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$QWRQ�0DNDUHQNR Anton Makarenko, o professor do coletivo O mestre ucraniano Anton Makarenko concebeu um modelo de escola baseado na vida em grupo, na autogestão, no trabalho e na disciplina que contribuiu para a recuperação de jovens infratores Roberta Bencini _����3iJLQD�GH�!�!_ ,PDJLQH�XP�HGXFDGRU�TXH�WHP�FRPR�PLVVmR�GLULJLU�XP FROpJLR�LQWHUQR��QD�]RQD�UXUDO��FKHLR�GH�FULDQoDV�H�MRYHQV LQIUDWRUHV��PXLWRV�yUImRV��TXH�PDO�VDELDP�OHU�H�HVFUHYHU� QXPD�pSRFD�HP�TXH�R�PRGHOR�GH�HVFROD�H�GH�VRFLHGDGH HVWDYDP�HP�[HTXH��&RPR�HGXFDU"�3RU�RQGH�FRPHoDU" $QWRQ�6HPLRQRYLFK�0DNDUHQNR��SURIHVVRU�QD�8FUkQLD� SDtV�GR�OHVWH�HXURSHX�TXH�HUD�SDUWH�GD�8QLmR�6RYLpWLFD�QD pSRFD��IRL�XP�GRV�KRPHQV�TXH�DMXGDUDP�D�UHVSRQGHU�D HVVDV�TXHVW}HV�H�D�UHSHQVDU�R�SDSHO�GD�HVFROD�H�GD�IDPtOLD QD�UHFpP�FULDGD�VRFLHGDGH�FRPXQLVWD��QR�LQtFLR�GR�VpFXOR ����6XD�SHGDJRJLD�WRUQRX�VH�FRQKHFLGD�SRU�WUDQVIRUPDU FHQWHQDV�GH�FULDQoDV�H�DGROHVFHQWHV�PDUJLQDOL]DGRV�HP FLGDGmRV�� 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'HVHQKR��&DQWR��*LQiVWLFD�H�&DWHFLVPR��PDV�QmR�S{GH�HVWXGDU�VXD�OtQJXD�PDWHUQD��D XFUDQLDQD��SURLELGD�SHOR�LPSpULR�F]DULVWD�QD�5~VVLD��QHP�/yJLFD�H�)LORVRILD��H[FOXVLYDV�GD HOLWH��$RV����DQRV��0DNDUHQNR�FRQFOXLX�R�FXUVR�GH�0DJLVWpULR�H�HQWURX�HP�FRQWDWR�FRP�DV LGpLDV�UHYROXFLRQiULDV�GH�/rQLQ�H�0i[LPR�*RUNL��TXH�LQIOXHQFLDUDP�VXD�YLVmR�GH�PXQGR�H GH�HGXFDomR��6XD�SULPHLUD�H[SHULrQFLD�HP�VDOD�GH�DXOD�RFRUUHX�HP�������QD�(VFROD 3ULPiULD�GDV�2ILFLQDV�)HUURYLiULDV��RQGH�OHFLRQRX�SRU�RLWR�DQRV��(P�VHJXLGD�DVVXPLX�D GLUHomR�GH�XPD�HVFROD�VHFXQGiULD��0DLV�FRQVFLHQWH�GR�PRGHOR�GH�HGXFDomR�TXH�TXHULD DSOLFDU��DPSOLRX�R�HVSDoR�FXOWXUDO�H�PXGRX�R�FXUUtFXOR�FRP�D�DMXGD�GH�SDLV�H�SURIHVVRUHV��( HVWDEHOHFHX�R�HQVLQR�GD�OtQJXD�XFUDQLDQD��6XD�PDLV�PDUFDQWH�H[SHULrQFLD�GHX�VH�GH������D ������QD�GLUHomR�GD�&RO{QLD�*RUNL��LQVWLWXLomR�UXUDO�TXH�DWHQGLD�FULDQoDV�H�MRYHQV�yUImRV TXH�KDYLDP�YLYLGR�QD�PDUJLQDOLGDGH��/i�HOH�S{V�HP�SUiWLFD�XP�HQVLQR�TXH�SULYLOHJLDYD�D 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Um tempo de transformações $QWRQ�0DNDUHQNR�YLYHX�DV�JUDQGHV�WUDQVIRUPDo}HV KLVWyULFDV�GR�ILP�GR�VpFXOR����H�GR�FRPHoR�GR�����R QDVFLPHQWR�GDV�JUDQGHV�FLGDGHV�H�VXDV�LQG~VWULDV��DV ORQJDV�MRUQDGDV�GH�WUDEDOKR��RV�PRYLPHQWRV UHYROXFLRQiULRV�FRQWUD�R�LPSpULR�GR�F]DU�1LFRODX�,,��D 3ULPHLUD�*XHUUD�0XQGLDO�H�D�UHYROXomR�GH�RXWXEUR�GH �����TXH�S{V�ILP�j�PRQDUTXLD�H�LQVWLWXLX�D�GLWDGXUD�GR SUROHWDULDGR�QD�8QLmR�6RYLpWLFD��(P�PHLR�D�WDQWDV PXGDQoDV��R�SDSHO�GD�FULDQoD��GRV�SDLV�H�GD�HVFROD WDPEpP�HVWDYD�HP�[HTXH��4XH�VHU�KXPDQR�IRUPDU�SDUD YLYHU�QHVVH�QRYR�PXQGR"�0DNDUHQNR�FRQKHFLD��QD�SUiWLFD� DV�QHFHVVLGDGHV�GD�JUDQGH�PDVVD�SREUH�GD�8FUkQLD��6HXV SUREOHPDV�QmR�HUDP�GLIHUHQWHV�GRV�HQIUHQWDGRV�KRMH��D FDUrQFLD�DIHWLYD�H�PDWHULDO�GRV�ILOKRV�GRV�RSHUiULRV��D�DXGiFLD�GRV�ILOKRV�GRV�EXURFUDWDV��TXHQmR�TXHULDP�ID]HU�RV�WUDEDOKRV�PDQXDLV�H�LQWHOHFWXDLV��WmR�YDORUL]DGRV�QD�VRFLHGDGH VRFLDOLVWD��H�D�DXVrQFLD�GD�IDPtOLD��3RU�LVVR��HOH�DFUHGLWDYD�TXH�D�HVFROD�WLQKD�TXH�IRUPDU VHUHV�SDUWLFLSDWLYRV�SRU�PHLR�GH�XPD�RUJDQL]DomR�FROHWLYD�H�GHPRFUiWLFD��FRP�PXLWD GLVFLSOLQD�H�WUDEDOKR��(�RV�SDLV�TXH�QmR�FRQVHJXLDP�HGXFDU�VHXV�ILOKRV�GHYHULDP�VHU UHHGXFDGRV�SRU�HVVD�HVFROD� Para pensar Makarenko talvez tenha sido o educador que levou às conseqüências mais radicais as questões do espírito de grupo e do trabalho coletivo. Tudo era discutido entre alunos, professores e a direção da Colônia Gorki e da Comuna Dzerzinski. Por essa razão, embora tenha vivido numa época e num contexto totalmente diferentes dos atuais, vale a pena conhecer suas idéias e pensar sobre elas. Mas será que as crianças e os jovens atuais conhecem de fato o significado de grupo? Ou a idéia de coletivo é abstrata? Os jovens se sentem responsáveis pela escola e pelo bemestar de seus colegas? "Precisamos pensar se estamos formando pessoas cada vez mais individualistas ou coletivas", diz a educadora Cecília da Silveira Luedemann. Estamos realmente educando para a colaboração e a solidariedade? $�REUD�GH�0DNDUHQNR�SURYRFD�DLQGD�XPD�UHIOH[mR�VREUH�D�GLVFLSOLQD� Estamos sendo permissivos demais? Como atingir o equilíbrio entre limites e liberdade? Makarenko dá algumas respostas. Podemos não concordar totalmente com elas, mas é inegável que seu trabalho produziu resultados positivos num momento de grandes dificuldades sociais. Não estaremos nós em momento equivalente? 'H�$�D�( 'H�)�D�0 'H�1�D�= Quer saber mais? $QWRQ�0DNDUHQNR��9LGD�H�2EUD�$�3HGDJRJLD�QD�5HYROXomR, Cecília da Silveira Luedemann, 432 págs., Ed. Expressão Popular, tel. (11) 31059500, 15 reais 3RHPD�3HGDJyJLFR, 3 vols., Anton Makarenko, Ed. Brasiliense, 1983 (disponível apenas em bibliotecas) &RQIHUrQFLDV�VREUH�(GXFDomR�,QIDQWLO, Anton Makarenko, Ed. Moraes, 1981 (disponível apenas em bibliotecas) �2�SURIHVVRU�GR�FROHWLYR �3URWHJHU�D�LQIkQFLD �0DNDUHQNR�QD�HVFROD��R�DOXQR�JDQKD�YR] �%LRJUDILD�H�FRQWH[WR�KLVWyULFR _����3iJLQD�GH�!�!_ *UDQGHV�SHQVDGRUHV Biografia e pensamento de educadores que fizeram história, da Grécia Antiga aos dias de hoje, organizados por ordem alfabética de sobrenome 6DQWR�$JRVWLQKR 2�LGHDOL]DGRU�GD�UHYHODomR�GLYLQD +DQQDK�$UHQGW $�YR]�GH�DSRLR�j�DXWRULGDGH�GR�SURIHVVRU $ULVWyWHOHV 2�GHIHQVRU�GD�LQVWUXomR�SDUD�D�YLUWXGH 7RPiV�GH�$TXLQR 2�SUHJDGRU�GD�UD]mR�H�GD�SUXGrQFLD 3LHUUH�%RXUGLHX 2�LQYHVWLJDGRU�GD�GHVLJXDOGDGH eGRXDUG�&ODSDUqGH 8P�SLRQHLUR�GD�SVLFRORJLD�LQIDQWLO &RPrQLR 2�SDL�GD�GLGiWLFD�PRGHUQD $XJXVWH�&RPWH 2�KRPHP�TXH�TXLV�GDU�RUGHP�DR�PXQGR 2YLGH�'HFURO\ 2�SULPHLUR�D�WUDWDU�R�VDEHU�GH�IRUPD�~QLFD -RKQ�'HZH\ 2�SHQVDGRU�TXH�S{V�D�SUiWLFD�HP�IRFR ePLOH�'XUNKHLP 2�FULDGRU�GD�VRFLRORJLD�GD�HGXFDomR )ORUHVWDQ�)HUQDQGHV 8P�PLOLWDQWH�GR�HQVLQR�GHPRFUiWLFR (PLOLD�)HUUHLUR $�UHYROXomR�QD�DOIDEHWL]DomR 0LFKHO�)RXFDXOW 8P�FUtWLFR�GD�LQVWLWXLomR�HVFRODU &pOHVWLQ�)UHLQHW 2�PHVWUH�GR�WUDEDOKR�H�GR�ERP�VHQVR 3DXOR�)UHLUH 2�PHQWRU�GD�HGXFDomR�SDUD�D�FRQVFLrQFLD )ULHGULFK�)URHEHO 2�IRUPDGRU�GDV�FULDQoDV�SHTXHQDV +RZDUG�*DUGQHU 2�FLHQWLVWD�GDV�LQWHOLJrQFLDV�P~OWLSODV $QWRQLR�*UDPVFL $�HPDQFLSDomR�GDV�PDVVDV�VXEDOWHUQDV -RKDQQ�)��+HUEDUW 2�RUJDQL]DGRU�GD�SHGDJRJLD�FRPR�FLrQFLD -RKQ�/RFNH 8P�H[SORUDGRU�GR�HQWHQGLPHQWR�KXPDQR 0DUWLQKR�/XWHUR 2�DXWRU�GR�FRQFHLWR�GH�HGXFDomR�~WLO $QWRQ�0DNDUHQNR 2�SURIHVVRU�GR� FROHWLYR .DUO�0DU[ 2�ILOyVRIR�GD� UHYROXomR 0LFKHO�GH�0RQWDLJQH 2�LQYHVWLJDGRU�GH�VL�PHVPR 0DULD�0RQWHVVRUL $�PpGLFD�TXH�YDORUL]RX�R�DOXQR (GJDU�0RULQ 2�DUTXLWHWR�GD�FRPSOH[LGDGH $OH[DQGHU�1HLOO 2�SURPRWRU�GD�IHOLFLGDGH�QD�VDOD�GH�DXOD -RKDQQ�+��3HVWDOR]]L 2�WHyULFR�TXH�LQFRUSRURX�R�DIHWR�j�VDOD�GH�DXOD -HDQ�3LDJHW $�DSUHQGL]DJHP�QR�PLFURVFySLR 3ODWmR 2�SULPHLUR� SHGDJRJR &DUO�5RJHUV 8P�SVLFyORJR�D�VHUYLoR�GR�HVWXGDQWH (UDVPR�GH�5RWHUGm 2�SRUWD�YR]�GR�KXPDQLVPR 5RXVVHDX 2�ILOyVRIR�GD�OLEHUGDGH�FRPR�YDORU�VXSUHPR %��)��6NLQQHU 2�FLHQWLVWD�GR�FRPSRUWDPHQWR 6yFUDWHV 2�PHVWUH�HP�EXVFD�GD�YHUGDGH +HUEHUW�6SHQFHU 2�LGHyORJR�GD�OXWD� SHOD�YLGD /DZUHQFH�6WHQKRXVH 2�GHIHQVRU�GD�SHVTXLVD�QR�GLD�D�GLD $QtVLR�7HL[HLUD 2�LQYHQWRU�GD�HVFROD�S~EOLFD�QR�%UDVLO /HY�9\JRWVN\ 2�WHyULFR�GR�HQVLQR�FRPR�SURFHVVR�VRFLDO *RVWRX�GHVWD�UHSRUWDJHP" Assine NOVA ESCOLA e receba muito mais em sua casa todos os meses! +HQUL�:DOORQ 2�HGXFDGRU� LQWHJUDO � 3XEOLFDGR�HP�(VSHFLDO�*UDQGHV�3HQVDGRUHV��2XWXEUR������ �
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