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International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 96 (2023) 103960 Available online 22 August 2023 2212-4209/© 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijdrr Integrating resilience and sustainability: A systematic analysis of resilient cities using ISO 37123 Daiane Maria De Genaro Chiroli a, b, *, Maria Gabriela Menezes a, Fernanda Cavicchioli Zola a, Franciely Veloso Aragão c, Rafael Dezotti de Almeida b, Sergio Mazurek Tebcherani d, e a Federal University of Tecnology of Parana -UTFPR, Apucarana, Parana, Brazil b State University of Maringá –UEM - Graduate Program in Urban Engineering – PEU,Maringá, Parana, Brazil c Federal University of Santa Catarina –UFSC, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil d Federal University of Tecnology of Parana -UTFPR, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil e State University of Ponta Grossa –Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: Disasters ISO 37123 Resilience Sustainability tripod A B S T R A C T Integrating resilience into governance policies has facilitated disaster prevention and recovery strategies, as urbanization and climate change have led to various environmental mishaps. This study aims to answer the following questions through a systematic review of the literature on re- silient cities, disaster resilience, and the impact of resilience on urban structures, using the ISO 37123 technical standard and the sustainability tripod: (1) How has the landscape of research surrounding resilient cities evolved? (2) Which axis of the sustainability tripod receives the most focus in research on resilient cities? The findings suggest that research on resilient cities is fo- cused on developing both practical and theoretical definitions for the term, with a particular em- phasis on finding solutions to human influences such as urbanization and environmental disas- ters. It is noted that the definition of resilience remains ambiguous, and each group of researchers can interpret or find the meaning of resilience. More investment is needed to develop resilience, particularly in disaster prevention and recovery, highlighting the social and environmental axes of the sustainability tripod and encouraging the population's participation in public decisions. 1. Introduction Climate change exacerbates existing vulnerabilities in urban areas, placing pressure on cities' capabilities to manage its effects [1]. Concurrently, the expansion of urbanization and the advancement of urban centers bring about intricate environmental and socioeco- nomic repercussions. These encompass heightened occurrences of natural disasters, climate change ramifications, depletion of biodi- versity, degradation of ecosystems, regional inequalities, and socioeconomic disparages [2,3]. Such consequences contribute to a heightened vulnerability of cities, primarily due to population density, housing shortages, limited access to essential services, and en- ergy constraints [4–7]. Hence,mastering strategies to address threats and confront challenges becomes imperative for fostering urban adaptability and fortitude against disasters. In this context, enhancing urban centers' resilience is a pivotal focus within governance * Corresponding author.Federal University of Tecnology of Parana - UTFPR, Apucarana, Parana, Brazil. E-mail addresses: daianechiroli@utfpr.edu.br (D.M. De Genaro Chiroli), mariagabimenezes@hotmail.com (M.G. Menezes), fzola@utfpr.edu.br (F.C. Zola), fran- aragao@hotmail.com (F.V. Aragão), pg403925@uem.br (R.D.d. Almeida), sergio@nanoita.com.br (S.M. Tebcherani). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103960 Received 9 January 2023; Received in revised form 21 August 2023; Accepted 21 August 2023 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/22124209 https://www.elsevier.com/locate/ijdrr mailto:daianechiroli@utfpr.edu.br mailto:mariagabimenezes@hotmail.com mailto:fzola@utfpr.edu.br mailto:fran-aragao@hotmail.com mailto:fran-aragao@hotmail.com mailto:pg403925@uem.br mailto:sergio@nanoita.com.br https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103960 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103960 http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103960&domain=pdf https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103960 International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 96 (2023) 103960 2 D.M. De Genaro Chiroli et al. policies. This emphasis aims to ascertain effective climate change adaptation and the mitigation of its repercussions on urban environ- ments [8]. Notwithstanding its growing popularity, the term “resilience” continues to be enshrouded in ambiguity and confusion, stemming from the diverse interpretations and approaches found in academic speech, as highlighted by Refs. [9–15]. Among these interpreta- tions, one conceptualization of resilience, recognized as “engineered resilience,” underscores the capacity of systems to endure and rebound from climate-related impacts and disruptions, all while preserving adaptability and diversity. Particularly pertinent in the context of constructing resilient cities, this notion finds resonance [16–21]. In line with [22]; resilience can be defined as an evolving process inherent to intricate social-environmental systems. In the past, the notion of returning to an equilibrium state following disturbances was closely linked to sustainability. However, more recently, “resilience” has also been employed to depict the capacity to rebound from disruptions. Notably, resilience does not in- fer an absence of vulnerability or immunity to risks [23–25]. Instead, it refers to the ability of a system or community to absorb shocks and maintain its core functions and identity. Hence, grasping the essence of both urban resilience and sustainability assumes para- mount importance amidst a rapidly urbanizing world and the escalating frequency and intensity of disturbances [18,26–30]. For cities to effectively plan and understand how to become more resilient,world conferences on disaster risk reduction have been held to raise awareness among leading countries about the need for strategies to minimize the impacts of major disasters caused by globalization [31,32]. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 represents a pivotal document crafted to ad- dress disaster risks, centering on risk management encompassing four pivotal endeavors: comprehending disaster risk, fortifying the governance of disaster risk, allocating resources to disaster risk reduction for bolstering resilience, and augmenting disaster prepared- ness to facilitate swift response [33]. In pursuing resilience, urban centers must formulate meticulous planning strategies that discern their vulnerabilities and susceptibility to risks inherent in their urban fabric. In 2019, ISO 37123 - titled “Sustainable Cities and Com- munities - Indicators for resilient cities” - emerged as a pivotal resource for aiding such planning endeavors. This international stan- dard imparts precise definitions and evaluative benchmarks that standardize the anticipated outcomes concerning resilient cities and communities, furnishing a structured framework for dissecting the attributes of resilient systems [34]. The utilization of ISO indicators can facilitate cross-sectoral engagement within cities, fostering endeavors that promote sustain- ability and resilience. However, directing attention solely towards a single axis delineated by the ISO standard may inadvertently lead to partial or distorted conclusions. Sustainability encompasses the capacity to meet the needs of both present and future generations while safeguarding social, economic, and environmental well-being. In contrast, resilience signifies a city's prowess in enduring and rebounding from shocks and stressors while adapting to evolving circumstances. These twin notions are intertwined and hold para- mount significance in the creation of habitable, healthful, and prosperous urban domains [35–40].http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/sref13 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/sref14 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/sref15 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/sref16 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/sref16 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/sref17 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/sref17 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/sref18 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/optwZ1n1tkrQF http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/optwZ1n1tkrQF http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/sref19 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/sref19 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/sref20 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/sref21 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/sref21 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/optXyKwVyYdYj http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/optXyKwVyYdYj http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/sref22 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/sref22 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2212-4209(23)00440-5/sref23 International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 96 (2023) 103960 14 D.M. 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Introduction 2. Methodology 3. Results 3.1. General aproach 4. Studies on resilient cities under the social axis 5. Studies on resilient cities under the environmental axis 6. Studies on resilient cities under the economic axis 7. Discussion 8. Conclusion Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process References fld61: fld62: fld112: fld125: fld143: fld164: fld165: fld177: fld178: fld215:They hinge on the interplay of eco- nomic, social, and environmental systems, forming what is referred to as the sustainability tripod, which serves as a vehicle to ad- vance sustainability and resilience [41–44]. In light of this, it becomes imperative for cities to grasp the significance of ISO 37123 within their management frameworks and discern the foundational studies that underscore the domain of resilient cities. The overarching objective of this paper is to perform a comprehensive systematic review of the existing literature about resilient cities, encompassing aspects of disaster resilience and the impact of resilience on urban configurations. In pursuit of this aim, the study explores and provides insights into the following critical inquiries: How has the landscape of research surrounding resilient cities evolved? Which axis of the sustainability tripod receives the most focus in research on resilient cities? The present study has ef- fectively tackled the outlined research queries and met its intended goal. Notably, this research adds an innovative dimension to the existing literature by introducing a comprehensive mapping framework that seamlessly integrates resilience into the critical compo- nents of the sustainability axis, aligning with the delineated axes stipulated by the ISO 37123 standard. Importantly, this particular ISO analysis is a distinctive contribution, as there appears to be a gap in prior research that has explored this standard's implications. Recognizing the pivotal role of ISO 37123, this investigation offers a valuable resource for cities aiming to bolster their capacity for resilience and adaptability in the face of unforeseen contingencies. Within the broader landscape of pertinent research, this study joins the cohort of literature that intricately explores multiple di- mensions of urban resilience. For instance Ref. [45], meticulously reviewed the repercussions of urban floods, while [8] immersed themselves in resilience through a detailed case study of Taiwan's vulnerability to flooding [16]. assessed resilience criteria through a comprehensive literature review, whereas [46] concentrated their efforts on urban resilience within earthquake recovery. The explo- ration by Ref. [39] ventured into the synergy between urban resilience and sustainability, while [47] meticulously categorized urban resilience methodologies into the quantitative and qualitative realms. Employing a systematic approach [15], discerned the dimen- sions, characteristics, challenges, and opportunities within the expanse of urban resilience [48]. methodically presented a systematic review that embraced the bedrock principles of urban resilience, and [49] artfully mapped the cartographic production associated with urban resilience and disaster dynamics. Meanwhile [50], dedicated a study to examining characteristics, dimensions, and ap- plied methodologies in urban resilience, accentuating the context of climate-related risks. In essence, this research is a substantial cornerstone within resilient urban studies. It presents a noteworthy contribution by adopt- ing a unique vantage point that seamlessly weaves resilience into the fabric of the sustainability framework and aligns with the para- meters of ISO 37123 indicators. The insights gleaned from this study are instrumental in augmenting the comprehension of urban re- silience and its intricate interplay with sustainability considerations. This augmented understanding serves various stakeholders, em- powering informed urban planning and management decision-making. Furthermore, the research's distinctive focal point augments the depth of the extant literature and establishes a solid foundation for prospective trajectories of inquiry within the dynamic sphere of urban resilience. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 96 (2023) 103960 3 D.M. De Genaro Chiroli et al. 2. Methodology This study undertakes a comprehensive systematic review of the literature about resilient cities, disaster resilience, and the inter- play between urban structure and resilience, as posed by the questions delineated in the introductory section. To curate the special- ized literature for our investigation, we employed a meticulous, systematic review approach adapted from the PRISMA (Preferred Re- porting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework. The PRISMA framework, a well-regarded methodology for con- ducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses [51], was employed to ensure rigor and consistency in our study. Our review protocol encompassed four distinct phases: Identification, Screening, Eligibility, and Inclusion.Within our study, we meticulously devised five distinct domains, each embodying the criteria instrumental in selecting pertinent articles for inclusion within this systematic review. Table 1 outlines the exhaustive details concerning these domains. Following the research questions and guided by the criteria outlined in Table 1, a systematic review following the PRISMA guide- lines methodology was conducted, involving a sequence of clearly delineated steps, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The initial phase of our review process encompassed the identification stage, during which we conducted comprehensive searches in the Scopus database. We employed a variety of keyword combinations, including “resilient cities,” “resilient cities and risks,” “re- silient cities and Sendai framework,” and “resilient cities and innovation.” The search was conducted from 2013 to 2023, exploring recent developments in the scholarly literature. The search scope was confined to English language articles, titles, and abstracts, given the vast number of outcomes retrieved. It is essential to highlight that prior to finalizing these keyword choices, we initially con- Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria domains. Domain Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria Type of structure Studies that have focused on assessing resilient cities in terms of innovation and risk Studies focused on assessing resilience in aspects other than cities Depth of analysis Studies that presented methodology and results aimed at resilience cities Studies that only cited or briefly mentioned the searched terms Type of articles Peer-reviewed journal articles Publications referring to conference proceedings, books, conference papers, book chapters, theses and dissertations, non-academic publications Time range 2013 to 2023 N/D Studies Characteristics Articles were included if they were written in English, and with full texts available. Articles were excluded if they were not written in English and without full text available Fig. 1. PRISMA flow Diagram. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 96 (2023) 103960 4 D.M. De Genaro Chiroli et al. ducted searches utilizing the “ISO 37123″ standard as a keyword. However, these preliminary searches yielded only some relevant re- sults. Subsequently, we proceeded with the chosen keyword combinations to delve into specific aspects of resilient cities research. Boolean operators (AND) were employed to link keywords to refine our search. For example, employing “resilient cities” AND “risks” aimed to uncover literature related to risk identification and mitigation in urban contexts. Similarly, the combination of “resilient cities” AND the “Sendai framework” sought to shed light on strategies for Disaster Risk Reduction. Lastly, pairing “resilient cities” with “innovation” aimed to unearth innovative methodologies and technologies for fostering sustainable and resilient urban environ- ments. These diverse keyword combinations, enhanced by boolean operators, were employed to extract a comprehensive range of lit- erature related to resilient cities. The various combinations facilitated the exploration of distinct facets within resilient cities research, revealing valuable insights and perspectives. During the identification stage, our keyword search was directed toward the titles and abstracts of articles, resultingin an initial database of 1478 documents. A filtering process was applied to narrow the selection of papers from 2013 onwards. The VosViewer software was employed after extracting the documents in ".RIS” format,while Mendeley and JabRef software were used to collect and organize the retrieved files. In the subsequent Screening process, we deliberately excluded sources such as books, book chapters, con- ference papers, conference reviews, and errata. This exclusion ensured our review focused exclusively on rigorous, high-quality, peer- reviewed research studies. This approach, as elucidated by Ref. [52]; enhances the review's credibility by adhering to strict standards of validity. Additionally, this selection criterion enabled us to sharpen our focus on the most contemporary and pertinent research, re- sulting in a comprehensive database of 525 articles for our analysis. In the Eligibility stage, we meticulously reviewed all paper abstracts, eliminating those that did not align with the study's scope, which led to a refined dataset of 277 articles. Finally, a thorough analysis was conducted, based on Table 1, resulting in 77 articles in the Included phase. Our study embraced a descriptive analysis approach to comprehensively comprehend the intricate interplay be- tween economic, social, and environmental sustainability and resilience. Notably, as highlighted by Ref. [53]; the balance between these pillars of sustainability has grown increasingly complex,with sustainability itself being an integral facet of resilience. Our inves- tigation delved into the direct impacts of these societal and technological changes on resilience by acknowledging the 2030 Agenda and sustainable development goals, as underscored by Ref. [54]. One distinctive aspect of our study is its foundation on ISO 37123, a framework that has not been commonly employed in analogous investigations. To enhance the depth of our analysis, we categorized the evaluation axes from ISO 37123 into the sustainability tripod, as visually depicted in Fig. 2. This innovative approach enriches un- derstanding of the interconnectedness between resilience and sustainability across various domains. As depicted in Fig. 2, this division was established with consideration for sustainability aspects, resilience, and alignment with the goals of sustainable development, as elaborated below: Environmental Axis: The selection of indicators within the environmental axis was guided by the multifaceted objectives of sus- tainable development. The chosen indicators - water, energy, sewers, environment, agriculture, and solid waste - encapsulate essen- tial components of environmental sustainability and are aligned with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 6 (Clean water and sani- tation), 7 (Affordable and clean energy), 11 (Sustainable cities and communities), and 12 (Responsible consumption and production). Incorporating indicators such as water and energy underscores the importance of resource management efficiency for urban re- silience, directly contributing to sustainability targets related to natural resource availability and clean energy. Indicators linked to the environment and agriculture are also inherently tied to SDG 15 (Life on land) and SDG 13 (Climate action), which are pivotal in upholding robust urban ecosystems and addressing climate change challenges. Including these indicators in the environmental axis underscores the commitment to nurturing ecological sustainability as the bedrock for urban resilience. Fig. 2. Conceptual representation of ISO 37123 axis structured on the sustainability tripod. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 96 (2023) 103960 5 D.M. De Genaro Chiroli et al. Social Axis: The integration of indicators within the social axis was strategically driven by SDGs prioritizing human well-being and social cohesion. Indicators encompassing safety, health, housing, education, recreation, population, transportation, telecommunica- tions, sports and culture, and urban planning resonate with SDGs 3 (Good health and well-being), 4 (Quality education), 8 (Decent work and economic growth), 10 (Reduced inequalities), 11 (Sustainable cities and communities), and 16 (Peace, justice, and strong institutions). These indicators encompass fundamental aspects of quality of life, access to vital services, community engagement, and social inclusivity. The comprehensive approach of encompassing an array of social indicators acknowledges the significance of con- structing resilient communities that thrive within secure, healthy, and culturally rich environments. Economic Axis: The selection of indicators within the economic axis aligns with SDGs that underscore the importance of sustain- able economic prosperity and effective governance. Indicators related to finance, governance, and the economy are interconnected with SDGs 8 (Decent work and economic growth), 9 (Industry, innovation, and infrastructure), 11 (Sustainable cities and communi- ties), and 16 (Peace, justice, and strong institutions). These indicators emphasize the necessity of sufficient financial resources, adept leadership, and economic stability in establishing urban systems capable of resilience and growth. Incorporating these indicators within the economic axis signifies a commitment to forging resilient urban structures capable of recovery and thriving amidst eco- nomic challenges and robust governance. In summary, the rationale behind the division of ISO 37123 indicators within the sustainability tripod encompassed pertinent sus- tainable development objectives and fostered an integrated approach to urban resilience. Each axis contributes to multiple SDGs, highlighting the importance of considering economic, social, and environmental aspects in crafting resilient and sustainable cities. 3. Results 3.1. General aproach The initial analysis centers on the chronological distribution of publications, visually presented in Fig. 3. This endeavor holds no- table importance as it facilitates the examination of the domain's developmental trajectory, aiding in comprehending its historical backdrop. As demonstrated in Fig. 3, the breakdown of the 1478 scientific publications, meticulously chosen for analysis based on their publication dates, highlights a pronounced surge in interest in this field in recent years. Fig. 3 depicts the initial phase of analysis, encompassing the chronological distribution of studies of resilient cities. Overall, there has been a notable increase in the number of studies on this subject over the past decade. A steady growth pattern emerged post-2020, with a consistent output of over a thousand articles in the past three years. This trend signifies the mounting interest researchers have shown in this domain. While empirical examinations addressing the interplay between urban resilience and pandemics remain lim- ited, research on humanitarian crises suggests that cities fortified with robust governance frameworks are better positioned to navi- gate unforeseen adversities [55]. Additionally, it is crucial to underscore the significance of developing inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities, a central global commitment to urban development. The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified the urgency and potential for advancements in this realm [56–58]. Throughout the pandemic, urban resilience has emerged as a pivotal consideration in disaster preparedness and urban planning across various municipalities. This concept revolves around an urban system's ability to ensure continuity even when faced with disruptive shocks and stressors while simultaneously adapting and transforming to meet sustainability objectives (Habitat, 2022). To further analyze the literature on resilient cities, we also examined the authors with the most publications on the subject, as shown in Fig. 4. The analysis unveiled that Ayyoob Sharifi [12,13,17] and Niki Frantzeskaki [44,59,60] emerged as the most prolific authors. Shar- ifi's research encompasses a range oftopics, including Sustainability Assessment, Urban Resilience, Urban Climate, Urban Planning, and Climate Policy. On the other hand, Frantzeskaki's primary research areas span sustainability, sustainability transitions, gover- nance, and urban studies. Hernantes' research centers on crisis management, resilience, climate change, and information systems. The Fig. 3. Chronological distribution of publications on resilient cities. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 96 (2023) 103960 6 D.M. De Genaro Chiroli et al. Fig. 4. Top authors with the highest number of publications on resilient cities. contributions of these authors hold significant weight in the realm of resilient cities and can offer valuable insights for future explo- rations. Moreover, we assessed the geographic distribution of scholarly outputs focused on resilient cities, as depicted in Fig. 5. The analy- sis highlighted that publications on resilient cities were dispersed across various regions worldwide, with a notable concentration ob- served in North America and China. This distribution underscores the global relevance of resilient cities and emphasizes that research on this subject has been conducted in diverse geographical contexts, reflecting a widespread recognition of the importance of urban resilience. Upon observing Fig. 5, a clear trend emerges: the United States, China, and the United Kingdom stand out as the leading contribu- tors to scientific production in the field, collectively responsible for over 40% of the publications. These nations occupy esteemed po- sitions in the global research and development landscape, a testament to their substantial investments in scientific education, infra- structure, and innovation. As influential global players, they have spearheaded advancements in scientific knowledge and technologi- cal innovation internationally. This outcome aligns harmoniously with the insights posited by Refs. [61,62]; who noted the proactive steps North American and European nations took toward fostering sustainable and resilient cities. Conversely, while grappling with industrial pollution issues arising from coal and fossil fuel emissions, the developing countries of China, South Africa, and Asia are progressively embracing strategies to enhance resilience within their urban contexts. Turning attention to the analyzed journals (Fig. 6), it is evident that the Sustainability Journal claims the highest publication count across the years—a characteristic attributed to its open-access approach. Following suit are the Sustainable Cities and Society and Cities journals. These platforms boast an interdisciplinary and environmental purview, fostering discussions and initiatives in ur- ban planning and policy geared toward cultivating environmentally sustainable and socially resilient urban environments. These studies underwent a bibliometric analysis to identify central research themes, key authors, and prevalent keywords and terms within the analyzed portfolio [63]. The bibliometric analysis based on co-citation criteria was conducted using the VosViewer software. The dataset of 1748 publications resulted in a total of 3456 co-citations (Fig. 7). Examination of Fig. 7 reveals the presence of 23 clusters, including five isolated satellite clusters on the periphery of the Network Visualization map. The size and clarity of each author's cloud within the network indicate their citation count (as author or co-author) and the recency of their works, respectively. Notably prominent in the network are authors Yanan Wang [64–66],whose contributions stand out as recently published works (indi- cated by the light yellow-green color), Ayyoob Sharifi [12,13,17], and Niki Frantzeskaki [44,59,60], with works that have originated in the earlier years of the research period. These authors serve as pivotal links to other co-authorships. Fig. 5. Top countries with highest scientific production in resilient cities research. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 96 (2023) 103960 7 D.M. De Genaro Chiroli et al. Fig. 6. Journals with the highest number of publications in resilient cities research. Fig. 7. Word cloud of the clusters of authors' citations over time in resilient cities research. Regarding the analysis of keywords, the network comprises 9 clusters with 5199 occurrences, as illustrated in Fig. 8. In Fig. 8, the size of each word corresponds to its citation frequency, and the color intensity of the cloud reflects the recency of the works. Addition- ally, words positioned closer together indicate a higher frequency of co-citations. In this visualization, prominently displayed are the frequently used keywords that hold significant prominence. Notably, the figure underscores the paramount importance of terms such as “climate change,” “resilience,” and “governance approach,” which consistently emerge as pivotal themes across the evolving spec- trum of resilient cities research. Moreover, it becomes evident that terms like “city,” “resilient city,” “ecosystem,” “disaster,” “leadership,” “urban,” and “water” re- currently surface within the word cloud. For instance, it is possible to observe in the term “resilience” the words related to “epi- demic,” “pandemic,” and “covid-19.” These recurring terms underscore their enduring relevance and persistent thematic presence in the resilient cities' research landscape. Numerous studies have delved into the interplay between resilience, sustainability, and urban planning. Examining these studies provides a context to understand the significance of the recurring keywords identified in the word cloud analysis. For instance Ref. [67], proposed a resilience project for cities in Taiwan that centers around sustainable and resilient community practices to mitigate the nation's environmental risks. This comprehensive plan encompasses essential measures such as risk management, early warning systems, evacuation, and recovery plans, which are pivotal in mitigating climate change and environmental degradation impacts. Similarly, the research of [60] emphasizes the imperative of aligning global political determination and economic investments in cli- mate adaptation with mitigation endeavors. Their insights complement the understanding of key themes such as “climate change” and “governance approach” that have emerged from the analysis. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 96 (2023) 103960 8 D.M. De Genaro Chiroli et al. Fig. 8. Word cloud of authors' keywords overtime in resilient cities research. Furthermore, the study by Ref. [68] underscored the significance of safeguarding international heritage in the city of Byblos to fos- ter community resilience. They highlight the interconnectedness of “resilience” and “disaster” within urban contexts. The relevance of the identified keywords is reaffirmed by the works of [69–72]; and [73]; as they similarly probed these associations across cities in diverse countries. These studies collectively emphasize the necessity for effective strategies and measures to bolster urban systems' re- sponsiveness to multifaceted challenges. In synthesizing the findings of these studies, a robust correlation emerges between climate change, urban planning, sustainability, and resilience. These recurring themes highlight the importance of addressing these facets in forging resilient and sustainable urban environments. The identified recurring keywords provide a lens through which the broader context of resilient cities research is better comprehended, underscoring the persistent need for comprehensive strategies and inter- disciplinary approaches to address the evolving challenges urban centers worldwide face. Subsequently, our focus shifted towards discerning the research orientations associated with the sustainability tripod. To achieve this, we analyzed the 77 articles that successfully passed through the final filter, as shown in Fig. 2 and detailed in Table 2. This step was instrumental in addressing oursecond research inquiry, aimed at identifying the principal thematic emphasis within resilient cities research concerning the sustainability tripod. Upon consulting Tables 2 and it becomes evident that most articles center around the social axis (35). This axis emphasizes health, population, housing, and city planning, focusing on the well-being of affected communities and populations [131]. Moreover, 23 pa- pers concentrated on the environmental axis, investigating the ecological repercussions of activities and proposing strategies to miti- gate the environmental impact [59,131,132]. Lastly, the economic axis, encompassing financial aspects, is associated with 20 articles. [89] underscored that the establishment of resilient infrastructure necessitates financial investments, often pursued by investors seek- ing economic gains or profitability. Subsequently, the completion of the comprehensive review,we collated a database comprising 77 publications that delve into the realm of resilience. It is pertinent to note that although these articles have been categorized under spe- cific axes, many hold relevance across multiple axes [133–135]. The outcomes of our analysis will be presented across these three axes, shedding light on their interconnected nature. 4. Studies on resilient cities under the social axis The final portfolio, which consists of 35 papers that focus on the social dimension, was subjected to a detailed analysis. The core themes of the papers were examined to determine the social context of ISO 37123. The approaches were then classified into ten cate- gories: sport and culture, education, recreation, housing, population, safety, transport, telecommunications, health, and urban plan- ning. These categories were further grouped into three broader categories: Quality of life, Individual, and Basic Needs. Table 2 Correlation between researches and the sustainability tripod in resilient cities studies. Sustainability Tripod Researchers Economic [16,23,35,54,74–89] Social [9,67,68,71,3,65,66,73,90–116] Environmental [6,8,16,45,61,64,69,70,72,117–130] International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 96 (2023) 103960 9 D.M. De Genaro Chiroli et al. The quality of life group encompasses sports, culture, recreation, and urban planning categories. Studies by Ref. [65,116] illus- trate the positive impact of open urban spaces on the environment and the development of the population through sports, recreation, and exposure to diverse cultures. Furthermore, urban planning strategies can make cities and populations less vulnerable to disaster risks, as demonstrated by Refs. [110,121] in their studies on flood management. Structural and non-structural measures were used, including dikes and dams, urban planning policies, and socioeconomic incentives, which reduced exposure to risk compared to a sce- nario without a planning policy [95]. propose a holistic resilience framework for critical infrastructures (CIs), encompassing policies, influence assessment, and implementation methodology. Empirical studies validate its effectiveness in enhancing CI resilience and risk management [113]. propose appropriate urban planning mechanisms for enhanced flood resilience using Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) to achieve urban sustainability. They suggest integrating LID tools into city planning alongside grey infrastructure for optimal flood mitigation, aiding policymakers in planning flood-resistant, sustainable cities. [66] propose an attitudinal analytical framework for understanding climate-resilient cities' human-blue-green infrastructure (BGI) relationship. The integrative framework synthesizes multifaceted factors influencing people's attitudes toward BGI, encompassing subject, object, and context-related dimensions. The research contributes to BGI adoption, providing a theoretical basis for inter- and transdisciplinary research and practices. Understanding stakeholder attitudes facilitates successful BGI implementation for promoting climate-resilient cities. The work underscores the need for further refinement and adaptation of the framework for other nature-based solutions (NBS). In Ref. [136]; it is evidenced that the resilience of cities necessitates the integration of emergency shelter and open space planning into urban system design. Utilizing approaches like BIM and GIS, optimizing site selection, and enhancing disaster re- sponse is possible. These shelters should be decentralized and consider residents' needs, incorporating diverse facilities to ensure ade- quate population protection. This comprehensive and resilient approach promotes sustainable development, ensuring cities' safety and well-being in the face of future challenges and extreme natural and artificial events [136]. One example of successful urban and social planning is the 100 Resilient Cities project by the Rockefeller Foundation [111]. This philanthropic initiative has helped increase urban resilience on a global scale. As part of this project, potential cities conduct self- evaluations evaluated by selected judges. The most successful cities receive one million dollars in funding to appoint a “resilience chief” to guide the municipality in planning and development [81]. The second group, consisting of the categories of population and telecommunication, pertains to individuals. The population cate- gories consider social conditions and the direct threats that individuals may face. In contrast, telecommunication focuses on emer- gency teams in the city equipped with specialized communication technologies that can operate reliably during a disaster. This group aims to assess whether individuals prioritize the direct welfare of the population over society as a whole and how to prevent potential threats [102,128]. assert that technology, including media, temporary shelters, and risk maps, among other tools, can be leveraged to address severe weather conditions and develop urban construction plans for disaster prevention, thereby enhancing urban resilience [91]. present a practical approach to assessing community infrastructure vulnerability and disaster resilience, addressing challenges of incomplete incentives and information. Demonstrated for Metro Vancouver, Canada, regarding earthquake and flood risk, the method focuses on potential disruptions to infrastructure services over time. It engages infrastructure organizations, fostering cross- sectoral communication for a shared understanding of regional infrastructure disruption and interdependent failures after extreme events. The Basic Needs group comprises health, housing, education, and security, representing individuals' fundamental needs. These categories analyze how these needs can impact the resilience of an urban core [90]. presents organizational learning for resilient cities by implementing eco-cultural innovations. It addresses mitigation and adaptation strategies to climate change, highlighting three critical dimensions for urban resilience: the city's physical form, infrastructure and technology, and human connection and mul- tisectoral governance. It proposes an educational methodology centered on eco-cultural innovations to enhance urban resilience against climate change impacts [114]. study in three provinces of Gauteng, South Africa, focused on factors influencing resilience among a homogenous target audience. They analyzed knowledge capital, safe food, health systems, climate change, and public safety, concluding that all these factors influence a city's resilience, but the principal ones are climate change, education, and food security. Furthermore, [87] introduced the concept of social resilience cells to assess post-disaster resilience. These social groups in cities defend their interests with fair resource and crop redistribution, making the system resilient. In the long-term post-disaster response, reconstruction governance, such as in the housing system, prioritizes addressing deficiencies and problems rather than harnessing the potential of communities[75]. identified inclusivity, consultation, and involvement of the most vulnerable communities and groups as characteristics of a resilient community [97]. used the methodology of the five stages of maturity to evaluate resilient cities, includ- ing unrecognized, initial, formalized, supportive, and proactive. They propose that local governments take the lead in implementing measures to develop resilient cities and prepare them for disaster risks. Their recommended steps include identifying possible disaster risks, developing emergency plans, training and preparing the population, creating long-term strategies, increasing emergency ser- vices, and involving stakeholders actively. [137] discussed the importance of urban resilience for the societal well-being of citizens. The study recognizes that the health of essential urban components and the overall resilience of the urban system is crucial for a city to perform successfully and for its citi- zens to feel safe and comfortable. Specifically, the focus is on the potential of open spaces for assessing urban seismic resilience and presenting a preliminary model based on a comprehensive literature review. Enhancing urban resilience has significant implications for landscape configuration, city layout, engineering, economy, agriculture, mobility, and emergency management. The proposed model incorporates graph theory algorithms to assess seismic resilience and includes simulations based on the potential of open spaces. The article highlights the importance of open spaces and their critical characteristics for evaluating urban seismic resilience by analyzing recent trends in urban resilience studies. This analysis encompasses crucial social aspects, such as the safety and well- being of urban communities during emergencies and recovery after seismic disasters [112]. propose a structured roadmap to establish International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 96 (2023) 103960 10 D.M. De Genaro Chiroli et al. a national resilience knowledge-sharing network. The study explores the benefits of such a network, the criteria for selecting re- silience partners, and preferred knowledge-sharing mechanisms among cities in New Zealand. The research highlights the importance of collaboration and incentive policies for sustainable and dynamic knowledge exchange to enhance resilience nationwide. Analyzing studies on resilient cities under the social axis unveils a wealth of approaches and valuable insights to confront the intri- cate challenges urban areas face. These studies encompass a wide array of themes, ranging from quality of life and individual needs to fundamental requirements, all aimed at fortifying urban resilience and fostering urban community well-being. Within the realm of quality of life, we have witnessed how urban planning, promoting sports and cultural activities, and considering open urban spaces can contribute to creating more sustainable and healthy environments. Attention to individual needs, such as population safety and the availability of communication technologies during disaster situations, underscores the focus on citizens and their well-being. Fur- thermore, we have explored fundamental needs such as health, housing, education, and security, highlighting how these domains are pivotal for constructing resilient cities. Innovative approaches, such as social resilience cells and the assessment of critical infrastruc- ture resilience, showcase how collaboration across different sectors can enhance community resilience. These studies also emphasize the significance of local leadership, population preparedness, and active stakeholder involvement in developing resilient cities. As we move towards a future where urban challenges intensify, it is evident that a holistic and community-oriented approach is essential for strengthening urban resilience. In summary, studies under the social axis provide a valuable guide for creating resilient cities capable of confronting adversity and thriving amidst dynamic changes. By comprehending the intricacies of social interactions, individual needs, and the essential founda- tions of urban life, we can craft urban environments that survive and flourish in the face of emerging challenges. As we transition to the next topic,which delves into the environmental axis,we will explore how considerations related to the environment play a pivotal role in shaping the resilience of cities. 5. Studies on resilient cities under the environmental axis The final set of 23 publications addressing the environmental axis underwent several analyses. Firstly, the core themes were exam- ined to identify the environmental context related to ISO 37123. Then, the approaches were classified into mapped categories, includ- ing water, energy, sewers, environment, agriculture, and solid waste. The rise in natural disasters in recent years is primarily due to climate change [129]. Urbanization significantly contributes to these drastic climate changes, resulting in natural disasters like earth- quakes, hurricanes, floods, and heat islands [6,110]. Resilience can play a crucial role in managing these events. For example, a study on environmental resilience in Tehran, Iran, emphasized the importance of commitment from senior management, environmental conservation, development of green spaces, and studies on air, noise, and water pollution to achieve the objectives [119]. Moreover, population employment and housing patterns should be considered to make cities resilient after urbanization [106]. [130] investigates the links between urban climate hazards, mitigation, adaptation actions, and sustainability in resilient cities. Using the Carbon Disclosure Project database, the study analyzes climate change hazards and actions in 776 cities across 84 countries. Mitigation actions like energy planting and on-site renewable production are daily, while adaptation actions like tree planting and flood mapping prevail. The research explores co-benefits supporting sustainable development goals and identifies climate actions' po- tential impact on achieving SDGs. The study also associates specific climate hazards with different geographical features and city sizes. Limitations include the exclusion of rarely occurring hazards/actions and impact evaluation [122]. highlighted the flood risk management strategy and systematic literature review as the basis for Birmingham's resilience plan to address floods resulting from climate change and drainage deficiencies. The study established four phases of resilience, including prevention, preparedness, re- sponse, and recovery. However, the study has limitations, including areas without defenses or maintenance and a need for solutions for surface waters. [64] studied earth saturation to mitigate earthquake seismic damage, proposing an optimization model for land-use allocation in cities to minimize such damages. Using pseudo-data from earthquake simulation models, they estimated economic damages based on seismic impacts and building inventories. The damage function was integrated into the land-use optimization model, generating ro- bust site rankings for future activities in regions with lower earthquake risk. This model aids decision-makers in resource allocation and mitigating seismic hazards in developing areas [93]. explored using sustainable materials, particularly precast/prestressed con- crete, to enhance seismic resilience in urban environments. Prestressing reduces material requirements and embodied energy, while precast units provide energy-efficient insulation and architectural finish. The jointed nature of precast concrete promotes gap opening between units, increasing earthquake resilience. Adopting precast concrete can contribute to global sustainability and enhance urban resilience in modern construction. Meanwhile [109], studied Hurricane Florence to assess neighborhood social inequality regarding vulnerability to hazards. They used the situational awareness method through the Twitternetwork to collect tweets about the hurricane and classified them into positive, neutral, or negative sentiments. The study observed that poor neighborhoods are more vulnerable and likelier to be nega- tive, while Afro-American neighborhoods are less vulnerable and less likely to be negative. This data can be used to make cities more resilient and bring benefits to the population. Heat islands are higher temperatures in urban areas than in less urbanized or rural neighborhoods, caused by population density, high electricity demand, and greenhouse gas emissions [127]. One solution to this problem is to implement vegetated areas where trees can provide a cooling effect through evapotranspiration [104,108,125]. Heat islands occur due to heat from concrete, asphalt, buildings, and air conditioning. The exploration of studies within the environmental axis sheds light on the critical role that environ- mental factors play in shaping the resilience of cities. By analyzing a diverse range of topics, such as water, energy, sewers, environ- ment, agriculture, and solid waste management, we gain insights into how cities can adapt to the challenges posed by climate change International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 96 (2023) 103960 11 D.M. De Genaro Chiroli et al. and urbanization. The escalating frequency of natural disasters, attributed primarily to climate change, underscores the urgency of in- corporating environmental resilience strategies into urban planning. The heightened urbanization contributing to climate change- induced disasters necessitates a paradigm shift in urban planning and resource management. The studies highlighted in this section emphasize the significance of proactive measures such as environmental conservation, green space development, and mitigation strategies. For instance, research on environmental resilience in Tehran demonstrates that commitments to sustainable practices, green space expansion, and addressing pollution are pivotal to achieving resilience objectives. Furthermore, the integration of climate hazards and adaptation actions, as seen by [130], showcases the potential co-benefits that can contribute to sustainable development goals. Studies have offered innovative solutions in the pursuit of resilient cities ranging from seismic damage mitigation using optimized land-use allocation [64] to enhancing earthquake resilience through sustainable construction materials [93]. Efforts to address social inequality in vulnerability assessment [109] and the implementation of heat- reducing strategies like vegetated areas [104,108,125] further demonstrate the multifaceted nature of achieving urban resilience. As we transition to the next topic, focusing on the economic axis, we delve into the intricate relationship between urban resilience and economic considerations. These studies illuminate how economic investments, financial strategies, and economic development poli- cies can contribute to the overall resilience of cities in the face of diverse challenges and disruptions. 6. Studies on resilient cities under the economic axis The final database comprises 20 papers focusing on the economic aspect of ISO 37123. Initially, the core themes were analyzed to establish the economic context related to ISO 37123, and the approaches were categorized into three mapped categories: governance, finance, and economy. Governance plays a significant role in this aspect, where the government and public administration set up re- silience strategies for the city. For instance, Saint Louis, Senegal, adopted a multilevel governance perspective to attain climate re- silience due to the high risk of floods and climatic variations. Although most studies on this theme in Africa focus on large cities, medium-sized cities represent where most of the population resides. The selected city faces various governance issues, including mu- nicipal, state, and federal governance conflicts concerning the coordination of climate risks, making the process more complex. Nevertheless, solid waste management, sanitation, water, and urban renewal programs have improved urban and political plan- ning, resulting in resilience [74]. It is noteworthy that governance needs to prioritize the local scale, neighborhoods, and cities with specific strategies, risk reduction plans [77], and local investments [101]. Each community has different natural, social, and eco- nomic characteristics, so applying standardized procedures does not work [94]. [84] highlighted climate change's impact on urban vulnerabilities, calling for sustainable, green, and climate-resilient cities. The study analyzed 60 SGR city projects financed by seven MDBs from 2009 to 2020. While addressing climate change and economic growth, the projects' focus on infrastructural development may overlook complex social and economic factors contributing to human- induced climate change [85]. propose investment priorities for research and innovation in urban agri-food systems (UPA) to enhance resilience in Global South cities. The paper highlights the significance of UPA in urban food supply and waste reuse. Challenges in- clude limited recognition, land conversion, and water pollution. Key investment areas include incentivized peri-urban zoning, urban allocation of productive lands, and controlled environment agriculture. Innovations in food marketing and circular bio-economy are also addressed. Improved urban governance and planning are essential to facilitate effective agri-food systems [86]. conducted a case study in Bogotá, Colombia, to explore the barriers and benefits of adopting sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) for flood- resilient cities. The multi-sector analysis involved critical actors from the public sector, urban developers, non-profit organizations, and community members. Findings revealed technical barriers as a significant factor impacting SUDS uptake and emphasized the im- portance of considering institutional and cultural aspects in urban water management. The study highlights the potential of SUDS to provide ecosystem services and suggests the need for comprehensive stormwater management solutions planning, considering differ- ent actors' perspectives. The research calls for further economic assessments, exploration in different contexts, and participatory mod- eling-based investigations to enhance sustainable urban planning and flood risk management. Several studies suggest that more in- vestment and participation from the government and the population are necessary for the development of resilience strategies, such as [84,92,99,122]. For example, Hong Kong, Japan, is a city with a high population density that leaves the population exposed and vulnerable to risks, particularly the elderly population. Disaster management was implemented to include rescue, recovery, and restoration, empowering citizens and teaching literacy in disaster reduction. However, the current preparation does not consider lo- cation or an aging population and requires more social and economic investment. In summary, the in-depth analysis of studies under the economic axis reveals the essential nature of a robust and interdisciplinary approach to pursuing resilient cities. The contributions presented through these studies offer insightful glimpses into the intricate in- terplay between economic factors and urban resilience. The inherent relationship between governance, finance, and the economy emerges as a cornerstone for constructing cities capable of facing multifaceted challenges. Understanding economic dynamics, includ- ing investments, financial strategies, and development policies, is pivotal in forging an adaptive urban infrastructure ready to con- front unpredictable disruptions. Therefore, as we progress in the ongoing quest for resilient cities, integrating these economic ap- proaches is crucial to ensure sustainable prosperity and resilience in the face of future uncertainties. 7. Discussion The systematic analysis conducted in this studyaimed to explore the intersection of resilience and sustainability in the urban con- text, employing the lens provided by the ISO 37123 technical standard. By examining the social, environmental, and economic di- mensions under the paradigm of urban resilience, this study offered a comprehensive insight into the strategies and challenges associ- ated with building resilient and sustainable cities. This discussion will focus on critical conclusions and emerging considerations from International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 96 (2023) 103960 12 D.M. De Genaro Chiroli et al. the obtained results. During this study, it was observed that researchers often struggle to apply the theory of resilience in practice due to the ambiguity of its definition [80,117]. In fact, 41.13% of the articles reviewed were theoretical works, while 58.87% consisted of case studies of specific cities, regions, states, or countries,most analyzing environmental problems in certain regions. Tools were used in these case studies to reduce environmental disturbances and their consequences, making cities more resilient. For instance Ref. [76], examined the “10-Year City of Kobe Recovery Plan,” which aimed to bring the city back to its pre-disaster state and make it a disaster-proof model. Immediate measures such as shelters, assistance to the population, rescue groups, and voluntary movements were implemented, along with long-term measures that proved successful. The ISO 37123 technical standard is critical in integrating resilience and sustainability into urban strategies. By categorizing ISO 37123 indicators into sustainability axes, this study demonstrates how this standard provides a clear roadmap for balancing social, environmental, and economic dimensions in the pursuit of urban resilience. Adopting this approach allows cities to align their strate- gies with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), transforming their systems into adaptable and sustainable environments. To address this issue, the Technical Standard ISO 37123, which deals with sustainable cities and communities, was employed in this study, presenting axes for resilient cities. The standard presents definitions to introduce the subject, using the evaluate axis presented in Fig. 2 and divided according to the sustainability tripod, which was also employed in this study.Most of the 76 articles in the data- base were based on the social axis of the sustainability tripod, as resilience is concerned with the basic needs of individuals, such as health, safety, housing, and education for risk reduction [78]. [126] study considered the empty spaces present in cities from a spatial point of view, aiming to use them to make cities more resilient, potentially serving as locations for renewable energy, storage of clean water, food production, or even for climate refugees. Furthermore [16], questioned the terms of resilience and concluded that low-income populations are the most vulnerable and thus have the least access to resilient infrastructure [82,107]. Hence, resilience projects should focus on this population. However, a study in New York found that the city is subject to the interests of elites, who seek to profit from the urban development of residential and commercial real estate, with green infrastructure gaining space as residents pay more for resilient and sustainable spaces [89]. Social cohesion also has a high impact, as it would mean a society where people can live with their differences and address unity and diver- sity [103]. The environmental axis has also significantly impacted this study, with several papers aiming to solve the flood situation occur- ring in many parts of the world. For example [124], presented a case study on floods in Bangkok, Thailand, a region with a high vul- nerability and risk of this type of disaster. Bangkok was selected to participate in the 100 Resilient Cities program and formulated the Bangkok Resilience Strategy, which focused on the structural protection of economically significant areas and community engage- ment to deal with floods [123]. proposed the development of resilience from city to city, where two cities help each other by sharing knowledge and policies. They chose Rotterdam and Mexico City for the study and identified their strengths and weaknesses, leading to the topic of water, a strong point of Rotterdam and a relatively weak point of Mexico City. The goal was to exchange experiences and strategies to develop water resilience, but there needed to be more organization in the process, and the cities needed to know how to reach an agreement. Furthermore, a change of government in Mexico City resulted in transition difficulties. Despite these obstacles, the project is still ongoing. Sustainability and resilience are related, but not the same thing [35]. [83] suggested that a city's evolution starts with a digital city, becomes a smart city, then a sustainable city, and finally, a resilient city [7,21,25]. Studies such as [115] and the present one that propose a database of resilience axes can help future studies related to this topic. Although a consensus has yet to be reached on the definition of resilience, its specific impacts, and its applications, many cities have taken measures to mitigate the environmental and human impacts that can cause damage to the population. Resilience has evolved from a simple idea of responding to external shocks to a complex ability to resist, adapt, and transform [83]. Thus, for re- silience to be achieved, it is not enough to define its concept; it is essential to understand its interrelationships, where the sustainabil- ity tripod should be considered, and by understanding how this tripod relates to ISO 37123, it is possible to develop strategies to im- prove the resilience of cities. 8. Conclusion The primary challenge in achieving housing reconstruction and building resilience lies in prioritizing deficiencies and problems rather than tapping into the potential within communities [87]. Rapid urbanization and population growth have increased the vul- nerability of cities to climate change and environmental disasters, resulting in helplessness for affected communities. The adoption of the evaluated axis presented by the ISO 37123 can have a significant impact on the sustainability tripod of society. This study sheds light on the multifaceted landscape of resilient cities by conducting a comprehensive systematic review of existing literature. Our in- vestigation aimed to address two pivotal questions: How has the research landscape surrounding resilient cities evolved? Secondly, Which axis of the sustainability tripod receives the most focus in research on resilient cities? Utilizing the ISO 37123 technical stan- dard and the sustainability tripod, we guided through diverse studies that enriched our understanding of urban resilience dynamics. This systematic review observed that even a tiny action could have disruptive results in cities where resilience is absent or less de- veloped. However, the population may not always be receptive to change. For example [88], surveyed Taiwan to analyze the effec- tiveness of disaster risk reduction policies. Although the region is susceptible to earthquakes, the population did not trust forecasts and was unwilling to pay more taxes for the seismic risk reduction policy. Furthermore [96], concluded that resilience can be in- creased before and after a disaster.More outstanding urban planning exists in more developed cities, and some resilience plans are al- ready in practice indirectly. Hence, when new action plans are implemented, the results may not be noticeable, but there is more sup- port from the population and governance on social and economic issues. As shown in a previous study, the elite population of New York City is willing to pay more for resilient and sustainable spaces [89]. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 96 (2023) 103960 13 D.M. De Genaro Chiroli et al. The findings underscorethat the research landscape surrounding resilient cities is marked by a concerted effort to refine and con- ceptualize the term. The interplay between theoretical frameworks and practical implementations highlights a paramount focus on ameliorating the impact of urbanization and environmental perils. As such, the trajectory of this research domain aligns with the broader ambition of enhancing the quality of life for urban populations while concurrently mitigating and averting environmental ad- versities. Furthermore, this study accentuates the resonance between the sustainability tripod and the foundational principles under- pinning resilient cities. Our literature synthesis demonstrates a noteworthy alignment between the three pillars of sustainability – so- cial, environmental, and economic – and the intricate fabric of urban resilience. The integration of these axes encapsulates a holistic approach that fortifies cities against vulnerabilities and precipitates comprehensive development. Acknowledging the contributions of our study, it is pivotal to highlight its distinct scientific value. By meticulously exploring the interconnections between resilience, sustainability, and urban structures, we not only delineate the current research landscape but also offer insights into the potential tra- jectories for future investigations. In conclusion, the studies on resilient cities encapsulate a paradigm of perpetual growth, urging researchers to bridge the gap be- tween theory and practice. Through our study, we elucidate the trajectory of this evolution, accentuating the significance of social, environmental, and economic sustainability axes in building urban resilience. For further investigations, we recommend testing and validating the proposed evaluation axis within real-world urban contexts, unraveling the intricate tapestry of resilience with a holistic and nuanced approach. Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process During the preparation of this work, the authors used Chatgpt in order to improve language and readability. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication. 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