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C ic lo d e B o rn -H a b e r Energia N a (s ) + ½ C l 2 (g ) ∆ H s u b l: N a (s ) � N a (g ) N a (g ) + ½ C l 2 (g ) ½ ∆ H d is s N a (g ) + C l (g ) N a + (g ) + e - + C l (g ) I 1 : N a (g ) � N a + (g ) + e - : ½ C l 2 (g ) � C l (g ) N a + (g ) + C l- ( g ) A .E .: C l (g ) + e - � C l- ( g ) N a C l (s ) ∆ H re t: N a + (g ) + C l- (g ) � N a C l (s ) ∆ H f 1 2 . . d is s f su b l re t H H H I A E H ∆ ∆ = ∆ + + + + ∆ 1 ) F o rm a ç ã o d o N a C l: N a (s ) + ½ C l 2 (g ) � N a C l (s ) ∆ H f C ic lo d e B o rn -H a b e r Energia M g (s ) + C l 2 (g ) ∆ H s u b l: M g (s ) � M g (g ) M g (g ) + C l 2 (g ) ∆ H d is s M g (g ) + 2 C l (g ) M g 2 + (g ) + 2 e - + 2 C l (g ) I 1 : M g (g ) � M g + (g ) + e - : C l 2 (g ) � 2 C l (g ) M g 2 + (g ) + 2 C l- ( g ) 2 x A .E .: 2 C l (g ) + 2 e - � 2 C l- (g ) M g C l 2 (s ) ∆ H re t : M g 2 + (g ) + 2 C l- ( g ) � M g C l 2 (s ) ∆ H f ( ) 1 2 . 2 . f su b l d is s re t H H H I I A E H ∆ = ∆ + ∆ + + + + ∆ × 2 ) F o rm a ç ã o d o M g C l 2 : M g (s ) + C l 2 (g ) � M g C l 2 (s ) ∆ H f :M g + (g ) � M g 2 + (g ) + e - I 2 M g + (g ) + e - + 2 C l (g ) C ic lo d e B o rn -H a b e r Energia 2 N a (s ) + ½ O 2 (g ) 2 x ∆ H s u b l: 2 N a (s ) � 2 N a (g ) 2 N a (g ) + ½ O 2 (g ) ½ ∆ H d is s 2 N a (g ) + O (g ) 2 N a + (g ) + 2 e - + O (g ) 2 x I 1 : 2 N a (g ) � 2 N a + (g ) + 2 e - : ½ O 2 (g ) � O (g ) 2 N a + (g ) + O - ( g ) A .E . 1 : O (g ) + e - � O - ( g ) N a 2 O (s ) ∆ H re t : 2 N a + (g ) + O 2 - ( g ) � N a 2 O (s ) ∆ H f ( ) ( ) 1 1 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . d is s f su b l re t H H H I A E A E H ∆ ∆ = ∆ + + + + + ∆ × × 3 ) F o rm a ç ã o d o N a 2 O : 2 N a (s )+ O 2 (g ) � N a 2 O (s ) ∆ H f A .E . 2 : O - ( g ) + e - � O 2 - ( g ) 2 N a + (g ) + O 2 - ( g ) C ic lo d e B o rn -H a b e r Energia 1 2 1 2 . . . . 2 d is s f su b l re t H H H I I A E A E H ∆ ∆ = ∆ + + + + + + ∆ 4 ) F o rm a ç ã o d o M g O : M g (s ) + ½ O 2 (g ) � M g O (s ) ∆ H f M g (s ) + ½ O 2 (g ) ∆ H s u b l: M g (s ) � M g (g ) M g (g ) + ½ O 2 (g ) ½ ∆ H d is s M g (g ) + O (g ) M g 2 + (g ) + 2 e - + O (g ) I 1 : M g (g ) � M g + (g ) + e - : ½ O 2 (g ) � O (g ) M g O (s ) ∆ H f :M g + (g ) � M g 2 + (g ) + e - I 2 M g + (g ) + e - + O (g ) M g 2 + (g ) + O - ( g ) A .E . 1 : O (g ) + e - � O - ( g ) ∆ H re t : M g 2 + (g ) + O 2 - ( g ) � M g O (s ) A .E . 2 : O - ( g ) + e - � O 2 - ( g ) M g 2 + (g ) + O 2 - ( g )
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