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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I Aula 4: Adjetivos - Aspectos Sintáticos e Semânticos Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I Conteúdo Programático desta aula Learn the definition and particularities of adjectives ; Analyze the order of adjectives. Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I ADJECTIVES An adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun, giving more information about the noun or pronoun's referent. Look at the word in bold in the following sentences. They are all adjectives: The quick, brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. Most monkeys are arboreal creatures that inhabit tropical or subtropical areas. The tall, thin, beautiful and intelligent girl entered into the room. Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I TYPES OF ADJECTIVES A given occurrence of an adjective can generally be classified into one of four kinds of uses: ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES are part of the noun phrase headed by the noun they modify In English, attributive adjectives precede their nouns in simple phrases. I saw three happy kids PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVES are linked via a copula or other linking mechanism to the noun or pronoun they modify: They are happy. They made me happy. Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I TYPES OF ADJECTIVES ABSOLUTE ADJECTIVES belong to a larger larger adjective phrase, and typically modify either the subject of a sentence or whatever noun or pronoun they are closest to: The boy, happy with his lollipop, did not look where he was going. SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVES act almost as nouns. It may occur in the following cases: A noun is elided and an attributive adjective is left behind: "I read two books to them; he preferred the sad book, but she preferred the happy," (happy is a substantive adjective, short for "happy one" or "happy book.") The adjective functions either as a mass noun, as in: "out with the old, in with the new," where "the old" means, "that which is old" or "all that is old," and similarly with "the new.” Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I ATTRIBUTIVE adjectives come before the noun which they modify. He ate a delicious mango. Poor can’t afford expensive clothes. Severe headache and fever are symptoms of malaria. He is facing a difficult problem. PREDICATIVE adjectives come after a verb. Your problem seems difficult. That book was good. This pizza tastes delicious. The story sounds interesting. POSITION OF ADJECTIVES Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I POSITION OF ADJECTIVES POSTPOSITIVE adjectives come immediately after the modified noun. In some languages this is the normal syntax, but in English it is rare, largely confined to archaic or institutional expressions. Aplenty, galore, and the informal extraordinaire are examples of adjectives that are primarily used postpositively in modern English. Name suffixes, such as Junior and Senior, also function as postpositive adjectives modifying proper names. Aplenty: In plentiful supply; abundant: "There were warning signs aplenty for their candidates as well" (Michael Gelb). Galore: In great numbers; in abundance: "with balloons and hot dogs . . . and fireworks galore" (Anne Armstrong). Extraordinaire: Extraordinary: a jazz singer extraordinaire. Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I POSITION OF ADJECTIVES Other examples: Judge Advocate president-elect Attorney General, Postmaster General, Surgeon General Governor-General (Commonwealth) Princess Royal, Astronomer Royal, battle royal present continuous past perfect court-martial best room available best choice possible things possible and impossible worst choice imaginable time immemorial times past Knight Templar Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I POSITION OF ADJECTIVES Postposition is obligatory when the adjective modifies a pronoun: something useful everyone present those responsible Postpositive adjectives are commonly found together with superlative, attributive adjectives: the shortest route possible the worst conditions imaginable the best hotel available Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I NOMINAL ADJECTIVES Certain adjectives are used to denote a class by describing one of the attributes of the class. For example, the poor denotes a class of people who share a similar financial status. Other nominal adjectives are: the old the sick A major subclass of nominal adjectives refers to nationalities: the French the British the Japanese However, not all nationalities have corresponding nominal adjectives. Many of them are denoted by plural, proper nouns: the Germans the Russians the Americans Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I NOMINAL ADJECTIVES Nominal adjectives do not refer exclusively to classes of people. Indeed some of them do not denote classes at all: the opposite the contrary the good Comparative and superlative forms can also be nominal adjectives: the best is yet to come the elder of the two the greatest of these the most important among them Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS We have seen that attributive adjectives occur before a noun which they modify, for example, red in red car. We need to distinguish these clearly from nouns which occur in the same position, and fulfill the same syntactic function. Consider the following: rally car saloon car family car Here, the first word modifies the second, that is, it tells us something further about the car. For example, a rally car is a car which is driven in rallies. These modifiers occur in the same position as red in the example above, but they are not adjectives. So although these words occupy the typical adjective position, they are not adjectives. They are NOUNS. Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I They are the ones formed by -ed or -ing endings: -ed form - computerized, determined, excited, misunderstood, renowned, self-centered, talented, unknown -ing form - annoying, exasperating, frightening, gratifying, misleading, thrilling, time-consuming, worrying Adjectives with -ed or -ing endings are known as PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES. Like other adjectives, participial adjectives can usually be modified by very, extremely, or less (very determined, extremely self-centered, less frightening, etc). They can also take more and most to form comparatives and superlatives (annoying, more annoying, most annoying). PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I ADJECTIVAL X VERBAL USE Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I ADJECTIVAL X VERBAL USE Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I ADJECTIVAL X VERBAL USE Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I OR: OPINION SIZE AGE SHAPE COLOR ORIGIN MATERIAL PURPOSE MNEMONIC RESOURCE: OPSISACORMAP ADJECTIVE ORDER Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I ADJECTIVE ORDER Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I We often have two adjectives in front of a noun: a handsome young man; a big black car; that horrible big dog Sometimes we have three adjectives, but this is unusual: a nice handsome young man; a big black American car; that horrible big fierce dog It is very unusual to have more than three adjectives. Some adjectives give a general opinion. We can use these adjectives to describe almost any noun: ADJECTIVE ORDER Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I 1. In each of the following sentences the highlighted word is a participial adjective? a) He told me a moving story about his childhood. b) Our piano was tuned by a Mr. Beethoven. c) I spent four hours calculating your tax returns. d)The noise is annoying the neighbors e)My eyes are stinging. 2. Which is the correct word order? a) a French new exciting band b) a Canadian small thin lady c) a blue beautiful sailing boat d) a big plastic red hat e) a new steel carving knife LET’S PRACTICE Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I TAKE A LOOK! Adjectives http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJdUXSMi1lo Adjective Song http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-T4xw5C74Ps English Grammar - Learn Adjectives http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDV-KMBvMck What is an adjective? http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-adjective.htm Adjective Song http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GArtuuieD9Q What Is an Adjective? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xktgpid88Vs Adjectives ending in -ed and –ing http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISNB-7IU9Hs Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I TAKE A LOOK! English Adjectives - Learn English Online - Skype English Lessons http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4NNEJL30TY Adjective order http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXywtGDXJgQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0juYr6ZLaQ Adjetivos - aspectos sintáticos e semânticos – Aula 4 . LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I Conteúdo Programático desta aula Learned the definition and particularities of adjectives ; Analyzed the order of adjectives.