6&("8;-+,"14#,262#-"#$%',+;'#6%17
,%-"*4#&-#&1(06%-2#'&*O+2124#",(+O+.".&1#&'B+7
63(+,"#5#92*62'"-#5#&-#(*"'1)2*(&#.&-#2D0/&7
'2:#S1("1#$%',+2'&1#1&#.&1,*+8&'#,2'#.&("--&
&'#-21#(&D(21#.&#$+1+2-2/0"#5#'%(*+,+;':
S-#&1C%&-&(2#.&#%'"#)&*12'"#O+O"#&1#$+1+2-;7
/+,"6&'(&#.+1(+'(2#.&-#&1C%&-&(2#1&,2#&'#%'"
(%68"#2#6%1&2:#!21#9%&121#12'#(&Q+.21#O+O214
C%&#,2'1+1(&'#)*+',+)"-6&'(&#.&#%'"#1%1("'7
,+"#.&#,2-3/&'2#5#)*2(&0'"#6+'&*"-+B".":#S'
&-#1&*#O+O+&'(&#&D+1(&#%'#,"68+2#,2'(+'%2#.&
Nutrición humana en el mundo en desarrollo 109
!"#$%&'()0:
+3-92/69.
,"-,+2:#S-#9%&12#1&#&-+6+'"#5#1&#*&"812*8&#)&*7
6"'&'(&6&'(&#&'#-"1#)&*12'"1#.&#(2."1# -"1
&.".&1:#!"1#,T-%-"1#;1&"1#.&'26+'"."1#21(&7
2,-"1(21#(26"'#2#*&"812*8&'#&-#9%&124#6+&'7
(*"1# C%&# 2(*"14# .&'26+'"."1# 21(&28-"1(214
*&1("8-&,&'#2#$2*6"'#9%&12#'%&O2:#!"1#,T-%7
-"1# ;1&"1# &'# &-# ,2-3/&'2# 6+'&*"-+B".2# 1&
.&'26+'"'#21(&2,+(21:
N"1("#&-#,*&,+6+&'(2#,26)-&(2#2#-"#6".%7
*&B#JC%&#(+&'&#-%/"*#"-*&.&.2*#.&#-21#G<#"#HH
"V21# .&# &.".M4# "# 6&.+."# C%&# &-# &1C%&-&(2
,*&,&#1&#$2*6"#9%&12#'%&O2#9"1("#28(&'&*#1%
("6"V2# ".%-(2:# S'# -21# ".%-(21# Q;O&'&14# "
)&1"*#.&# -"# *&62.&-",+;'#;1&"4#&-#&1C%&-&(2
)2*# -2# /&'&*"-# 6"'(+&'&# 1%# ("6"V2:# U+'
&68"*/24#"#6&.+."#C%&#-"1#)&*12'"1#&'O&Q&7
,&'4#9"5#"-/2#.&#)T*.+."#.&#6"1"#;1&":
\'#1+1(&6"#$+1+2-;/+,2#,26)-&Q2#6"'(+&'&
%'#".&,%".2#'+O&-#.&#,"-,+2#5#$;1$2*2:#S-#,2'7
(*2-#+',-%5&#92*62'"1#.&#-"#/-3'.%-"#)"*"(+7
*2+.&14#,"-,+(2'+'"#5#-"#$2*6"#",(+O"#.&#O+("7
6+'" I#JG4HA#.+9+.*2D+7,2-&,"-,+$&*2-M:
K"'(+.".&1# )&C%&V"1# .&# ,"-,+24# )&*2# .&
/*"'#+6)2*("',+"4#1&#&',%&'(*"'#)*&1&'(&1#&'
-21# -0C%+.21#&D(*",&-%-"*&14# 128*&# (2.2#&'#&-
)-"16"#.&#-"#1"'/*&4#"10#,262#&'#-"1#.+O&*1"1
,T-%-"1# ,2*)2*"-&1:# S'# &-# 1%&*24# -"# 6"52*
)"*(&#.&-#,"-,+2#1&#&',%&'(*"#&'#.21#$2*6"14
+2'+B"."#5#$+Q"#"#-"#)*2(&0'":#!21#-"82*"(2*+21
/&'&*"-6&'(&#6+.&'# 1;-2# &-# ,"-,+2# (2("-#.&-
)-"16"R#,%52#*"'/2#'2*6"-#&1#.&#<4A#"#G=4A
6/].-#JH4G#"#H4E#662-]-+(*2M:#\'"#,"0."#&'#&-
'+O&-#.&#,"-,+2#"#6&'21#.&#H4G#662-]-+(*2#1&
.&'26+'"# 9+)2,"-,&6+"# 5# )%&.&# 2,"1+2'"*
.+O&*121# 10'(26"1:# !"# (&("'+"# J'2# 1&# .&8&
,2'$%'.+*#,2'#&-# (T("'214#)*2.%,+.2#)2*# -"1
(2D+'"1#.&-#8",+-2#(&(3'+,2M4#C%&#1&#,"*",(&*+B"
)2*#&1)"1621#5#"-/%'"1#O&,&1#,2'O%-1+2'&14
&1#&-#*&1%-(".2#.&#-21#8"Q21#'+O&-&1#.&#,"-,+2
+2'+B".2#&'#-"#1"'/*&:
O79-89.;/63G9-8/23/.
W2.2# &-# ,"-,+2# &'# &-# 2*/"'+1624# &D,&)(2# &-
9&*&.".2#.&#-"#6".*&4#O+&'&#.&#-21#"-+6&'(21
5# .&-# "/%"# C%&# 1&# ,2'1%6&':# S1# &1)&,+"-7
6&'(&#'&,&1"*+2#(&'&*#".&,%"."1#,"'(+.".&1
.&#,"-,+2#.%*"'(&#&-#,*&,+6+&'(24#)%&1#&'#&1("
&(")"#1&#.&1"**2--"'#-21#9%&121:
S-# $&(2# &'# &-# ?(&*2# .&# -"# 6".*&# (+&'&# -"
6"52*0"# .&# 1%1# '&,&1+.".&1# '%(*+,+2'"-&1
1"(+1$&,9"14#)%&1#&'#(T*6+'21#.&#'%(*+,+;'4#&-
'+V2#C%&#'2#9"#'",+.2#&1#,"1+#%'#)"*31+(2#U+
-"#.+&("#.&#-"#6".*&#&1#)28*&#&'#,"-,+24#&--"
1","#%'#1%6+'+1(*2#&D(*"#.&#&1&#6"(&*+"-#.&
1%1#)*2)+21#9%&121:
\'# '+V2# "-+6&'(".2# ,26)-&("6&'(&# "-
)&,92#28(&'.*3#8%&'"#,"'(+.".#.&#,"-,+2#.&
-"#-&,9&#6"(&*'"4#&'#("'(2#C%&#&-#O2-%6&'#.&
-&,9&#1&"#1%$+,+&'(&:#S'#,2'(*"#.&#-"#,*&&',+"
)2)%-"*4# &-# ,2'(&'+.2# .&# ,"-,+2# .&# -"# -&,9&
9%6"'"#O"*0"#631#8+&'#)2,2R#G==#6-#.&#-&,9&
6"(&*'"4#+',-%1+O&#.&#%'"#6".*&#.&1'%(*+."
,2'# %'"# "-+6&'(",+;'# 6%5# 8"Q"# &'# ,"-,+24
1%6+'+1(*"4#")*2D+6"."6&'(&#^=#6/#.&#,"-7
,+2#JOT"1&#&-#K%".*2#G<M:#\'"#6".*&#C%&#)*27
.%B,"#%'#-+(*2#.+"*+2#.&#-&,9&4#)&*.&*3#)2*#-2
("'(2#^==#6/#.&#,"-,+2#)2*#.0":
!"#-&,9&#.&#O","#&1#%'"#$%&'(&#6%5#*+,"#.&
,"-,+24#631#*+,"#C%&#-"#-&,9&#9%6"'":#d+&'7
(*"1#C%&#%'# -+(*2#.&# -&,9&#9%6"'"#,2'(+&'&
^==#6/#.&#,"-,+24#%'# -+(*2#.&# -&,9&#.&#O","
,2'(+&'&# G H==#6/:# !"#.+$&*&',+"# 1&#.&8&# "
C%&#-"#O","#(+&'&#C%&#1%6+'+1(*"*#-&,9&#"#1%
(&*'&*2# C%&# ,*&,&# ,2'#631# *")+.&B# C%&# %'
'+V2#5#'&,&1+("#,"-,+2#&D(*"#)"*"#&'.%*&,&*#1%
&1C%&-&(2# .&# *3)+.2# ,*&,+6+&'(2:# I&#62.2
1&6&Q"'(&4#-"#-&,9&#.&#,"1+#(2.21#-21#2(*21#"'+7
6"-&1#.26T1(+,21#(+&'&#%'#,2'(&'+.2#.&#,"-7
,+2#6"52*#C%&#-"#-&,9&#9%6"'":#S1(2#'2#1+/7
'+$+,"4# 1+'# &68"*/24# C%&# %'# '+V2# &1("*0"
6&Q2*#"-+6&'(".2#,2'#-&,9&#.&#O","4#C%&#,2'
-&,9&#6"(&*'":#!"#-&,9&#.&#O","#)*2)2*,+2'"
631#,"-,+2#.&-#C%&#'&,&1+("#%'#'+V2:#\'#'+V2
J2#+',-%12#%'#8&8TM#C%&#(26"#/*"'.&1#,"'(+7
.".&1# .&# -&,9&# .&# O","4# &D,*&("# ,%"-C%+&*
&D,&12#.&#,"-,+24#)2*#-2#,%"-#'2#")2*("#8&'&7
$+,+24#'+#"%6&'("#&-#,*&,+6+&'(2#.&-#'+V2#631
"--3#.&#-2#;)(+62:
!21#)*2.%,(21# -3,(&214# ,262#&-#C%&12#5#&-
52/%*(#12'#("68+T'#$%&'(&1#*+,"1#.&#,"-,+2:#!21
)&C%&V21#)&,&1#.&#6"*#5#.&#*024#,262#-"1#1"*7
.+'"1#5#"*&'C%&1#1%6+'+1(*"'#8%&'"1#,"'(+."7
.&1#.&#,"-,+24#)%&1#)2*# -2#/&'&*"-# 1&# ,26&'
&'(&*214#,2'#9%&121#5#(2.2:#!21#)&,&1#)&C%&7
V21#1&,214#,2'2,+.21#,262#."/""#&'#-"#i&)?7
8-+,"#\'+."#.&#W"'B"'0"4#c")&'("#&'#j"68+"#5
,9&-"#&'#-"#̀ '.+"#".+,+2'"'#,"-,+2#?(+-#"#-"#.+&("
JY2(2#G^M:#!"1#92*("-+B"1#5#-&/%68*&1#1%6+'+17
110 Minerales
(*"'#"-/2#.&#,"-,+2:#X%'C%&#-21#,&*&"-&1#5#-"1
*"0,&1#12'#*&-"(+O"6&'(&#)28*&1#.&#,"-,+24#,2'
$*&,%&',+"# 1%6+'+1(*"'# -"# )*+',+)"-# )2*,+;'
.&-#6+'&*"-#&'# -"1#.+&("1# (*2)+,"-&1#/*",+"1#"
-"1#,"'(+.".&1#,2'1%6+."1:
S-# ,2'(&'+.2# .&# ,"-,+2# .&-# "/%"# )2("8-&
O"*0"#.&#%'#-%/"*#"#2(*2:#!"1#"/%"1#.%*"1#,"1+
1+&6)*&#,2'(+&'&'#'+O&-&1#"-(21#.&#,"-,+2:
"<.,203H-;@;78363K/03H-
!"# "812*,+;'# .&# ,"-,+2# &1# O"*+"8-&# 5# )2*# -2
/&'&*"-# 8"1("'(&# 8"Q":# U&# *&-",+2'"# ,2'# -"
"812*,+;'# .&-# $;1$2*2# 5# -21# 2(*21#6+'&*"-&1
+6)2*("'(&1#,2'1(+(%5&'(&1#.&#-21#9%&121:#!"
O+("6+'" I#&1#&1&',+"-#)"*"#-"#"812*,+;'#".&7
,%"."#.&-# ,"-,+2:#\'"#)&*12'"# ,2'#,"*&',+"
.&#O+("6+'"I#"812*8&#6%5#)2,2#,"-,+24#"%'7
C%&#&-#,2'1%62#.&#,"-,+2#1&"#631#C%&#".&7
,%".24#5#)2.*0"#(&'&*#%'#&C%+-+8*+2#.&#,"-,+2
'&/"(+O2:# !21# $+("(214# $21$"(21# 5# 2D"-"(21# &'
-21#"-+6&'(21#*&.%,&'#-"#"812*,+;'#.&-#,"-,+2:!"1# )&*12'"1# C%&# )2*# ,21(%68*&# ,2'1%7
6&'#.+&("1#.&#8"Q2#,2'(&'+.2#&'#,"-,+24#)"*&7
,&'#"812*8&*-2#6&Q2*#C%&#-"1#C%&#,2'1%6&'
.+&("1#.&#,2'(&'+.2#"-(2:#S-#,"-,+2#C%&#'2#1&
"812*8&# 1&# &D,*&("# &'# -"# 6"(&*+"# $&,"-# 5# &-
&D,&12# .&# ,"-,+2# 1&# &D,*&("# &'# -"# 2*+'"# 5# &-
1%.2*:
F909.34/49.
a2# &1# $3,+-# &1("8-&,&*# ,"(&/;*+,"6&'(&# -"1
'&,&1+.".&1#9%6"'"1#.&#,"-,+24#.&8+.2#"#C%&
9"5#O"*+21#$",(2*&1#C%&#+'$-%5&'#&'#-"#"812*7
,+;'#5#("68+T'#&D+1(&'#O"*+",+2'&1#,2'1+.&*"7
8-&1#&'#-"1#)T*.+."1#.&#,"-,+2#.&#%'"#"#2(*"
)&*12'":
!"1# '&,&1+.".&1# .&# ,"-,+2# 12'# 6"52*&1
.%*"'(&# &-# &68"*"B2# 5# -"# -",("',+"4# 5# -21
'+V21# '&,&1+("'#631# ,"-,+2# .&8+.2# "-# ,*&,+7
6+&'(2:#!21#C%&#9",&'#.+&("1#*+,"1#&'#)*2(&07
'"#'&,&1+("'#631#,"-,+2#&'#-"#"-+6&'(",+;':
!21# '+O&-&1# *&,26&'.".21# .&# ,2'1%62
.+"*+2#.&#,"-,+2#12'#-21#1+/%+&'(&1F
P#".%-(214#@==#"#A==#6/R
P#'+V214#@==#"#f==#6/R
P#6%Q&*&1# &68"*"B"."1# 5#6".*&1# -",("'7
(&14#<==#"#G ===#6/:
D.8/4,.;49;0/29-03/
S1# 6%5# *"*2# &',2'(*"*# &'$&*6&.".&1# 2
6"-$2*6",+2'&1# )*+6"*+"1# ,"%1"."1# )2*
,"*&',+"# .+&(T(+,"# .&# ,"-,+2:# a2# &1# $3,+-
.&621(*"*#C%&#6%,9"1#.&#-"1#.+&("1#.&#-21
".%-(21# &'# -21# )"01&1# &'# .&1"**2--24# C%&
1%6+'+1(*"'# C%+B31# 1;-2# HA=# "# ^==#6/# .&
,"-,+2#"-#.0"4#1&"'#."V+'"1#)"*"#-"#1"-%.:#U&
1%)2'&#C%&#-21#".%-(21#"-,"'B"'#"-/?'#(+)2
.&#&C%+-+8*+2#,%"'.2#&-#,2'1%62#.&#,"-,+2
&1# 8"Q2:# !"1# 6%Q&*&1# C%&# )"1"'# )2*# %'"
1&*+&#.&#&68"*"B21#5# -",("',+"1#)*2-2'/"7
."1#)%&.&'#)&*.&*#,"-,+2#5#&1("*#&'#*+&1/2
.&#21(&26"-",+":#!"#,"*&',+"#.&#O+("6+'" I
5#'2#-"#,"*&',+"#.&#,"-,+2#&1#-"#,"%1"#.&#&1("
,2'.+,+;':
S'#-21#'+V214#&-#.&1"**2--2#.&-#*"C%+(+162#&1
&-#*&1%-(".2#.&#-"#.&$+,+&',+"#.&#O+("6+'" I4
'2#.&#-"#$"-("#.+&(T(+,"#.&#,"-,+24#"#)&1"*#.&
(&'&*# 6"52*&1# '&,&1+.".&1# .&# ,"-,+2# &'# -"
+'$"',+":#S-#&C%+-+8*+2#.&-#,"-,+2#&'#-"#+'$"',+"
)2*# -2# /&'&*"-# &1# )21+(+O24# 5# '2# 9"# 1+.2
.&621(*".2#C%&# -"# ,"*&',+"#.&#,"-,+2# (&'/"
%'"#+'$-%&',+"#".O&*1"#&'#&-#,*&,+6+&'(2:
!"#21(&2)2*21+1#&1#%'"#&'$&*6&.".#,26?'
.&-#&'O&Q&,+6+&'(24#128*&#(2.2#&'#-"1#6%Q&*&1
JOT"1&#&-#K")0(%-2#H^M:#S-#&1C%&-&(2#1&#.&16+7
'&*"-+B"4# -2# C%&# --&O"# "# -"# $*"/+-+.".# .&# -21
9%&121#5#,"1+#1+&6)*&#"#$*",(%*"1#.&#,".&*"4
OT*(&8*"1#5#2(*21#9%&1214#128*&#(2.2#&'#6%Q&7
*&1#6"52*&1:#U&#*&,26+&'."#,2'#$*&,%&',+"#&-
"-(2# ,2'1%62# .&# ,"-,+2# "%'C%&# '2# 1&# 9"
.&621(*".2#,262#&$&,(+O2#&'#-"#)*&O&',+;'
2#&-#(*"("6+&'(2:
Nutrición humana en el mundo en desarrollo 111
!+,-./)0;
!,-89-34,;49;0/603,;9-;L/23/.;
690=9.;78363K/4/.;9-;6,.;A/B.9.;
9-;49./22,66,
Y%&'(&#.&#-&,9& K2'(&'+.2#.&#,"-,+2#J0>H,II+0=M
2&A"7" CF
Q"?" 00*
!"A3''( 0F:
!"K8" 0C=
RST"'()L3)"I&" 01*
/43M" 0*C
S-#&Q&*,+,+2#)"*&,&#*&.%,+*#-"#)T*.+."#.&#,"-7
,+2# &'# -21# 9%&121R# &1(2# )%&.&# &D)-+,"*4# &'
)"*(&4# )2*C%T# -"# 21(&2)2*21+1# (+&'&# 6&'21
)*&.26+'+2#&'#6%,921#)"01&1#&'#.&1"**2--24
.2'.&#-"1#6%Q&*&1#(*"8"Q"'#.%*2#5#1&#&',%&'7
(*"'#6%5#",(+O"1:#N"5#"92*"#&O+.&',+"1#,-"7
*"1#C%&#1+#1&#1%6+'+1(*"#"#-"#6%Q&*#-"#92*627
'"#$&6&'+'"#&1(*;/&'24#.&1)%T1#.&#-"#6&'27
)"%1+"4#1&#*&.%,&#-"#)T*.+."#;1&"#5#1&#)*&O+&7
'&#-"#21(&2)2*21+1:
&'D##%
!"# ,"*&',+"# .&# 9+&**2# &1# %'"# ,"%1"# 6%5
,26?'# .&# &'$&*6&.".# &'# (2."1# )"*(&1# .&-
6%'.24#&'#&-#a2*(&#5#&'#&-#U%*:#S-#,2'(&'+.2
)*26&.+2# .&# 9+&**2# &'# %'# ".%-(2# 1"'2# &1
12-"6&'(&#.&#^#"#@#/4#"%'C%&#&1("#,"'(+.".
*&-"(+O"6&'(&#)&C%&V"#&1#O+("-:
52,A394/49.;@;N7-03,-9.
!"#6"52*#)"*(&#.&-#9+&**2#,2*)2*"-#&1(3#)*&7
1&'(&#&'#-21#/-;8%-21#*2Q214#128*&#(2.2#,262
,26)2'&'(&#.&#-"#9&62/-28+'":#_*"'#)"*(&
.&-#*&1(2#1&#&',%&'(*"#&'#-"#6+2/-28+'"4#,267
)%&1(2#C%&#1&#9"--"#)2*#-2#/&'&*"-#&'#-21#6?17
,%-214#5#,262#$&**+(+'"#C%&#&1#&-#9+&**2#"-6"7
,&'".24#.&#62.2#&1)&,+"-#&'#90/".24#8"B2#5
6T.%-"#;1&":#N"5#)&C%&V"1#,"'(+.".&1#".+7
,+2'"-&1# -+/"."1# "# -"# )*2(&0'"# &'# &-# )-"16"
1"'/%0'&2#5#&'#-"1#&'B+6"1#*&1)+*"(2*+"1:
!"#)*+',+)"-#$%',+;'#8+2-;/+,"#.&-#9+&**2#&1
&-# (*"'1)2*(&# .&# 2D0/&'2# "# O"*+21# 1+(+21# .&-
,%&*)2:#!"#9&62/-28+'"#&'#-21#&*+(*2,+(21#&1
&-#)+/6&'(2#C%&#--&O"#&-#2D0/&'2#.&#-21#)%-7
62'&1#"#-21#(&Q+.21:#!"#6+2/-28+'"4#&'#&-#(&Q+7
.2#6%1,%-"*#.&-#&1C%&-&(2#5#&-#,2*"B;'4#,")("
&-#2D0/&'2#.&#-"#9&62/-28+'":#S-#9+&**2#("67
8+T'#&1(3#&'# -"#)&*2D+."1"4# -"# ,"("-"1"#5# -21
,+(2,*2621:
S-#9+&**2#&1#%'#&-&6&'(2#C%&#'+#1&#"/2("#'+
1&#.&1(*%5&#&'#%'#,%&*)2#C%&#$%',+2'&#'2*7
6"-6&'(&:#X.+$&*&',+"#.&#"-/%'21#6+'&*"-&14
&-#9+&**2#'2#'&,&1+("#&D,*&("*1&4#5#1;-2#,"'(+7
.".&1#6%5#)&C%&V"1#")"*&,&#&'#-"#2*+'"#5#&-
1%.2*:# N"5# ,"'(+.".&1# 6+'?1,%-"1# C%&# 1&
)+&*.&'#&'#-"1#,T-%-"1#.&#.&1,"6",+;'#.&#-"
)+&-#5#.&-#+'(&1(+'24#&'#&-#,"8&--2#C%&#1&#.&17
)*&'.&4#&'#-"1#%V"1#5#&'#-"#8+-+1#5#2(*"1#1&,*&7
,+2'&1#,2*)2*"-&1:#S-#,%&*)2#&14#1+'#&68"*/24
&$+,+&'(&4#&,2';6+,2#5#,2'1&*O".2*#&'#&-#%12
.&-#9+&**2:#S-#9+&**2#-+8&*".2#,%"'.2#-21#&*+7
(*2,+(21#&'O&Q&,&'#5# 1&#"/2("'4# 1&#"812*8&#5
%(+-+B"#%'"#5#2(*"#O&B#)"*"#-"#)*2.%,,+;'#.&
'%&O21#&*+(*2,+(21:#S1("#&,2'260"#.&-#9+&**2
&1# +6)2*("'(&:# S'# ,+*,%'1("',+"1# '2*6"-&14
1;-2#1&#)+&*.&#.&-#,%&*)24#631#2#6&'21#G#6/
.&#9+&**2#"-#.0"4#)2*#&D,*&,+;'#&'#-21#+'(&1(+7
'214#-"#2*+'"4#&-#1%.2*#2#"#(*"OT1#.&#-"#)T*.+."
.&#,"8&--2#2#,T-%-"1#&)+(&-+"-&1#1%)&*$+,+"-&1:
I&8+.2# "# C%&# &-# 9+&**2# 1&# ,2'1&*O"4# -"1
'&,&1+.".&1# '%(*+,+2'"-&1# .&# -"1# 6%Q&*&1
)21(6&'2)3%1+,"1# 5# -21# O"*2'&1# 1"'21# 12'
6%5# )&C%&V"1:# !"1#6%Q&*&1# &'# &.".# $T*(+-4
1+'#&68"*/24#.&8&'#*&&6)-"B"*#&-#9+&**2#)&*7
.+.2# .%*"'(&# -"#6&'1(*%",+;'# 5# &-# )"*(2# 5
.&8&'#1"(+1$",&*# -"1#'&,&1+.".&1#".+,+2'"-&1
.&-#&68"*"B2#5#-"#-",("',+":#!21#'+V21#(+&'&'
*&-"(+O"6&'(&#'&,&1+.".&1#"-("1#.&8+.2#"#1%
*3)+.2# ,*&,+6+&'(24# C%&# ,26)*26&(&
"%6&'(21#'2#1;-2#&'#&-#("6"V2#,2*)2*"-#1+'2
".&6314#&'#&-#O2-%6&'#1"'/%0'&2:
O79-89.;/63G9-8/23/.
S-#9+&**2#1&#&',%&'(*"#&'#%'"#O"*+&.".#.&#"-+7
6&'(21#.&#2*+/&'#O&/&("-#5#"'+6"-:#!"1#$%&'7
(&1#.&#"-+6&'(21#*+,21#+',-%5&'#,"*'&#J&1)&7
,+"-6&'(&#90/".2M4#)&1,".24#9%&O214#-&/%67
8*&1#J+',-%5&'#%'"#O"*+&.".#.&#$*0Q2-&14#"*O&7
Q"1#5#2(*"1#-&/%6+'21"1M#5#92*("-+B"1#.&#92Q"
O&*.&:# !21# /*"'21# .&# ,&*&"-&14# ,262#6"0B4
"**2B#5#(*+/24#,2'(+&'&'#,"'(+.".&1#62.&*"7
."1#.&#9+&**24#)&*2#.&8+.2#"#C%&#T1(21# ,2'
$*&,%&',+"#12'#"-+6&'(21#831+,21#C%&#1&#,2'7
1%6&'#&'#/*"'.&1#,"'(+.".&14#1%6+'+1(*"'#-"
6"52*#)"*(&#.&-#9+&**2#)"*"#6%,9"1#)&*127
'"1#&'#-21#)"01&1#&'#.&1"**2--2:#!"1#2--"1#.&
9+&**2#)"*"#,2,+'"*#)%&.&'#1&*#%'"#$%&'(&#.&
&1(&#6+'&*"-:
!"#-&,9&4#&'#,2'(*"#.&#-"#'2,+;'#C%&#&1#&-
Z"-+6&'(2# )&*$&,(2[4# &1# %'"# $%&'(&# )28*&
.&#9+&**2:#!"#-&,9&#9%6"'"#,2'(+&'&#,&*,"
.&#H#6/#.&#9+&**2#)2*#-+(*2#5#-"#-&,9&#.&#O","
")&'"1#-"#6+(".#.&#&1("#,+$*":
"<.,203H-;@;78363K/03H-
!"#"812*,+;'#.&-#9+&**2#1&#--&O"#"#,"82#128*&
(2.2#&'#-"#)2*,+;'#1%)&*+2*#.&-#+'(&1(+'2#.&-7
/".2:#!"#6"52*0"#.&-#9+&**2#&'(*"#"-#(2**&'(&
112 Minerales
,+*,%-"(2*+2# .+*&,("6&'(&# 5# '2# "# (*"OT1# .&-
1+1(&6"#-+'$3(+,2:#!"#&O+.&',+"#+'.+,"#C%&#-"
.&6"'."# $+1+2-;/+,"# *&/%-"4# 9"1("# ,+&*(2
)%'(24#-"#"812*,+;':#!"1#)&*12'"1#C%&#(+&'&'
,"*&',+"#.&#9+&**24#(+&'.&'#"#"812*8&*#9+&**2
631#&$+,+&'(&6&'(&#5#&'#6"52*&1#,"'(+.".&1
C%&#-"1#)&*12'"1#'2*6"-&1:
g"*+21# 2(*21# $",(2*&1# "$&,("'# -"# "812*,+;'
.&#9+&**2:#>2*#&Q&6)-24#-21#("'+'214#-21#$21$"7
(21#5# -21#$+("(21#&'#-21#"-+6&'(21#*&.%,&'#-"
"812*,+;'# .&# 9+&**24# 6+&'(*"1# C%&# &-# 3,+.2
"1,;*8+,2#-"#"%6&'(":#X-/%'21#&1(%.+21#9"'
+'.+,".2#C%&#-"#5&6"#.&#9%&O24#"#)&1"*#.&#1%
,2'(&'+.2#*&-"(+O"6&'(&#"-(2#.&#9+&**24#+'9+7
8&#-"#"812*,+;'#.&#9+&**2#k'2#1;-2#&-#9+&**2
.&#-"#5&6"#.&#9%&O2#6+16"4#1+'2#".&631#-"
"812*,+;'#.&-#9+&**2#&'#2(*21#"-+6&'(21:
!"1#)&*12'"1#1"'"1#'2*6"-6&'(&#"812*8&'
1;-2#.&#A#"#G= )2*#,+&'(2#.&-#9+&**2#.&#1%1#"-+7
6&'(214#6+&'(*"1#C%&#-"1#)&*12'"1#,2'#,"*&'7
,+"#.&#9+&**2#)%&.&'#"812*8&*#&-#.28-&#.&#&1"
,"'(+.".:#>2*#-2#("'(24#&'#%'"#.+&("#C%&#1%6+7
'+1(*"#GA#6/#.&#9+&**24#%'"#)&*12'"#'2*6"-
"812*8&*0"#.&#=4fA#"#G4A#6/#.&#9+&**24#)&*2#-"
)&*12'"# ,2'# ,"*&',+"# .&# 9+&**2# "812*8&*0"
9"1("#^#6/:#!"#"812*,+;'#.&#9+&**2#,"1+#1+&67
)*&# "%6&'("# .%*"'(&# &-# ,*&,+6+&'(2# 5# &-
&68"*"B24#.&1)%T1#.&#%'"#9&62**"/+"#5#&'
2(*"1#,2'.+,+2'&1#&'#-"1#C%&#-"#.&6"'."#.&9+&**2#&1#6"52*:
S1#+6)2*("'(&#&-#9&,92#C%&#-"#.+1)2'+8+-+7
.".#.&#9+&**2#O"*0"#"6)-+"6&'(&#&'#-21#"-+7
6&'(21:#!"#"812*,+;'#.&-#9+&**2#9&60'+,2#J.&
-"# 1"'/*&M# &'# "-+6&'(21# .&# 2*+/&'# "'+6"-
J,"*'&4# )&1,".2# 5# )2--21M# )2*# -2# /&'&*"-# &1
6%5#"-("4#6+&'(*"1#C%&#&-#9+&**2#'2#9&60'+,2
.&#"-+6&'(21#,262#,&*&"-&14#92*("-+B"14#*"0,&1
5#$*%("1#1&#"812*8&#)28*&6&'(&:
U+'# &68"*/24# -"1# )&*12'"1# ,2'1%6&'
,26+."1#5#'2#%'#12-2#"-+6&'(2#&D,-%1+O24#5
%'"# )&C%&V"# ,"'(+.".# .&# 9+&**2# 9&60'+,2
C%&# 1&# +'/+&*"# ,2'# %'"# ,26+."# .2'.&# -"
6"52*# )"*(&# .&-# 9+&**2# &1# '2# 9&60'+,24
"%6&'("*3# -"# "812*,+;'# .&# (2.2# &-# 9+&**2:
>2*#-2#("'(24#1+#1&#"/*&/"#%'"#,"'(+.".#6%5
)&C%&V"#.&#9+&**2#9&60'+,24#C%+B31#.&#)&17
,".2#2#,"*'&4#"#%'"#6&.+."#/*"'.&#.&#"**2B
2# 6"0B# C%&# ,2'(+&'&# 9+&**2# '2# 9&60'+,24
*&1%-("*3# %'"# "812*,+;'#6%,92#6"52*# .&-
9+&**2#.&-#,&*&"-#831+,2:#U+#&1("#,26+."#("67
8+T'# +',-%5&# $*%("1# %# 92*("-+B"14# -"
O+("6+'" K# &'# &--"1# "%6&'("*3# ("68+T'# -"
"812*,+;'#.&#9+&**2:#U+'#&68"*/24#1+#1&#,2'7
1%6&#(T#,2'#&1"#,26+."4#&-#("'+'2#)*&1&'(&
&'#&-#(T#*&.%,+*3#-"#"812*,+;'#.&#9+&**2:
F909.34/49.
!"1#'&,&1+.".&1#.+&(T(+,"1#.&#9+&**2#12'#,"1+
.+&B# O&,&1# -21# *&C%&*+6+&'(21# $+1+2-;/+,21
,2*)2*"-&1:#U+#%'#9268*&#2#%'"#6%Q&*#)21(7
6&'2)3%1+,"#'2*6"-6&'(&#1"'214#*&C%+&*&'
G#6/#.&#9+&**2#)2*#.0"4#.&8+.2#"#-"1#)T*.+."1
.&#9+&**24#-"1#'&,&1+.".&1#.+&(T(+,"1#12'#"-*&7
.&.2*#.&#G=#6/#)2*#.0":#S1("#*&,26&'.",+;'
)&*6+(&#%'#8%&'#6"*/&'#.&#1&/%*+.".4#)%&1
-"#"812*,+;'#"%6&'("#,2'#-"#'&,&1+.".:
!"#)T*.+."#6&'1(*%"-#.&#9+&**2#1&#9"#,"-7
,%-".2#&'#%'#)*26&.+2#("'#)&C%&V2#,262
G#6/#.+"*+2#.%*"'(&#%'#"V2#&'(&*2:#U&#*&,27
6+&'."#C%&#-"1#6%Q&*&1#&'#&.".#$T*(+-#,2'1%7
6"'#.+"*+"6&'(&#G<#6/#.&#9+&**2:
I%*"'(&# &-# &68"*"B24# &-# ,%&*)2# *&C%+&*&
%'#)*26&.+2#.&#,"1+#G4A#6/#.&#9+&**2#.+"*+21
)"*"# &-# .&1"**2--2# .&-# $&(2# 5# -21# (&Q+.21# .&
")252#5#)"*"#&D)"'.+*#&-#1%6+'+1(*2#1"'/%07
'&2#6"(&*'2:#!"#6"52*0"#.&-#9+&**2#".+,+2'"-
1&#*&C%+&*&#&'#&-#1&/%'.2#5#(&*,&*#(*+6&1(*&1
.&-#&68"*"B2:
!"1# 6%Q&*&1# -",("'(&1# %(+-+B"'# &-# 9+&**2
)"*"# 1%6+'+1(*"*# -21# H#6/# ")*2D+6".21#.&
9+&**2# )2*# -+(*2# .&# -"# -&,9&# 6"(&*'":# U+'
&68"*/24# .%*"'(&# -21# 1&+1# "# GA# )*+6&*21
6&1&1# .&# -",("',+"# +'(&'1+O"# )%&.&'# '2
6&'1(*%"*4#5#)2*# -2#("'(2#'2#)+&*.&'#9+&**2
&'#-"#1"'/*&#6&'1(*%"-:
!21# '+V21# *&,+T'# '",+.21# (+&'&'# '+O&-&1
"-(21#.&#9&62/-28+'"#J*&,%&'(2#"-(2#.&#/-;7
8%-21#*2Q21M#C%&#1&#.&'26+'"#)2-+,+(&6+"4#5
1%6+'+1(*"#%'"#*&1&*O"#&D(*"#.&#9+&**2:#S1(&
9+&**24#Q%'(2#,2'#&-#C%&#)*2)2*,+2'"#-"#-&,9&
6"(&*'"4#&1#&'#/&'&*"-#1%$+,+&'(&#.%*"'(&#-21
,%"(*2# "# 1&+1# )*+6&*21#6&1&1# .&# O+."R# .&17
)%T14# 1&# 9",&# '&,&1"*+2# &-# ")2*(&# 9+&**2# .&
2(*21#"-+6&'(21:
!21#)*&6"(%*21#5#2(*21#'+V21#,2'#8"Q2#)&12
"-#'",&*4#)%&.&'#(&'&*#6&'2*&1#*&1&*O"1#.&
9+&**2# 5# &',2'(*"*1&# &'# 6"52*# *+&1/2# C%&
2(*21:
Nutrición humana en el mundo en desarrollo 113
\'#,2'1%62#&D,&1+O2#.&#9+&**2#)2*#)&*027
.21#)*2-2'/".21#)%&.&#--&O"*#"#-"#1+.&*21+1#2
9&62,*26"(21+1:# S1("# &'$&*6&.".# &1# 631
,26?'#.2'.&#1&#.&1(+-"#,&*O&B"#5#2(*"1#8&8+7
."1#"-,29;-+,"1#&'#2--"1#.&#9+&**24#128*&#(2.2
&'#U%.3$*+,":#!"#1+.&*21+1#"-,29;-+,"#)*2.%,&
.&);1+(21#.&#9+&**2#&'#&-#90/".2#5#1&#)%&.&
"12,+"*#,2'#-"#,+**21+1:
!21#'+O&-&1#1&/%*21#.&#,2'1%62#)*26&.+2
.&#9+&**2#1&#)*&1&'("'#&'#&-#X'&D2#G:
D.8/4,.;49;0/29-03/
U+#1&#,2'1+.&*"'#-"1#'&,&1+.".&1#.&#9+&**2#5
1%#,2'(&'+.2#&'#-21#"-+6&'(21#C%&#1&#,2'1%7
6&'#631#,26?'6&'(&4#1&#)2.*0"#)&'1"*#C%&
-"#,"*&',+"#.&#9+&**2#&1#6%5#*"*"4#)&*2#'2#&1
"10:# S-# 9+&**2# &'# -21# "-+6&'(21# 1&# "812*8&
)28*&6&'(&#5#'2#1&#&D,*&("#,2'#$",+-+.".#"#-"
2*+'"#2#"-#(*",(2#/"1(*2+'(&1(+'"-R#)2*#-2#("'(24
%'"# /*"O&# ,"*&',+"# .&# 9+&**2# 1&# "12,+"# ,"1+
1+&6)*&#,2'#%'"#6"52*#'&,&1+.".#.&#9+&**2
*&1%-("'(&# .&# ,2'.+,+2'&1# ,262# &68"*"B24
)T*.+."# .&# 1"'/*&# 2# &D)"'1+;'# .&# -"#6"1"
,2*)2*"-# (2("-# .%*"'(&# &-# ,*&,+6+&'(2:# !"
,"*&',+"# .&# 9+&**2# &1#631# ,26?'# &'# '+V21
)&C%&V214#&'#6%Q&*&1#&'#&.".#$T*(+-#5#&'#)&*7
12'"1#,2'#)T*.+."#1"'/%0'&"#,*;'+,":
S-#*&1%-(".2#$+'"-#.&#-"#,"*&',+"#.&#9+&**2#&1
-"#"'&6+":#!"#"'&6+"#1&#.&1,*+8&#&'#.&("--&
&'#&-#K")0(%-2#G^4#5#1%#,2'(*2-#1&#(*"("#&'#&-
K")0(%-2#^b:
!"1#+'$&1(",+2'&1#)2*#-268*+,&1#J)"*31+(21
+'(&1(+'"-&1M4# C%&# )*&.26+'"'# &'# 6%,921
)"01&14# 2,"1+2'"'# )T*.+."# .&# 1"'/*&# C%&
)%&.&#,"%1"*#"'&6+"#)2*#,"*&',+"#.&#9+&**2:
S'#,+&*("1#)"*(&1#.&#-21#(*;)+,21#-"#&1C%+1(27
126+"1+1#("68+T'#&1#,26?'#5#&1("#&'$&*6&7
.".#,"%1"#)T*.+."#.&#1"'/*&:#
P%(%
S-#,%&*)2#.&#%'#".%-(2#,2'(+&'&#%'#)*26&.+2
.&# "-*&.&.2*# .&# H=# "# A=#6/# .&# 52.24# 5# 1%
6"52*#)"*(&#1&#&',%&'(*"#&'#-"#/-3'.%-"#(+*2+7
.&1:#S-#52.2#&1#&1&',+"-#)"*"#-"#$2*6",+;'#.&
-"#92*62'"#(+*2+.&"#C%&#1&,*&("#&1("#/-3'.%-":
52,A394/49.;@;N7-03,-9.
S'#-21#1&*&1#9%6"'21#&-#52.2#$%',+2'"#,262
%'#,26)2'&'(&#&1&',+"-#.&#-"#92*62'"#.&#-"
/-3'.%-"#(+*2+.&14#/-3'.%-"#&'.2,*+'"#1+(%"7
."#&'#-"#)"*(&#+'$&*+2*#.&-#,%&--2:#!"1#92*627
'"1#.&#-"#(+*2+.&14#.&#-"1#,%"-&1#-"#631#*&-&7
O"'(&# &1# -"# (+*2D+'"# JW@M4# 12'# +6)2*("'(&1
)"*"# -"# *&/%-",+;'#.&-#6&("82-+162:# S'# -21
'+V21#")25"'#&-#,*&,+6+&'(2#5#.&1"**2--2#'2*7
6"-4#+',-%12#&-#.&1"**2--2#6&'("-:#S-#52.2#1&
"812*8&#.&-#+'(&1(+'2#,262#52.%*24#5#&-#&D,&7
12#1&#&D,*&("#&'#-"#2*+'":#!"#/-3'.%-"#(+*2+.&1
.&# %'"# )&*12'"# ".%-("4# C%&# ,2'1%6&# %'
'+O&-#".&,%".2#.&#52.24#,")("#")*2D+6"."7
6&'(&#E=#l/#.&#52.2#)2*#.0"#)"*"#)*2.%,+*
,"'(+.".&1#'2*6"-&1#.&#92*62'"#(+*2+.&":#U+
9"5#+'1%$+,+&',+"#.&#52.24#-"#(+*2+.&1#(*"8"Q"
6%,92#631#)"*"#,")("*#631#52.24# -"#/-3'7
.%-"#1&#"/*"'."#J%'"#,2'.+,+;'#C%&#1&#--"6"
82,+2# 2# ,2(2M# 5# 1%# ,2'(&'+.2# .&# 52.2# 1&
)2.*0"#*&.%,+*#&'#$2*6"#'2(2*+":
!"# 92*62'"# &1(+6%-"'(&# .&# -"# (+*2+.&1
JNSWM# .&# -"# /-3'.%-"# )+(%+("*+"4# +'$-%5&# -"
1&,*&,+;'#.&#(+*2D+'"#5#-"#,")(",+;'#.&#52.2:
S'#%'"#,"*&',+"#/*"O&#.&#52.24#-21#'+O&-&1#.&
NSW#1&#&',%&'(*"'#"-(21#5#-21#'+O&-&1#.&#(+*27
D+'"#12'#8"Q21:
O79-89.;/63G9-8/23/.
S-#52.2#1&#9"--"#"6)-+"6&'(&#&'#-"1#)+&.*"1
5#-21#1%&-21:#!"#,"'(+.".#&'#.+$&*&'(&1#)-"'7
("1#O"*0"#.&#",%&*.2#,2'#1%&-2#.2'.&#1&#,%-7
(+O"':#a2#&1#+6)2*("'(&#&'%6&*"*#&-#,2'(&'+7
.2# .&# 52.2# .&# -21# "-+6&'(21# .&8+.2# "# -"1
/*"'.&1#O"*+",+2'&1#&'#&-#,2'(&'+.2#.&#52.2
.&#%'#-%/"*#"#2(*24#)%&1#.&)&'.&#.&-#,2'(&7
'+.2# .&# 52.2# .&-# 1%&-2:# S-# 52.2# (+&'.&# "
-"O"*1&#.&#-21#1%&-214#5#"#(*"OT1#.&-#(+&6)24
%'"#,2'1+.&*"8-&#,"'(+.".#9"#--&/".2#"-#6"*:
S-#)&1,".2#.&#6"*4#-"1#"-/"1#5#-"#6"52*0"#.&
-"1#92*("-+B"1#,%-(+O"."1#,&*,"#"-#6"*#12'#?(+7
-&1#$%&'(&#.&#52.2:#S-#"/%"#)2("8-&#1%6+'+17
(*"#"-/2#.&#52.2#)&*2#6%5#*"*"#O&B#1%$+,+&'7
(&#)"*"#1"(+1$",&*#-"1#'&,&1+.".&1#9%6"'"1:#
S'#6%,921#)"01&1#.2'.&#&-#82,+2#(+&'&#)*&7
.26+'+24#-"1#"%(2*+.".&1#"/*&/"'#52.2#"#-"
1"-4#&1(*"(&/+"#C%&#9"#,2'(*2-".2#&D+(21"6&'7
(&#-21#(*"1(2*'21#)2*#,"*&',+"#.&#52.2#JWKhM:
S-#52.2#)2*#-2#/&'&*"-#1&#"/*&/"#"#-"#1"-#&'
$2*6"#.&#52.%*2#.&#)2("1+24#)&*2#2(*"#$2*6"4
&-#52."(2#.&#)2("1+24#&1#631#&1("8-&#5#6&Q2*
)"*"# ,-+6"1# ,"-+&'(&1# 5# 9?6&.21:# !"# 1"-
114 Minerales
52."."# &1# %'"# +6)2*("'(&# $%&'(&# .&# 52.2
"-+6&'("*+2:
D.8/4,.;49;0/29-03/
!"#$"-("#.&#52.2#&'#-"#.+&("#)*2O2,"#O"*+21
)*28-&6"1#.&#1"-%.4#%'2#.&#-21#,%"-&1#&1#&-
82,+24#2#"/*"'."6+&'(2#.&#-"#/-3'.%-"#(+*2+7
.&1:#S-#82,+2#)*&.26+'"#&'#6%,921#)"01&1:
N"5#2(*"1#,"%1"1#C%&#,2'(*+8%5&'#"-#82,+24
)&*2# -"# ,"*&',+"# .&# 52.2# &1# &'# /&'&*"-# -"
631#,26?':#!"#,"*&',+"#.&#52.2#.%*"'(&#&-
&68"*"B2#)%&.&#--&O"*#"-#,*&(+'+1624#*&("*7
.2#6&'("-# 5# 2(*21# )*28-&6"1# C%&# )%&.&'
1&*#)&*6"'&'(&1#&'#&-#'+V2:#U&#,2'2,&#"92*"
C%&# &-# 82,+2# &'.T6+,2# 5# &-# ,*&(+'+162# '2
12'#-21#?'+,21#)*28-&6"1#.&8+.21#"#-"#,"*&'7
,+"#.&#52.2:#!"#.+16+'%,+;'#&'#-"#,")",+.".
6&'("-#"12,+"."#,2'#-"#,"*&',+"#.&#52.2#&1
.&#)"*(+,%-"*#)*&2,%)",+;'# JOT"1&#&-#K")07
(%-2#G@M:
!21#WKh4#"%'C%&#"'(&*+2*6&'(&#)*&.26+7
'"8"'#&'#S%*2)"4#X6T*+,"#.&-#a2*(&#5#X%17
(*"-+"4# "92*"# 1&# 281&*O"'# 128*&# (2.2# &'# -21
)"01&1# &'#.&1"**2--2:#!"#6"52*#)*&O"-&',+"
(+&'.&#"#1&*#&'#3*&"1#62'("V21"1#,262# -21
X'.&1# 5# -21# N+6"-"5"1# 5# -"1# "-(+)-"'+,+&1
-&Q21#.&-#6"*:#>2*#&Q&6)-24#%'"#+'O&1(+/",+;'
--&O"."#"#,"82#)2*#&-#"%(2*#&'#-"1#62'("V"1.&#\c+'/"#&'#W"'B"'0"4#*&O&-;#C%&#&-#fA )2*
,+&'(2#.&#-"#)28-",+;'#)*&1&'("8"#,*&,+6+&'7
(2#.&#-"#(+*2+.&1:
OMQ%#
S-# $-?2*# &1# %'# &-&6&'(2# 6+'&*"-# C%&# 1&
&',%&'(*"# 128*&# (2.2# &'# -21# .+&'(&1# 5# &-
&1C%&-&(2:#!"1#(*"B"1#.&#$-?2*#&'#-21#.+&'(&1
"5%."'#"#)*2(&/&*-21#.&# -"1# ,"*+&1:#S-# $-?2*
,2'1%6+.2#.%*"'(&#-"#'+V&B#1&#,2'O+&*(&#&'
)"*(&#.&-#&16"-(&#.&'("-#5#-2#9",&#631#*&1+17
(&'(&#"#-21#3,+.21#2*/3'+,21#.T8+-&1#$2*6".21
)2*#-21#"-+6&'(214#C%&#1&#".9+&*&'#2#C%&."'
"(*")".21# &'(*&# -21# .+&'(&1:# S1(&# $2*("-&,+7
6+&'(2#*&.%,&#&'#/*"'#)"*(&#-"#2)2*(%'+.".
C%&#1&#)*2.%B,"'#,"*+&1#&'#-21#.+&'(&1:#X-/%7
'21# &1(%.+21# 1%/+&*&'# C%&# &-# $-?2*# )%&.&
("68+T'#"5%."*#"# $2*("-&,&*#&-#9%&124# &1)&7
,+"-6&'(&#&'# -21#?-(+621#"V21#.&# -"#O+."4#5
C%&#)%&.&4#)2*#-2#("'(24#+'9+8+*#&-#.&1"**2--2
.&#-"#21(&2)2*21+1:
O79-89.;/63G9-8/23/.
!"#)*+',+)"-#$%&'(&#.&#$-?2*#)"*"#-"#6"52*0"
.&#-21#1&*&1#9%6"'21#&1#&-#"/%"#C%&#8&8&':#U+
&-# "/%"# ,2'(+&'&# ")*2D+6"."6&'(&# %'"
)"*(&#)2*#6+--;'#.&#$-?2*#JG#))6M4#&'(2',&1
1%6+'+1(*"*3#%'"#".&,%"."#,"'(+.".#.&#$-?2*
)"*"#-21#.+&'(&1:#U+'#&68"*/24#6%,921#1%6+7
'+1(*21#.&#"/%"#(+&'&'#6%,92#6&'21#.&#&1("
,"'(+.".:#S-# $-?2*#1&#&',%&'(*"#&'#&-#9%&12R
)2*#,2'1+/%+&'(&#-21#)&C%&V21#)&1,".21#C%&
1&#,2'1%6&'#&'(&*21#12'#%'"#8%&'"#$%&'(&:
S-#(T#(+&'&#%'#"-(2#,2'(&'+.2#.&#$-?2*:#>2,21
2(*21#"-+6&'(21#,2'(+&'&'#/*"'#,"'(+.".#.&
$-?2*:
!/29-03/
U+#&-#,2'(&'+.2#.&#$-?2*#.&-#"/%"#)2("8-&#&'
,%"-C%+&*#-2,"-+.".#1&#&',%&'(*"#)2*#.&8"Q2
.&#=4A#))64#-"#,"*+&1#.&'("-#1&*3#6%,92#631
,26?'#C%&#&'#-21#-%/"*&1#.2'.&#-"#,2',&'7
(*",+;'#&1#6"52*:
S-#'+O&-#*&,26&'.".2#.&#$-?2*#&'#&-#"/%"
&1#&'(*&#=4<#5#G4H#))6:#S'#"-/%'21#)"01&1#2
-2,"-+.".&1#.2'.&#&-#,2'(&'+.2#.&#$-?2*#&'#&-
"/%"#&1#6&'21#.&#G#))64#1&#9"#,2'O&*(+.2#&'
)*3,(+,"#".+,+2'"*#$-?2*#"-#"/%"#)2("8-&:#S1("
)*3,(+,"# &1#6%5# *&,26&'."."4# 10# 1&# )%&.&
*&"-+B"*#"#(*"OT1#.&#1%6+'+1(*21#.&#"/%"#,2'
/*"'.&1#(%8&*0"1:#S'#"-/%'21#)"01&1#&'#.&1"7
**2--24#.2'.&#-"#6"52*0"#.&#-"1#)&*12'"1#'2
(+&'&'#"/%"#)2("8-&4#'2#&1#$",(+8-&:#!"#".+,+;'
.&#$-?2*#"#-"#,*&6"#.&'("-#("68+T'#"5%."#"
*&.%,+*#-"#,"*+&1#.&'("-:#S-#$-?2*#'2#)*&O+&'&
(2("-6&'(&#-"#,"*+&1#.&'("-4#)&*2#)%&.&#*&.%7
,+*#-"#+',+.&',+"#&'(*&#E=#5#f= )2*#,+&'(2:
DR09.,
\'#,2'1%62#&D,&1+O"6&'(&#&-&O".2#.&#$-?2*
,"%1"#%'"#,2'.+,+;'#,2'2,+."#,262#$-%2*21+1
.&'("-4#.2'.&#-21#.+&'(&1#1&#O%&-O&'#Q"1)&"7
.21:#K"1+#1+&6)*&#1&#.&8&#"#,2'1%62#.&#$-?2*
&D,&1+O2#&'#1%6+'+1(*21#.&#"/%"#)2("8-&#C%&
(+&'&'# "-(21# '+O&-&1# .&# &1("# 1%1("',+":# S'
"-/%'"1# )"*(&1# .&# m$*+,"# 5#X1+"4# -"1# "/%"1
'"(%*"-&1#,2'(+&'&'#631#.&#@#))6#.&#$-?2*:
S-# ,2'1%62#6%5#&-&O".2#.&# $-?2*# ("68+T'
,"%1"# ,"68+21# &'# -21# 9%&121# ,2'# &1,-&*21+1
J6"52*# .&'1+.".# ;1&"M4# ,"-,+$+,",+;'# .&# -"1
+'1&*,+2'&1#6%1,%-"*&1#5#&D21(21+1:#\'#&1(%7
Nutrición humana en el mundo en desarrollo 115
.+2#*&"-+B".2#)2*#&-#"%(2*#&'#W"'B"'0"4#*&O&7
-;#%'"#"-("#+',+.&',+"#.&#,"68+21#$-%2*;(+,21
&'# -21#9%&121# J.&621(*".2#)2*# *".+2/*"$0"M
&'#)&*12'"1#.&#&.".#C%&#'2*6"-6&'(&#8&807
"'#"/%"#C%&#,2'(&'0"#631#.&#E#))6#.&#$-?2*:
U+6+-"*&1# 9"--"B/21# 1&# 9"'# .&1,*+(2# &'# -"
`'.+":#!"#$-%2*21+1#&1C%&-T(+,"#)%&.&#,"%1"*
1&*+21#.2-2*&1#5#/*"O&1#"'2*6"-+.".&1#;1&"1:
S'F!
S-#B+',#&1#%'#&-&6&'(2#&1&',+"-#&'# -"#'%(*+7
,+;'#9%6"'"#5#1%#+6)2*("',+"#)"*"#-"#1"-%.
9"# *&,+8+.2# 6%,9"# "(&',+;'# *&,+&'(&6&'(&:
S-# B+',# 1&# &',%&'(*"# &'# 6%,9"1# &'B+6"1
+6)2*("'(&1# 5# &1&',+"-&1# )"*"# &-#6&("82-+17
62:# S-# ,%&*)2# .&# %'# ".%-(2# 9%6"'2# 1"'2
,2'(+&'&#.&#H#"#^ /#.&#B+',#5#'&,&1+("#"-*&.&7
.2*#.&# GA#6/#.&# B+',#.+&(T(+,2#)2*#.0":#!"
6"52*0"#.&-#B+',#&'#&-#,%&*)2#1&#9"--"#&'#&-
&1C%&-&(24#)&*2#2(*21#(&Q+.21#J,262#-"#)+&-#5#&-
,"8&--2M# 5# "-/%'21# ;*/"'21# J128*&# (2.2# -"
)*;1("("M#(+&'&'#"-("1#,2',&'(*",+2'&1:
O79-89.;4398T830/.
S-#B+',#1&#&',%&'(*"#&'#-"#6"52*0"#.&#-21#"-+7
6&'(21#.&#2*+/&'#O&/&("-#5#"'+6"-4#)&*2#-"1
$%&'(&1# 631# *+,"1# (+&'.&'# "# 1&*# "-+6&'(21
*+,21#&'#)*2(&0'"14#,262#-"#,"*'&4#"-+6&'(21
.&#6"*#5#9%&O21:#S'#-21#)"01&1#&'#.&1"**27
--24#1+'#&68"*/24#.2'.&#,"1+#(2."1#-"1#)&*127
'"1#,2'1%6&'#*&-"(+O"6&'(&#)&C%&V"1#,"'7
(+.".&1#.&# &1(21# "-+6&'(214# -"#6"52*0"#.&-
B+',#)*2O+&'&#.&# -21#/*"'21#.&#,&*&"-#5#.&
-"1#-&/%68*&1:
"<.,203H-;@;78363K/03H-
K262#2,%**&#,2'#&-#9+&**24# -"#"812*,+;'#.&-
B+',#.&#-"#.+&("#1&#)%&.&#+'9+8+*#)2*#,2'1(+(%7
5&'(&1#.&#-21#"-+6&'(21#,262#$+("(214#2D"-"(21
5#("'+'21:#U+'#&68"*/24#'2#1&#,2'2,&'#)*%&7
8"1# 1&',+--"1# )"*"# .&(&*6+'"*# &-# &1(".2# .&-
B+',#&'#&-#1&*#9%6"'2:#!21#+'.+,".2*&1#%(+-+7
B".21# +',-%5&'# &O+.&',+"# .&# 8"Q2# ,2'1%62
.+&(T(+,24#8"Q21#'+O&-&1#.&#B+',#1T*+,2#5#8"Q"
,"'(+.".#.&#B+',#&'#6%&1(*"1#.&#,"8&--2:
S'# -"1#?-(+6"1#.21#.T,"."1#1&#9"'#9&,92
'%6&*21"1# +'O&1(+/",+2'&1#128*&#&1(&#6+'&7
*"-4# 5# 1&# 9"'# ",%6%-".2# 6%,921# ,2'2,+7
6+&'(21#128*&#&-#6&("82-+162#.&-#B+',#5#1%
,"*&',+"#&'#"'+6"-&1#5#&'#1&*&1#9%6"'21:#U+'
&68"*/24# 9"5# )2,"1# )*%&8"1# )"*"# 1%/&*+*
C%&# -"# ,"*&',+"# .&# B+',# &1# %'# )*28-&6"#.&
1"-%.# )?8-+,"# +6)2*("'(&# )"*"# %'# /*"'
'?6&*2#.&#)"01&1#+'.%1(*+"-+B".21#2#&'#.&1"7
**2--2:#>2*#2(*2#-".24#+'O&1(+/",+2'&1#*&"-+B"7
."1# &'# -"# ",(%"-+.".4# .&6%&1(*"'# C%&# -"
,"*&',+"# .&# B+',# &1# ,"%1"# .&-# ,*&,+6+&'(2
.&$&,(%2124# .&# -"# *&.%,,+;'# .&-# ")&(+(2# 5
2(*21#)*28-&6"1R#.&#&1("#$2*6"4#-"#,"*&',+"#.&
B+',#)%&.&#,2'(*+8%+*#128*&#(2.2#"#-2#C%&#1&
.&'26+'"#"92*"#6"-'%(*+,+;'#)*2(&+'2&'&*7
/T(+,"#Jd>SM:
!"#,"*&',+"#.&#B+',#&1#*&1)2'1"8-&#.&#%'"
&'$&*6&.".# ,2'/T'+("# *"*"# ,2'2,+."# ,262
",*2.&*6"(+(+1# &'(&*2)3(+,"# C%&# *&1)2'.&# "
-"# (&*")+"# ,2'# B+',:#X-/%'21# )",+&'(&1# C%&
*&,+8&'#(2.21#1%1#'%(*+&'(&1#)2*#O0"#&'.2O&7
'21"#.&1"**2--"'#-&1+2'&1#&'#-"#)+&-#C%&#("67
8+T'#*&1)2'.&'#"-#(*"("6+&'(2#.&#B+',:#S'#&-
K&*,"'2# L*+&'(&4# )"*(+,%-"*6&'(&4# &'# -"
i&)?8-+,"#`1-36+,"#.&#`*3'#5#&'#S/+)(24#1&#9"
.&1,*+(2#%'"#,2'.+,+;'#&'#-"#,%"-#".2-&1,&'7
(&1#2#'+V21#,"1+#".2-&1,&'(&1#12'#&'"'21#5#(+&7
'&'# /&'+("-&1# )2,2# .&1"**2--".21# 5# %'"
)%8&*(".#("*.0"R#1&#9"#.+,92#C%&#&1(2#6&Q2*"
,2'#&-#(*"("6+&'(2#,2'#B+',:
!"#,"*&',+"#.&#B+',#("68+T'#1&#9"#.&1,*+(2
,262# 1&,%'."*+"# "4# 2# ,262# )"*(&# .&# 2(*"1
,2'.+,+2'&1#,262#d>S4#.+O&*121#)*28-&6"1
.&# 6"-"812*,+;'4# "-,292-+162# +',-%5&'.2
,+**21+1# 9&)3(+,"4# &'$&*6&.".&1# *&'"-&1# 5
.&1;*.&'&1#6&("8;-+,21:
%)#%*;DMD+DF)%*;)#"S"
a%6&*2121#6+'&*"-&1#1&#&',%&'(*"'#)*&1&'7
(&1#&'#&-#,%&*)2#9%6"'2:#>"*"#-"#6"52*0"#.&
-21#&-&6&'(21# (*"B"4#".&631#.&# -21#.+1,%(+7
.21# "'(&14# '2#9"5#)*%&8"1#C%&# 1%# ,"*&',+"
1&"# *&1)2'1"8-&# .&# )*28-&6"1# +6)2*("'(&1
.&#1"-%.#)?8-+,"#&'#'+'/%'"#)"*(&:#X-/%'21
.&#&1(21#6+'&*"-&1#12'#6%5#+6)2*("'(&1#&'
&-#6&("82-+162#2#,262#,2'1(+(%5&'(&1#.&#-21
(&Q+.21#,2*)2*"-&1:#U&#9"'#&1(%.+".2#6%,921
.&#&--214#5#1&#9"#.&1,*+(2#1%#C%06+,"#5#8+27
C%06+,":#U&#9"'#)*2.%,+.2#,"*&',+"1#&D)&*+7
6&'("-&1#&'#"'+6"-&1#.&#-"82*"(2*+24#)&*2#-"
6"52*0"#.&#-"1#.+&("1#9%6"'"14#+',-%1+O&#-"1
.+&("1#.&$+,+&'(&14#'2#)"*&,&'#--&O"*#"#,"*&'7
116 Minerales
,+"1# +6)2*("'(&1:# S1(21# 6+'&*"-&14# )2*# -2
("'(24#'2#12'#.&#+6)2*("',+"#&'#1"-%.#)?8-+7
,":# L(*21# &-&6&'(21# (*"B"# 1&# 9"--"'# &'# &-
,%&*)2#)&*2#'2#(+&'&'#'+'/%'"#$%',+;'#&1&'7
,+"-#,2'2,+.":#X-/%'21#6+'&*"-&14#)2*#&Q&67
)-2#&-#)-262#5#&-#6&*,%*+24#12'#.&#/*"'#+'(&7
*T1#)"*"#-21#(*"8"Q".2*&1#.&#-"#1"-%.4#.&8+.2
"#C%&#&-#&D,&12#.&#1%#,2'1%62#,26?'6&'(&
9"'# .".2# ,262# *&1%-(".2# 6"'+$&1(",+2'&1
(;D+,"1:
S-#,28"-(24#&-#,28*&4#&-#6"/'&1+24#&-#6"'/"7
'&12#5#&-#1&-&'+2#6&*&,&'#6&',+;'#.&8+.2#"
1%#+6)2*("'(&#)")&-#'%(*+,+2'"-4#5#&-#)-262#5
&-# 6&*,%*+24# .&8+.2# "# 1%# (2D+,+.".:# S1(21
6+'&*"-&1#1&#.+1,%(&'#&'#.&("--&#&'# -+8*21#5
(&D(21#.&#'%(*+,+;':
!,</68,
S-# ,28"-(2#&1#.&# +'(&*T1#)"*"# -21#'%(*+,+27
'+1("1#.&8+.2#"#C%&#&1#)"*(&#&1&',+"-#.&#-"
O+("6+'" eGH# J,+"'2,28"-"6+'"M:# K%"'.2
1&# "+1-;# ,262#%'"# 1%1("',+"# ,*+1("-+'"4# 1&
&',2'(*;#C%&#-"#O+("6+'" ,2'(+&'&#")*2D+7
6"."6&'(&# @ )2*# ,+&'(2# .&# ,28"-(2:# U+'
&68"*/24# -"# ,"*&',+"# .&# ,28"-(2# '2# (+&'&
%'# )")&-# +6)2*("'(&# &'# -"# "'&6+"# C%&
*&1%-("#.&#-"#,"*&',+"#.&#O+("6+'" eGH:
!,<29
U&#1"8&#C%&#-"#,"*&',+"#.&#,28*&#,"%1"#"'&7
6+"#&'#&-#/"'".24#)&*2#&1(&#*+&1/2#'2#1&#9"1+.2# ,2'2,+.2# &'# 1&*&1# 9%6"'21# ".%-(21:
X-/%'"# &O+.&',+"# 1%/+&*&# C%&# -"# ,"*&',+"
.&#,28*&#2,"1+2'"#"'&6+"#&'#'+V21#)*&6"7
(%*214# &'# )&*12'"1# ,2'# d>S# /*"O&# 5# &'
C%+&'&1#1&#6"'(+&'&'#,2'#'%(*+,+;'#)"*&'7
(&*"-:#\'"#&'$&*6&.".#,2'/T'+("#&D(*&6"7
."6&'(&#*"*"#5#C%&#1&#,2'2,&#,262#&'$&*7
6&.".# .&#d&'c&4# 1&# .&8&# "# $"--"1# &'# -"
"812*,+;'#.&#,28*&:
+/?-9.3,
S-#6"/'&1+2#&1#%'#6+'&*"-#&1&',+"-#)*&1&'7
(&#128*&#(2.2#&'#-21#9%&121#5#&'#-"#6"52*
)"*(&# .&# -21# (&Q+.21# 9%6"'21:# K"1+# (2."1
-"1# .+&("1# ,2'(+&'&'# ".&,%".2# 6"/'&1+2
"-+6&'("*+24#)&*2#&'#,+&*("1#,+*,%'1("',+"14
,262#.+"**&"4#d>S#/*"O&#5#2(*"1#,2'.+,+27
'&14# 9"5# )T*.+."1# &D,&1+O"1# .&#6"/'&1+2
,2*)2*"-:# W"-&1# )T*.+."1# )%&.&'# --&O"*# "
.&8+-+.".#5#,"68+21#6&'("-&1#5#&'#2,"1+27
'&1#"#,2'O%-1+2'&1:#
*969-3,
!"# ,"*&',+"#5# &-# &D,&12#.&# 1&-&'+2# 1&#9"'
.&1,*+(2# 8+&'# &'# &-# /"'".2:# S'# 3*&"1# .&
K9+'"#.2'.&#&-#1&-&'+2#&1#.&$+,+&'(&#&'#&-
1%&-24#5#)2*#-2#("'(2#&'#-21#"-+6&'(214#9"5
+'$2*6&1#.&#%'"#&'(+.".#,"*.0","#.&'26+7
'"."# &'$&*6&.".# .&#n&19"':# U&# (*"("# .&
%'"#&'$&*6&.".#1&*+"#C%&#"$&,("#-21#6?17
,%-21#,"*.0",21:#!21#+'O&1(+/".2*&1#,9+'21
,2'1+.&*"'#C%&#1&#)%&.&#)*&O&'+*#6&.+"'7
(&# &-# 1%6+'+1(*2# .&# 1&-&'+2# .+&(T(+,2:# !"
,"*&',+"#.&#1&-&'+2#1&#9"#"12,+".2#,2'#,+&*7
(21#(+)21#.&#,3',&*:
56,G,
S-# )-262# &1# .&# /*"'# +6)2*("',+"# )"*"# -"
1"-%.#)?8-+,"4#.&8+.2#"#C%&#,26?'6&'(&
,"%1"# (2D+,+.".:#a2#1&#,2'2,&# -"#,"*&',+"
.&#)-262#&'# -21# 1&*&1#9%6"'21:#S-# &'O&7
'&'"6+&'(2# )2*# )-262# &1# %'# )*28-&6"
&1)&,+"-6&'(&#%*8"'2#5#&1#6%5#+6)2*("'7
(&#&'# -21#'+V21:#>%&.&# --&O"*#"#)*28-&6"1
'&%*2-;/+,21# 5# 6&'("-&1# 5# "# "'&6+":# !"
+'/&1("#&D,&1+O"#.&#)-262#)%&.&#*&1%-("*
.&-#,2'1%62#.&#)-262#&'#&-#92/"*#J.&#)+'7
(%*"1#"#8"1&#.&#)-262#2#(%8&*0"1#.&#"/%"
C%&# ,2'(+&'&'# )-262M# 5# .&# -"# +'/&1("# .&
)-262#"(621$T*+,2#J.&#-"1#&6+1+2'&1#.&#-21
"%(262(2*&1M:
+920723,
a2#1&#,2'2,&#,"*&',+"#.&#6&*,%*+2#&'#-21
1&*&1# 9%6"'21:# !"# )*&2,%)",+;'# &1# -"
+'/&1("#&D,&1+O"6&'(&#"-("#.&#6&*,%*+2#5
-21# *+&1/21# .&# (2D+,+.".:# !21# )&,&1# &'
"/%"1#,2'("6+'"."1#,2'#6&*,%*+2#,2',&'7
(*"'#&-#6+'&*"-:#SD+1(&#%'#)&-+/*2#.&#(2D+,+7
.".# &'# C%+&'&1# ,2'1%6&'# )&1,".2# ,2'
"-(2#,2'(&'+.2#.&#6&*,%*+2:#S-# &'O&'&'"7
6+&'(2#)2*#6&*,%*+24#C%&#*&1%-("#.&-#,2'7
1%62#.&#/*"'21# ,%8+&*(21# ,2'# $%'/+,+."1
6&*,%*+"-&14#1&#9"#.&1,*+(2#&'#X1+"4#X6T*+7
,"#!"(+'"#5#&-#K&*,"'2#L*+&'(&:#!21#&$&,(21
+',-%5&'# O"*+21# 10'(26"1# '&%*2-;/+,21# 5
)"*3-+1+1:
Nutrición humana en el mundo en desarrollo 117
!)*)+,J
K#48/:74+?#L"#674+87$4"05:74+#$%#274+8707+F"#$%#+258/+:#+8/=857
118 Minerales
!"1#O+("6+'"1#12'#1%1("',+"1#2*/3'+,"1#)*&7
1&'(&1# &'# ,"'(+.".&1#6%5#)&C%&V"1# &'# -21
"-+6&'(214#)&*2#'&,&1"*+"1#)"*"#&-#6&("82-+17
62:#U&#"/*%)"'#&'#$2*6"#,2'Q%'("#'2#.&8+7
.2#"#C%&#1&#*&-",+2'&'#C%06+,"6&'(&#2#)2*7
C%&# (&'/"'# $%',+2'&1# $+1+2-;/+,"1# 1&6&Q"'7
(&14#1+'2#.&8+.24#,262#-2#+6)-+,"#1%#'268*&4
"#C%&#12'#$",(2*&1#O+("-&1#&'#-"#.+&("#5#)2*7
C%&#(2."1#1&#.&1,%8*+&*2'#&'#*&-",+;'#,2'#-"1
&'$&*6&.".&1#C%&#,"%1"'#1%#,"*&',+":#X?'
6314# '2# &',"Q"'# &'# 2(*"1# ,"(&/2*0"1# .&
'%(*+&'(&1# J,"*829+.*"(214# /*"1"14# )*2(&0'"1
5#6+'&*"-&1#2#6&("-&1#(*"B"M:
K%"'.2# 1&# ,-"1+$+,;# "# -"1# O+("6+'"1# )2*
)*+6&*"#O&B4#"#,"."#%'"#1&#-"#.&'26+';#,2'
%'"#-&(*"#.&-#"-$"8&(2:#I&1)%T14#9"#9"8+.2#-"
(&'.&',+"#"#,"68+"*# -"1# -&(*"1#)2*#'268*&1
C%06+,21:#S-#%12#.&-#'268*&#C%06+,2#1&#Q%17
(+$+,"#,%"'.2#-"#O+("6+'" (+&'&#%'"#$;*6%-"
C%06+,"#,2'2,+."4#,262#,2'#-"1#)*+',+)"-&1
O+("6+'"1#.&-#/*%)2#e:#U+'#&68"*/24#&1#,2'7
O&'+&'(&# +',-%+*# ,+&*("1# O+("6+'"1# &'# %'
6+162#/*%)24# +',-%1+O&#"%'C%&#'2#1&#*&-"7
,+2'&'#C%06+,"6&'(&4#)%&1#(+&'.&'#"#")"*&7
,&*#&'#-21#6+1621#"-+6&'(21:
S'# &1("# )%8-+,",+;'# 1&# .&1,*+8&'# &'
.&("--&#12-"6&'(&#-"#O+("6+'" X4#,+',2#.&
-"1#O+("6+'"1#e#J(+"6+'"4#*+82$-"O+'"4#'+"7
,+'"4#O+("6+'" eGH#5#3,+.2#$;-+,2M4#-"#O+("7
6+'" K#5# -"#O+("6+'" I:#L(*"1#O+("6+'"1
C%&#1&#1"8&#12'#O+("-&1#)"*"#-"#1"-%.#+',-%7
5&'F# 3,+.2# )"'(2(T'+,2# J,%5"# ,"*&',+"
)%&.&# ,"%1"*# &-# 10'.*26&# .&# C%&6"B;'
.&# -21#)+&1#C%&#1&#6&',+2'"#631#".&-"'7
(&M4#8+2(+'"#JO+("6+'" NM4#3,+.2#)"*"7"6+7
'28&'B2+,24#,2-+'"4#O+("6+'" S#5#O+("6+'" n
JO+("6+'" "'(+9&62**3/+,"M:#S1("1#O+("6+'"1
'2# 1&#.&1,*+8&'# &'#.&("--&# "C%04# )2*#%'2#2
631#.&#-21#1+/%+&'(&1#62(+O21F
P#'2# 1&# ,2'2,&# %'"# ,"*&',+"# C%&# 2,%**"
8"Q2# ,2'.+,+2'&1# '"(%*"-&1# &'# -21# 1&*&1
9%6"'21R#
P#&1#%'"#,"*&',+"#1%6"6&'(&#*"*"4#+',-%1+7
O&#&'#.+&("1#6%5#.&$+,+&'(&1R
P#-"#$"-("#.&#&1"#O+("6+'"#.&1&682,"#&'
&'$&*6&.".# 1;-2# .&1)%T1# .&# "-/?'
2(*2# )*2,&12# )"(2-;/+,2# .&1,*+(2# ".&7
,%"."6&'(&#&'#-21#(&D(21#.&#6&.+,+'"
/&'&*"-R
P#(2."O0"#'2#1&#9"#",-"*".2#-"#$%',+;'#.&
-"#O+("6+'"#&'#-"#'%(*+,+;'#9%6"'":
a+'/%'"# .&# -"1# O+("6+'"1# 26+(+."1# &1
+6)2*("'(&# .&1.&# &-# )%'(2# .&# O+1("# .&# -21
(*"8"Q".2*&1#C%&#&1(%.+"'#-"#'%(*+,+;'#,262
)*28-&6"#.&# 1"-%.# .&# -"# ,26%'+.".# &'# -"
6"52*0"#.&#-21#)"01&1#&'#.&1"**2--2:#o%+&'&1
.&1&&'#")*&'.&*#631#128*&#&1("1#O+("6+'"1
)%&.&'#,2'1%-("*#-+8*21#.&#6&.+,+'"#/&'&*"-
2# (&D(21# .&# '%(*+,+;'# 631# .&("--".21:# \'
*&1%6&'#.&# -"1# ,2'.+,+2'&1#C%&# 1&#"12,+"'
,2'# ,"*&',+"1# .&# O+("6+'"1# ")"*&,&# &'# &-
K%".*2#^f#.&-#K")0(%-2 ^^:
I')"+'F";";U#D)'F%MV
!"#O+("6+'" X 1&#.&1,%8*+;#&'#GbG^4#,%"'.2
-21# +'O&1(+/".2*&1# &',2'(*"*2'# C%&# ,+&*(21
"'+6"-&1#.&#-"82*"(2*+2#.&Q"8"'#.&#,*&,&*#1+
-"#6"'(&,"#J9&,9"#,2'#/*"1"#.&#,&*.2M#&*"#-"
?'+,"# $2*6"# .&# /*"1"# )*&1&'(&# &'# -"# .+&("4
)&*24#1+#1&#1%6+'+1(*"8"#6"'(&C%+--"#&'#O&B
.&#6"'(&,"# J-"#.+&("#&'#2(*21#"1)&,(21#)&*7
6"'&,0"# +/%"-M# -21# "'+6"-&1# ,*&,0"'# 5# 1&
.&1"**2--"8"':#!21#&1(%.+21#)21(&*+2*&1#,2'
"'+6"-&1# .&621(*"*2'# C%&# -"# 5&6"# .&
9%&O2#5#&-#",&+(&#.&#90/".2#.&#8","-"2#,2'7
(&'0"'#&-#6+162#$",(2*#"-+6&'(+,+2#O+("-4#C%&
1&#.&'26+';#O+("6+'" X:
d31# ".&-"'(&# 1&# &1("8-&,+;# C%&# 6%,921
Nutrición humana en el mundo en desarrollo 119
!"#$%&'()00
I38/G3-/.
)*2.%,(21#O&/&("-&1#621(*"8"'# -"1#6+16"1
)*2)+&.".&1#'%(*+,+2'"-&1#.&#-"#O+("6+'" X
&'#-"#6"'(&C%+--"R#1&#&',2'(*;#C%&#,2'(&'0"'
)+/6&'(21# "6"*+--21# .&'26+'".21# ,"*2(&7
'21R# &-# ,%&*)2# 9%6"'2# )%&.&# ,2'O&*(+*
"-/%'21#.&#&--21#&'#O+("6+'" X:
52,A394/49.
S-#*&(+'2-#&1#-"#$2*6"#)*+',+)"-#.&#O+("6+'"X
&'#-"1#.+&("1#9%6"'"1:#Ji&(+'2-#&1#&-#'268*&
C%06+,2#.&-#.&*+O".2#"-,29;-+,24#5#1&#%(+-+B"
,262#)"(*;'#.&#*&$&*&',+":M#S'#1%#$2*6"#,*+17
("-+'"#)%*"4#&1#%'"#1%1("',+"#"6"*+--2#O&*.27
124#)3-+.":#S1#12-%8-&#&'#/*"1"4#)&*2#+'12-%7
8-&#&'#"/%"4#5#1&#&',%&'(*"#?'+,"6&'(&#&'
)*2.%,(21#"'+6"-&1:#SD+1(&'#2(*"1#$2*6"1#.&
O+("6+'" X4# )&*2# (+&'&'# ,2'$+/%*",+2'&1
62-&,%-"*&1# "-/2# .+1(+'("1# 5# 6&'21# ",(+O+7
.".#8+2-;/+,"#C%&#&-#*&(+'2-#5#'2#12'#+6)2*7
("'(&1#&'#-"1#.+&("1#9%6"'"1:
!21# ,"*2(&'214# C%&# ",(?"'# ,262#)*2O+("7
6+'"1#2#)*&,%*12*&1#.&# -"#O+("6+'" X4# 12'
1%1("',+"1#"6"*+--"1#C%&#&D+1(&'#&'#6%,9"1
1%1("',+"1# O&/&("-&1:# S'# "-/%'21# "-+6&'(21
1%#,2-2*#)%&.&#&1("*#&'6"1,"*".2#)2*#&-#)+/7
6&'(2# O&/&("-# O&*.&# ,-2*2$+-"4# C%&# ,2'# $*&7
,%&',+"# 1&# &',%&'(*"# &'# 0'(+6"# "12,+",+;'
,2'# -21# ,"*2(&'21:# N"5# .+O&*121# (+)21# .&
,"*2(&'21:#\'2#.&#&--214#&-#8&("7,"*2(&'2#&1
-"#$%&'(&#631#+6)2*("'(&#.&#O+("6+'" X &'
-"1#.+&("1#.&#-"#6"52*0"#.&#-"1#)&*12'"1#C%&
O+O&'# &'# )"01&1# '2# +'.%1(*+"-+B".21:# !21
2(*21#,"*2(&'214#2#,"*2(&'2+.&14#(+&'&'#)2,"
2#'+'/%'"#+6)2*("',+"#)"*"#-21#1&*&1#9%6"7
'21:#S'#&-#)"1".24#-21#"'3-+1+1#.&#"-+6&'(21
6%,9"1#O&,&1#'2#)2.0"'#.+1(+'/%+*#&-#8&("7
,"*2(&'2#.&#2(*21#,"*2(&'21:
S'#&-#2Q24#-"#O+("6+'" X &1#%'#+6)2*("'(&
,26)2'&'(&#.&#-"#)?*)%*"#O+1%"-#.&#-"#*&(+7
'"4#5#1+#9"5#,"*&',+"#.&#O+("6+'" X4#-"#,")"7
,+.".#.&#O&*# ,2'# -%B# (&'%&# 1&# *&.%,&:#S1("
,2'.+,+;'# 1&# .&'26+'"# ,&/%&*"# '2,(%*'":
a2#1&#9"#&D)-+,".2#)2*#,26)-&(2#-"#8"1&#8+27
C%06+,"#)"*"#-"1#2(*"1#-&1+2'&1#.&#-"#,"*&',+"
.&#O+("6+'" X:#S-#,"68+2#)*+',+)"-4#&'# (T*7
6+'21#)"(2-;/+,214#&1#%'"#6&(")-"1+"#C%&*"7
(+'+B"'(&# C%&# 1&# 281&*O"# &'# O"*+"1# 1%)&*$+7
,+&1#&)+(&-+"-&1:#>"*&,&#C%&#-"#O+("6+'" X &1
'&,&1"*+"#)"*"#)*2(&/&*#-"#1%)&*$+,+&#.&-#(&Q+7
.2:
U&/?'#O"*+21#&1(%.+214#%'"#,"'(+.".#".&7
,%"."#.&#O+("6+'" X *&.%,&#-"#62*("-+.".
&'#8&8T1#5#&'#'+V21#.&#,+&*("1#)28-",+2'&1:#S-
1%)-&6&'(2#.&#O+("6+'" X *&.%,&#-"1#6%&*7
(&1#&'#-21#,"121#.&#1"*"6)+;':#S'#2(*"1#&'$&*7
6&.".&1#,262#.+"**&"#&#+'$&,,+2'&1#*&1)+*"7
(2*+"14#1+'#&68"*/24#'2#9"5#)*%&8"1#,2'$+"7
8-&1#.&#C%&#-"#)*&O"-&',+"#.&#-"#62*8+-+.".
1&#*&.%B,"#,2'#.21+1#.&#O+("6+'" X:
K262# 925# &D+1(&# .+1)2'+8+-+.".# .&# O+("7
6+'"X)%*"#5#,*+1("-+'"#kC%&#1&#.&'26+'"
"-,292-# *&(+'2-k# -"#O+("6+'" X 5#1%#",(+O+7
.".#&'#-21#"-+6&'(21#"92*"#1&#&D)*&1"#5#1&
6+.&#&'#&C%+O"-&'(&1#.&#*&(+'2-#JSiM#&'#O&B
.&#%'+.".&1#+'(&*'",+2'"-&1#J\`M#C%&#1&#%1"7
8"'# "'(&*+2*6&'(&:# \'"#\`# .&# O+("6+'" X
&C%+O"-&#"#=4^#l/#.&#*&(+'2-:
!21#1&*&1#9%6"'21#28(+&'&'#-"#O+("6+'"X
.&# -21# "-+6&'(21# 5"# 1&"# ,262# O+("6+'" X
)*&$2*6"."# J*&(+'2-M#2# ,262#,"*2(&'21#C%&
&-#,%&*)2#)%&.&#,2'O&*(+*#"#*&(+'2-:#S-#8&("7
,"*2(&'2#&1#&-#631#+6)2*("'(&#&'#-"1#.+&("1
9%6"'"1#5#.&#-21#2(*21#,"*2(&'21#&1#&-#C%&
6&Q2*#1&#,2'O+&*(&#&'#*&(+'2-:#U&#9"#.&(&*6+7
'".2# C%&# 1&+1# 62-T,%-"1# .&# 8&("7,"*2(&'2
12'#'&,&1"*+"1#)"*"#)*2.%,+*#%'"#62-T,%-"
.&#*&(+'2-4#)2*#-2#("'(24#1&#'&,&1+("'#E#l/#.&
,"*2(&'2# )"*"# )*2.%,+*# G# l/# .&# *&(+'2-4# &1
.&,+1#G#Si:
O79-89.;/63G9-8/23/.
!"#O+("6+'" X 1&#&',%&'(*"#("'#1;-2#&'#)*27
.%,(21#"'+6"-&1R#-"1#)*+',+)"-&1#$%&'(&1#12'
6"'(&C%+--"4# 9%&O214# -&,9&# 5# ,"*'&# J128*&
(2.2# 90/".2M# 5# "-/%'21# )&1,".21:# U+'
&68"*/24#-"#6"52*0"#.&#-"1#)&*12'"1#&'#-21
)"01&1# &'# .&1"**2--2# .&)&'.&'# )*+',+)"-7
6&'(&#.&-#8&("7,"*2(&'2#)"*"#1%#1%6+'+1(*2
.&#O+("6+'" X:#S-#,"*2(&'2#1&#&',%&'(*"#&'
120 Vitaminas
!16076,;496;0,-89-34,;49;L38/G3-/ ";
9-;6,.;/63G9-8,.
G#\`#*&(+'2-#p#=4^#l/#*&(+'2-#p#=4^#Si
G#Si#p#^4^^#\`#*&(+'2-
G#Si#p##E#l/#8&("7,"*2(&'2
6%,921# )*2.%,(21# O&/&("-&1:# !"1# 92Q"1
O&*.&#21,%*24#,262#-"1#.&#"6"*"'(24#&1)+'"7
,"14# 8"("("# 5# 5%,"# 12'# $%&'(&1#6%,92#631
*+,"1#C%&#-"1#92Q"1#.&#,2-2*#631#)3-+.24#,262
-"1#.&# -&,9%/"#5# *&)2--2:#g"*+"1# $*%("1#)+/7
6&'("."1#5#92*("-+B"14#,262#6"'/214#)")"7
5"1# 5# (26"(&14# ,2'(+&'&'# ,"'(+.".&1# ?(+-&1:
S-# ,"*2(&'2# ("68+T'# 1&# &',%&'(*"# &'# -"1
O"*+&.".&1#"6"*+--"1#.&#8"("("1#5#&'#-"1#92*7
("-+B"1#"6"*+--"1#,262#-"#,"-"8"B":#!"1#B"'"7
92*+"1#12'#$%&'(&1#*+,"1:#S-#6"0B#"6"*+--2#&1
&-# ?'+,2# ,&*&"-# C%&# ,2'(+&'&# ,"*2(&'2:# S'
m$*+,"# 2,,+.&'("-4# 1&# 28(+&'&#/*"'# ,"'(+.".
.&#,"*2(&'2#.&-#",&+(&#.&#)"-6"#*2Q"4#C%&#1&
%(+-+B"#&'#-"#,2,+'":#S-#,%-(+O2#.&#-"#)"-6"#.&
",&+(&4# ("'# O"-+2124# 1&# 9"# &D(&'.+.2# "# 2(*"1
*&/+2'&1#(*2)+,"-&1:#S'#d"-"1+"4#9"5#)-"'("7
,+2'&1# &D(&'1"1# ,262# ,21&,9"# 831+,"4# )&*2
1%1#)*2.%,(21#&'#O&B#.&#,2'1%6+*-21#-2,"-7
6&'(&#12'#6"(&*+"#.&#&D)2*(",+;':
S-#,"*2(&'2#5# -"#O+("6+'" X *&1+1(&'#(&67
)&*"(%*"1# .&# ,2,,+;'# 8"1("'(&# 8+&':# U+'
&68"*/24# %'"# ,2'1+.&*"8-&# ,"'(+.".# .&
,"*2(&'2#1&#)+&*.&#,%"'.2#-"1#92Q"1#O&*.&1#5
2(*21#"-+6&'(21#1&#1&,"'#"-#12-:#S'#-"1#*&/+27
'&1#3*+."1#1&#&6)-&"#&-#6T(2.2# (*".+,+2'"-
.&#1&,".2#"-#12-#)"*"#,2'1&*O"*#-"1#92Q"1#1+-7
O&1(*&1# 5# -"1# 92*("-+B"1# C%&# 1&# %(+-+B"'# ,2'
631# $*&,%&',+":# K262# 12'# ,26%'&1# -"1
&'$&*6&.".&1# /*"O&1# )2*# $"-("# .&
O+("6+'" X &'# &1("1# 3*&"14# &1# +6)2*("'(&
&1("8-&,&*#2(*21#1+1(&6"1#.&#)*&1&*O",+;':
"<.,203H-;@;78363K/03H-
!"# ,2'O&*1+;'# .&# 8&("7,"*2(&'2# "
O+("6+'" X 1&# *&"-+B"# &'# -"1# )"*&.&1# .&-
+'(&1(+'2:# X?'# &-# +'(&1(+'2# 631# &$+,+&'(&
)%&.&# "812*8&*# 5# ,2'O&*(+*# ("'# 1;-2# %'"
)2*,+;'#.&-#8&("7,"*2(&'2#.&#-"#.+&("R#)2*#-2
("'(24#E#6/#.&#8&("7,"*2(&'2#&'#&-#"-+6&'(2
&C%+O"-&#631#2#6&'21#"#G#6/#.&#*&(+'2-:#U+
'2# 1&# ,2'1%6&'# )*2.%,(21# "'+6"-&1# 5# &-
,%&*)2#.&8&#.&)&'.&*#)2*#&'(&*2#.&-#,"*27
(&'2# )"*"# 1%# )*2O+1+;'# .&# O+("6+'" X4# &-
,2'1%62# .&# ,"*2(&'2# .&8&# 1&*# 8"1("'(&
/*"'.&#"#$+'#.&#-2/*"*#&-#'+O&-#.&#O+("6+'"X
'&,&1"*+2#"-#2*/"'+162:
S-#,"*2(&'2#1&#%(+-+B"#)28*&6&'(&#,%"'.2
-"#.+&("#(+&'&#%'#,2'(&'+.2#8"Q2#&'#/*"1"4#5
-"1#.+&("1#.&$+,+&'(&1#&'#O+("6+'" X $*&,%&'7
(&6&'(&#-2#12'#&'#/*"1":#K+&*("1#&'$&*6&."7
.&1# +'(&1(+'"-&1# ,262# .+1&'(&*0"4# &'$&*6&7
.".#,&-0","#5#&1)*%&#-+6+("'#-"#"812*,+;'#.&
O+("6+'" X 5#-"#,2'O&*1+;'#.&#,"*2(&'2:#!21
10'.*26&1#.&#6"-"812*,+;'#5#-"1#+'$&,,+2'&1
,2'# )"*31+(21# +'(&1(+'"-&1# ,26%'&14# )2*
&Q&6)-2#31,"*+14#C%&#)*&.26+'"'#&'#-21#(*;7
)+,214#)%&.&'#".&631#*&.%,+*#-"#,")",+.".
.&-#,%&*)2#)"*"#,2'O&*(+*#&-#,"*2(&'2#&'#O+("7
6+'"X:#!"1#1"-&1#8+-+"*&1#12'#+'.+1)&'1"8-&1
)"*"# "812*8&*# -"# O+("6+'" X 5# &-# ,"*2(&'24
)2*#-2#("'(2#-"1#)&*12'"1#,2'#281(*%,,+;'#.&-
,2'.%,(2# 8+-+"*# C%+B3# 1%$*&'# ,"*&',+"# .&
O+("6+'"X:#̀ ',-%1+O&#&'#,2'.+,+2'&1#+.&"-&14
-21#8&8T1#5#-21#'+V21#)&C%&V21#'2#,2'O+&*(&'
&-#,"*2(&'2#&'#O+("6+'"X,2'#("'("#$",+-+.".
,262#-21#".%-(21:#
S-#90/".2#",(?"#,262#&-#)*+',+)"-#.&);1+7
(2#.&#O+("6+'" X &'#-21#1&*&1#9%6"'21#5#&'
,"1+#(2.21#-21#O&*(&8*".21:#>2*#&1(&#62(+O24
-21#",&+(&1#.&#90/".2#.&#)&1,".2#(+&'&'#%'
,2'(&'+.2#"-(2#.&#&1("#O+("6+'":#S-#*&(+'2-#1&
(*"'1)2*("#.&-#90/".2#"#2(*21#1+(+21#.&-#,%&*7
)2#6&.+"'(&#%'"#)*2(&0'"#&1)&,0$+,"#C%&#1&
--"6"#)*2(&0'"#$+Q".2*"#.&#*&(+'2-#J>YiM:#!"
,"*&',+"#.&#T1("#)*2(&0'"#)%&.&#+'$-%+*#&'#&-
&1(".2#.&#O+("6+'"X5#*&.%,+*#-"#10'(&1+1#.&
-"#>Yi:
"6G/09-/G39-8,;0,2A,2/6
S-#"-6",&'"6+&'(2#.&#O+("6+'"X&'#&-#90/"7
.2#&1#+6)2*("'(&4#.&8+.2#"#C%&#6%,921#"-+7
6&'(21# &'# -"# .+&("# (*2)+,"-# C%&# ,2'(+&'&'
O+("6+'" X 5# ,"*2(&'24# &1(3'# .+1)2'+8-&1
1&/?'#-"#&1(",+;':#U+#&1(21#"-+6&'(21#1&#,2'7
1%6&'#&'#,"'(+.".&1#8"1("'(&#/*"'.&1#,%"'7
.2#9"5#.+1)2'+8+-+.".#J)2*#-2#/&'&*"-#&'#-"
&1(",+;'#9?6&."M4#1%#.&);1+(2#1&#)%&.&#",%7
6%-"*4#-2#C%&#"5%."*3#"#-"#)&*12'"#.%*"'(&
-"#&1(",+;'#1&,"4#2#)2*#-2#6&'21#&'#)"*(&#.&
&--":#!"#8*&O&#T)2,"#&'#C%&#9"5#,21&,9"1#.&
6"'/24#&1#%'"#8%&'"#2)2*(%'+.".#)"*"#-21
Q;O&'&14# C%&# )%&.&'# .&.+,"*# )"*(&# .&# 1%1
92*"1#.&#.&1,"'12#"#8%1,"*#5#,2'1%6+*#&1("
$*%("4# ,2'# -2# C%&# 1&# *&)2'&# -"# O+("6+'" X
"-6",&'"."#&'#&-#90/".2:
Nutrición humana en el mundo en desarrollo 121
),R3034/4
U+# 1&# (26"# &'# &D,&124# -"# O+("6+'" X (+&'&
&$&,(21# (;D+,21# +'.&1&"8-&1:#S-# &$&,(2# (;D+,2
631#6"*,".2#&1#%'#&'/*21"6+&'(2#+**&/%-"*
.&#"-/%'21#9%&121#-"*/214#C%&#,"1+#1+&6)*&
1&# ",26)"V"# .&# .2-2*# .&# ,"8&B"4# O;6+(24
"/*"'."6+&'(2# .&-# 90/".24# ,"68+21# &'# -"
)+&-#5#,"0."#.&-#,"8&--2:#!21#,"121#.&#(2D+,+7
.".#.&#O+("6+'"X)2*#&D,&12#&'#-"1#,26+."1
12'# *"*214# )&*2# )%&.&'# 1&*# %'# )*28-&6"
1&*+2# 1+# 1&# ."'# .21+1# ,26)-&6&'("*+"1# .&
O+("6+'" X:#U&#1"8&#.&#-"#"12,+",+;'#.&#*+&17
/21#"-(21#.&#.&$&,(21#,2'/T'+(21#,2'#1%)-&7
6&'(21# .&# O+("6+'" X C%&# 1&# 1%6+'+1(*"'
"'(&1#2#.%*"'(&#&-#&68"*"B2:
F909.34/49.;9-;6,.;=7G/-,.
!"# YXL# 5# -"# L*/"'+B",+;'# d%'.+"-# .&# -"
U"-%.# JLdUM# *&,26+&'."'# &-# ,2'1%62# .&
fA=#l/#.&# *&(+'2-# )2*#.0"#)"*"# ".%-(21R# -"1
6".*&1# -",("'(&1# '&,&1+("'# A= )2*# ,+&'(2
6314#5# -21#'+V21#5#8&8T1#,"'(+.".&1#6&'27
*&1:#U&#.&8&#(&'&*#&'#,%&'("#C%&#&1("1#,+$*"1
1&#8"1"'#&'#.+&("1#6+D("1#C%&#,2'(+&'&'#O+("7
6+'" X 5#,"*2(&'2:#K%"'.2#-"#.+&("#&1#&'#1%
(2("-+.".#.&#2*+/&'#O&/&("-4#1&#1%/+&*&'#,"'7
(+.".&1#6"52*&1#.&#,"*2(&'24#.&8+.2#"#C%&
-"# ,2'O&*1+;'# .&-# ,"*2(&'2# "# *&(+'2-# '2# &1
6%5#&$+,"B:
!/29-03/
!"#,"*&',+"#)*2O2,"#%'"#*&1&C%&.".#)"(2-;7
/+,"#.&-#2Q24#C%&#)%&.&#--&O"*#"# -"#D&*2$("-7
60"#5#"-/%'"1#O&,&1#"#-"#C%&*"(26"-",+"#5#"
-"#,&/%&*":#W"68+T'#)%&.&'#1%$*+*#2(*21#(&Q+7
.21#&)+(&-+"-&1#5#&'#-"#)+&-#'2#&1#*"*"#-"#C%&7
*"(21+1#$2-+,%-"*:#S-#K")0(%-2#GA#.&1,*+8&#&1("1
,2'.+,+2'&1#,2'#"-/?'#.&("--&:
)'"+'F";UI')"+'F";$WV
K9*+1(+""'#S+Qc6"'#.&#N2-"'."#281&*O;#&'
-"#.T,"."#.&# G<b=4# &'# q"O"4# `'.2'&1+"4# C%&
,%"'.2# 1%1# )2--21# *&,+80"'# -"#6+16"# .+&("
,2'1%6+."#.&#62.2#9"8+(%"-#)2*#1%1#&'$&*7
621#.&#8&*+8&*+4#.&1"**2--"8"'#.&8+-+.".#&'
-"1#)"("1#5#2(*21#1+/'21#"-/2#)"*&,+.21#"#-21
.&# -"1# )&*12'"1# ,2'# 8&*+8&*+:# !"# .+&("# .&
&1(21#)",+&'(&1#,2'1+1(0"#128*&#(2.2#&'#"**2B
6%5#62-+.2#5#*&$+'".2#JC%&#1&#,2'2,&#,262
"**2B# )%-+.2M:# X-# ,"68+"*# -"# .+&("# .&# -21
)2--21#)2*#"**2B#.&#/*"'2#&'(&*24#1&#O+2#%'"
'2(2*+"#*&,%)&*",+;':#S+Qc6"'#.&621(*;#C%&
&'# -"1# ,")"1# &D(&*'"1# 5# &'# &-# /&*6&'# .&-
/*"'2#.&#"**2B#&D+1(0"#%'"#1%1("',+"#C%&#)*27
(&/0"#"#-21#)2--21#.&#-"#&'$&*6&.".:
!21# +'O&1(+/".2*&1# ,2'(+'%"8"'# &'# 1%
-"82*#"#$+'#.&#"+1-"*#-"#,"%1"#.&#-21#.+O&*121