ALIENAÇÃO PARENTAL RESTITUIÇÃO INTERNACIONAL DE CRIANÇAS E ABUSO DO DIREITO DE GUARDA TEORIA E PRÁTICA

DAD OS \ue003DE \ue003COP YR I GHT So b re \ue003a \ue003 o bra : A \ue003pre se n t e\ue003obra \ue003é\ue003di s pon i bi l i z ada \ue003pel a\ue003e qu i pe\ue003 Le\ue003Liv ros \ue003e \ue003s eu s \ue003di ver s os \ue003pa r c ei ros ,\ue003c om \ue003o\ue003obj e t i vo\ue003de of ere ce r \ue003c on teú do\ue003pa r a \ue003u s o\ue003pa r c i al \ue003em \ue003pes qu is as \ue003e \ue003es tu dos \ue003ac adê m i c os ,\ue003be m \ue003com o\ue003o\ue003si m ples \ue003test e\ue003da qu al i dade \ue003da\ue003obr a,\ue003com \ue003o\ue003f i m \ue003ex cl u s i vo\ue003de\ue003com pr a\ue003f u tu r a. É\ue003ex pr e ss am en t e\ue003pr oi bi da\ue003e\ue003tot al m en t e \ue003re pu dí avel \ue003a \ue003ven da,\ue003a l u g u e l ,\ue003ou \ue003qu ai s qu er \ue003u s o\ue003com er ci al \ue003do pre s e n te\ue003con teú do So b re \ue003n ó s: O \ue003 Le\ue003Liv r os \ue003e \ue003seu s\ue003par cei r os \ue003di spon i bi l i z am \ue003con t eú do\ue003de\ue003dom i n i o\ue003pu bl i c o\ue003e\ue003pr opri e dade\ue003i n tele ct u al \ue003de f orm a\ue003t ot al m en t e\ue003g r at u i t a,\ue003por \ue003acr edi tar\ue003qu e \ue003o\ue003con h e ci m en t o\ue003e\ue003a\ue003e du caç ão\ue003devem \ue003s er \ue003aces sí ve i s\ue003e\ue003l i vr e s\ue003a t oda\ue003e\ue003qu al qu er \ue003pe s s oa.\ue003V ocê\ue003pode \ue003en c on trar \ue003m ai s\ue003obr a s \ue003e m \ue003n oss o\ue003s i t e: \ue003 l el i v ros.l ov e \ue003ou \ue003em \ue003qu al qu er \ue003u m dos\ue003s i t es\ue003par c e i ros \ue003apr esen t a dos \ue003 n es t e\ue003l i n k . "Q uando\ue003o\ue003mundo\ue003est i v er\ue003unido\ue003na\ue003busc a\ue003do\ue003conheci m ent o,\ue003e\ue003não\ue003m ai s\ue003l ut ando\ue003por\ue003di nhei r o\ue003e poder ,\ue003então\ue003noss a\ue003soc i edade\ue003pode rá\ue003enf i m \ue003ev olui r\ue003a\ue003um \ue003nov o\ue003ní v e l ." AL I EN AÇÃ O\ue003P ARE NT AL RES T I T UI ÇÃO\ue003I NT ERNA CI O NAL \ue003DE\ue003CRI ANÇ AS\ue003E \ue003AB USO \ue003DO DI RE I T O\ue003DE \ue003GUAR DA M AR C O S\ue003D U A R TE AL I EN AÇÃ O\ue003P ARE NT AL RES T I T UI ÇÃO\ue003I NT ERNA CI O NAL \ue003DE\ue003CRI ANÇ AS\ue003E \ue003AB USO \ue003DO DI RE I T O\ue003DE \ue003GUAR DA TE ORI A \ue003E\ue003P R Á T I CA 1ª .\ue003ED IÇ Ã O \ue003201 1 D E\ue003A C O R D O \ue003C O M \ue003A \ue003CO N V EN Ç Ã O \ue003D A \ue003H A I A \ue003DE \ue0031980\ue003SO B RE \ue003A SP EC TO S \ue003CI V I S\ue003D O SEQ U ESTR O \ue003I NT ER N A C I O N A L \ue003DE \ue003CR I AN Ç A S\ue003E \ue003A \ue003L EI \ue003N °.\ue00312.318/2010\ue003SO BR E \ue003A L I EN A Ç Ã O P A R EN T AL D u ar t e,\ue003M arc os\ue003D812a A l i en aç ão\ue003par en tal: \ue003r e st i t u i ç ão\ue003i n tern ac i on al \ue003de\ue003c ri a n ças \ue003e\ue003a bu so\ue003do\ue003di r ei to\ue003de\ue003g u a rda \ue003/ \ue003M a rc os\ue003Du a rte.\ue003\u2013 1.\ue003ed.\ue003\u2013\ue003Fortale z a: \ue003L ei s & L etras ,\ue0032010. 230p.; I SB N \ue003978-85- 62254- 01- 7 1 .\ue003D i re i t o.\ue0032.\ue003D ir e i t o\ue003I n tern a ci on al \ue003Pr i vado.\ue0033.\ue003L ei .\ue0034.\ue003Cri an ça.\ue0035.\ue003A l i en aç ão\ue003Par en t al .\ue003I .\ue003Tít u l o CD U \ue003341.9 S ão\ue003Paul o\ue003-\ue003S P A ve ni da\ue003Paul i st a,\ue003726\ue00317º \ue003anda r,\ue003Conj .\ue0031707-D \ue003n\ue003CEP .:\ue00301310-910\ue003n\ue003S ão\ue003Paul o,\ue003S P\ue003n\ue003F one: \ue003(11)\ue0033254-7600\ue003n\ue003Fax :\ue003(11)\ue0033254-7628 ww w.\ue003l e i sele t ras.com .br For tal e z a\ue003-\ue003CE A ve ni da\ue003S ant os \ue003D umont ,\ue0033131,\ue003s al a \ue0031105,\ue003T orre\ue003Del \ue003Paseo\ue003n\ue003CE P .: \ue00360150\ue003-162\ue003n\ue003Fort al e z a,\ue003CE \ue003n\ue003F one: \ue003(85)\ue0033264-0012\ue003n\ue003Fax :\ue003(85)\ue0033264-0357 edi t or@le i sel et ras.com .br\ue003-\ue003CNP J \ue00308.007.537/0001-95 À \ue003minha\ue003gr ande\ue003f amíl i a\ue003que\ue003s e\ue003mantém\ue003unida\ue003e \ue003sol i dár i a.\ue003A o\ue003I BD F A M \ue003que\ue003me\ue003apr es ent ou\ue003um\ue003univ ers o f as ci nant e\ue003de \ue003amigos \ue003e \ue003i dei as .\ue003A \ue003t odas \ue003as \ue003cr i anças\ue003pr ese nt es\ue003nos \ue003pr oces s os \ue003onde\ue003at uei \ue003e m\ue003m inha t r aj et ór i a\ue003pr of is s i onal \ue003s empr e\ue003bus c ando\ue003s eus \ue003mel hor es\ue003i nte r ess es . À \ue003A dvogada\ue003Renat a\ue003Pint o\ue003Coel ho,\ue003minha\ue003f i l ha\ue003do\ue003af et o,\ue003pel a\ue003pr eci os a\ue003col abor ação.\ue003À \ue003minha\ue003que ri da f i l ha,\ue003Mar í l i a\ue003Sarai v a\ue003D uart e com\ue003sua\ue003bel a\ue003hi st ór i a\ue003ao\ue003noss o\ue003l ado.\ue003À \ue003Regi na,\ue003um\ue003espí r i t o\ue003de\ue003l uz,\ue003companhei r a\ue003de \ue003t odas\ue003as\ue003hor as . P r e f ác io Son h ar ,\ue003todos\ue003son h a m .\ue003M as\ue003t ra n s form ar\ue003s on h os \ue003em \ue003r e a l ida de\ue003é \ue003par a\ue003pou cos .\ue003Ou \ue003m el h or ,\ue003é\ue003par a\ue003t odos, t odos\ue003os\ue003qu e\ue003t êm \ue003c or a g e m \ue003de\ue003ou s a r .\ue003C om \ue003cer tez a\ue003M arc os \ue003Du ar t e\ue003é\ue003u m \ue003daqu el es\ue003qu e\ue003n ã o\ue003t em \ue003m edi da \ue003par a per s e g u i r\ue003a qu i l o\ue003n o\ue003qu e \ue003ac r edi t a: \ue003seu s \ue003s on h os! A o\ue003desc obr i r\ue003qu e \ue003o\ue003D i r ei t o\ue003das\ue003Fam í l i as \ue003é\ue003o\ue003m ai s \ue003i m port an te\ue003ram o\ue003do\ue003Dir ei t o,\ue003por qu e\ue003di z \ue003c om \ue003af et os\ue003e sen t i m en t os\ue003qu ai s\ue003s ão\ue003os \ue003a s pe ctos\ue003m a i s\ue003si g n i f i cat i vos \ue003da \ue003vi da\ue003de\ue003cada \ue003u m ,\ue003n ão\ue003h esi tou \ue003em \ue003aba n don ar\ue003s u a bem -s u ce di da\ue003ca rr ei r a\ue003c om o\ue003jor n a l i st a\ue003e\ue003pu bli ci tári o\ue003par a\ue003tran s f orm ar - se \ue003em \ue003u m \ue003m i l i tan te\ue003advog ado f am i l i s t a.\ue003Jog ou - se \ue003de\ue003cor po\ue003e\ue003a l m a\ue003a\ue003es se\ue003m i s t er ,\ue003t a n t o\ue003qu e \ue003f oi\ue003c u rs ar \ue003o\ue003dou torado\ue003em \ue003Ciên cia s\ue003J u r í di cas n a\ue003U n i ver s i dade\ue003D el \ue003M u s e o\ue003em \ue003Bu e n os \ue003Air e s . N ão\ue003f oi\ue003ou t r o\ue003o\ue003pr opósi to\ue003qu e\ue003o\ue003l e vou \ue003a\ue003par tici par \ue003do\ue003I BD F AM \ue003\u2013\ue003I n stit u t o\ue003B r asi l e i ro\ue003de \ue003D i re i t o\ue003de Fam íl i a .\ue003A o\ue003ass u m i r \ue003a\ue003Dir et ori a \ue003do\ue003I B D F AM - C E,\ue003rea l i z ou \ue003u m \ue003pu n h ado\ue003de\ue003even tos,\ue003con g r es sos \ue003e en con t r os \ue003vi san do\ue003qu al i f i car \ue003os \ue003profiss i on ai s \ue003par a\ue003trabal h a r em \ue003com \ue003o\ue003m a i s\ue003h u m an o\ue003de\ue003t odos\ue003os\ue003di r ei t os. M a s\ue003o\ue003s eu \ue003i n c an s ável \ue003des ej o\ue003de\ue003a ss eg u r ar \ue003a\ue003pl e n i t u de\ue003do\ue003ex e r cí ci o\ue003da\ue003c i dadan i a \ue003f oi\ue003al é m .\ue003Popu l ar i z ar\ue003a con s ci en tiz ação\ue003de\ue003qu e \ue003as\ue003g aran t i a s\ue003l eg ais \ue003e\ue003con st itu ci on ais \ue003sã o\ue003ace ss í vei s\ue003a \ue003t odos\ue003f oi\ue003o\ue003qu e \ue003o\ue003m ot ivou \ue003a cr i ar \ue003a \ue003 Rev i st a\ue003Lei s & Letr as .\ue003Con se g u i u \ue003u m a\ue003f aça n h a\ue003i n crí vel \ue003a o\ue003col ocar \ue003o\ue003di r ei to\ue003em \ue003ba n cas \ue003de\ue003r evi s t as. Com \ue003cer t ez a\ue003n ã o\ue003h á \ue003m ei o\ue003m a i s\ue003ef i ca z \ue003de\ue003con stru i r\ue003u m a\ue003s oci edade \ue003m ai s\ue003r es pon s á ve l \ue003pel os \ue003s eu s \ue003c i dadãos . Porém \ue003n ã o\ue003t em \ue003j e i t o.\ue003M ar c os \ue003n ã o\ue003par a\ue003de\ue003son h ar .\ue003T a l vez \ue003por qu e\ue003n ã o\ue003s on h e\ue003soz i n h o.\ue003A \ue003su a\ue003espos a\ue003Reg i n a é\ue003u m a\ue003cú m pl i ce \ue003de\ue003t odas\ue003a s\ue003h or as .\ue003E\ue003é\ue003t al \ue003a\ue003i den tidade \ue003de\ue003i dei a s\ue003e\ue003i de ai s\ue003qu e\ue003t am bé m \ue003as\ue003f i l h as \ue003M a rí l i a \ue003e Ren ata\ue003con t ag i a r am - se .\ue003A g or a\ue003todos\ue003f a z e m \ue003t u do\ue003j u n t os\ue003e\ue003tran s f orm ar a m \ue003u m a\ue003f am íl i a\ue003em \ue003u m a\ue003u n idade \ue003de propós i t o. A ss i m ,\ue003a\ue003ch eg ada\ue003da\ue003pr i m ei r a\ue003obr a\ue003i n di vi du al \ue003de \ue003M a rc os\ue003Du a rte\ue003é\ue003o\ue003cor oam en t o\ue003de\ue003m u i t os\ue003s on h os ,\ue003u m a vez \ue003qu e\ue003t am bé m \ue003m ar ca \ue003o\ue003n a s ci m en t o\ue003da\ue003 Edit or a\ue003Leis & Let ras ,\ue003u m \ue003espa ço\ue003à \ue003di sposi ção\ue003de\ue003todos\ue003os\ue003qu e apostam \ue003n o\ue003con h eci m en t o\ue003com o\ue003a\ue003m el h or \ue003f orm a\ue003de\ue003di vu lg a ção\ue003do\ue003pen sam en t o\ue003j u r í di co\ue003com pr om et i do com \ue003a\ue003r eal i da de\ue003da\ue003vi da. Por\ue003u m \ue003deve r \ue003de\ue003l e al da de,\ue003f az - s e\ue003m i s t er \ue003l ou va r \ue003o\ue003obj eto\ue003dest a\ue003ar r oj a da\ue003obr a \ue003qu e\ue003abor da \ue003doi s \ue003dos\ue003tem a s qu e\ue003m ai s\ue003t êm \ue003si do\ue003al vo\ue003da\ue003pr eocu paç ão\ue003de \ue003j u r is tas,\ue003m ag i st ra dos \ue003e\ue003a dvog a dos . Com \ue003a\ue003h or i z on t al i z ação\ue003do\ue003m u n do,\ue003a\ue003m obi l i dade \ue003t orn ou - s e\ue003u m a\ue003das \ue003car a ct er í st i cas \ue003dos\ue003di a s\ue003de\ue003h oje.\ue003Esta i n c an sável \ue003m ovi m en t ação\ue003a ca bou \ue003por \ue003rom per \ue003a s \ue003f ron t e i ras \ue003dos \ue003pa í ses \ue003qu e \ue003s e\ue003tran s f or m ar a m \ue003em \ue003bl oc os \ue003e em \ue003com u n i dade s\ue003t r an s con t i n en tais .\ue003Se\ue003es t e\ue003é\ue003u m \ue003f en ôm en o\ue003da\ue003m oder n i dade \ue003\u2013\ue003e\ue003o\ue003é\ue003\u2013\ue003a \ue003vel h a\ue003c re n ça\ue003n o am or\ue003n ão\ue003desa par eceu \ue003e\ue003a\ue003bu sc a\ue003da\ue003f el i ci dade \ue003n ão\ue003r es pei t a\ue003qu al qu er\ue003l i m i t e\ue003t er r i t ori al . Est e\ue003i r- e -vi r \ue003i n c ess an te\ue003t r az \ue003re f l e x os\ue003e n or m es\ue003n o\ue003â m bito\ue003do\ue003D ir ei t o\ue003das \ue003Fam íl i a s,\ue003poi s \ue003qu an do\ue003os \ue003ví n cu l os af et ivos \ue003s e \ue003de s f az e m ,\ue003al ém \ue003de \ue003m ág oa s \ue003e\ue003r ess e n tim en t os,\ue003r em an es ce m \ue003f il h os,\ue003de ver es\ue003par en t ai s \ue003e \ue003en carg os f am i l i a re s\ue003qu e \ue003pre ci s am \ue003ser \ue003g a ra n t idos \ue003e\ue003r es pei t ados \ue003em \ue003qu al qu er \ue003l u g ar\ue003do\ue003m u n do. A pesa r \ue003de\ue003t odas\ue003es tas\ue003m u dan ça s ,\ue003a\ue003s obe r an i a\ue003dos \ue003Estados\ue003t orn a\ue003im poten te\ue003os\ue003si st em as\ue003l eg ai s\ue003al ém \ue003dos re spe ct i vos\ue003l i m i t es\ue003terr i t ori a i s.\ue003Daí\ue003a \ue003n ece ss i dade\ue003de\ue003tratados\ue003e\ue003con ve n ções \ue003i n t er n ac i on ai s \ue003de\ue003m odo\ue003a ass eg u rar \ue003di r ei t os\ue003a ci m a\ue003das \ue003del i m i t ações \ue003espa ci ai s .\ue003Est a\ue003é\ue003a\ue003ú n ica \ue003f orm a\ue003de\ue003torn ar \ue003ef et i vos\ue003os \ue003di r ei t os f u n da m en t ai s\ue003qu e\ue003n ã o\ue003podem \ue003m esm o\ue003t er \ue003l i m ites. E,\ue003qu an do\ue003o\ue003m ovi m en to\ue003m i g r atóri o\ue003col oca \ue003cr i an ça s\ue003e\ue003a dol esc en t es \ue003em \ue003si t u aç ões\ue003de \ue003vu l n er abi l i da de,\ue003é i n di spen sável \ue003qu e \ue003es tes\ue003se j am \ue003al vos \ue003de\ue003u m a\ue003a ten çã o\ue003toda\ue003espec i al \ue003por \ue003m ei o\ue003da\ue003con s tru çã o\ue003de\ue003m ec an is m os de\ue003pr ot eçã o\ue003cu j a \ue003ef et i vi dade \ue003n ão\ue003pode \ue003es bar r ar \ue003e m \ue003bar r ei r a s\ue003terr i tori ai s. Clar o\ue003qu e\ue003t odas\ue003es tas\ue003qu es tões\ue003re ve s t em - s e\ue003de \ue003s i n g u lar ida de \ue003e\ue003c om pl e x i dade,\ue003qu er \ue003por\ue003e n vol ver\ue003Estados sober a n os,\ue003qu e r\ue003por \ue003n ã o\ue003ex i s t ir \ue003ai n da\ue003a\ue003i n di spe n sá vel \ue003h ar m on i z a ção\ue003l e g al \ue003qu an do\ue003o\ue003assu n t o\ue003é\ue003di r ei tos i n di spon ívei s . O u t ro\ue003tem a \ue003qu e \ue003n ã o\ue003é\ue003n ovo,\ue003m as \ue003qu e\ue003só\ue003ag or a\ue003m ere c eu \ue003a \ue003c h an cel a \ue003l eg al ,\ue003é \ue003o\ue003u s o\ue003de \ue003cr ia n ç as \ue003e adol e s c en tes\ue003com o\ue003m er os \ue003obj et os,\ue003i n st ru m en t os \ue003de \ue003vi n g a n ç a\ue003de \ue003qu e m \ue003se \ue003s en t e \ue003cr edor\ue003de \ue003u m a\ue003pr om e s s a\ue003de am or\ue003qu e\ue003acr edi t ou \ue003s er \ue003e t er n o.\ue003Est a\ue003m an i pu laç ão\ue003per ve r sa \ue003cu s t ou \ue003a\ue003s er \ue003r e vel a da\ue003e\ue003a pr een dida\ue003por \ue003e star en cobe r t a\ue003sob\ue003o\ue003a par en t e \ue003véu \ue003pr otet or\ue003de\ue003qu e m \ue003t em \ue003o\ue003de ver \ue003de \ue003cu i da r .\ue003N a\ue003au s ên c i a\ue003de \ue003u m \ue003n om e\ue003m el h or , al i en a ção\ue003pa re n t al \ue003f oi\ue003a \ue003ex pr es são\ue003qu e \ue003se \ue003popu l ar i z ou \ue003pa ra \ue003ch am ar \ue003aten ç ão\ue003a\ue003u m a\ue003r e al i dade\ue003qu e\ue003a\ue003j u stiça i n si s t i a\ue003em \ue003n ão\ue003ve r . Situ aç ões\ue003de \ue003con f l i t os\ue003qu e\ue003g eram \ue003f ru st raç ões\ue003a f et iva s\ue003al é m \ue003dos\ue003l i m i t es\ue003do\ue003l ar \ue003e\ue003do\ue003terr i t óri o\ue003n aci on al at ri bu em \ue003a\ue003es ta\ue003obra\ue003u m \ue003du pl o\ue003val or ,\ue003poi s \ue003M ar cos \ue003Du a r te\ue003en f ren t a \ue003es s e s \ue003del i ca dos \ue003tem as \ue003de \ue003f or m a sen sí vel ,\ue003t raz en do\ue003t oda\ue003a\ue003s u a \ue003bag ag e m \ue003acu m u l ada\ue003ao\ue003l on g o\ue003de\ue003s u a s \ue003ex peri ên ci as\ue003pr ofiss i on ai s. N aveg a r \ue003al é m \ue003f ron t ei r a s\ue003é \ue003u m a\ue003ca r acterí s t i ca \ue003des t e\ue003au tor\ue003qu e\ue003tran s bor da\ue003al ém \ue003dos\ue003l i m ites\ue003par a t ran sf orm ar \ue003se u s\ue003s on h os \ue003n es t a\ue003bel a\ue003r eal i da de: \ue003Rest i t u i ç ão\ue003I n tern a ci on al \ue003de \ue003C r i an ça s\ue003e\ue003Ali e n açã o\ue003Pare n t al . Com \ue003cer t ez a\ue003es tes\ue003t em as\ue003c ar eci am \ue003de\ue003u m a\ue003l i t eratu r a \ue003a t en ta\ue003e\ue003com prom etida\ue003c om \ue003os\ue003pr opósi tos\ue003do I B D F AM ,\ue003i n s t itu t o\ue003qu e\ue003M arc os\ue003Du ar te\ue003t ã o\ue003bem \ue003re pr ese n t a\ue003e\ue003com \ue003o\ue003qu al \ue003tem \ue003tan ta\ue003ide n t i dade\ue003de propós i tos.\ue003A f in a l ,\ue003t r at a- s e\ue003de\ue003ve r dadei ra \ue003i r m an da de\ue003qu e \ue003t em \ue003o\ue003son h o\ue003de \ue003con s t r u i r \ue003u m a\ue003s oci edade\ue003m ai s at en t a\ue003ao\ue003di re i t o\ue003f u n da m en tal\ue003à \ue003f el i ci da de \ue003qu e\ue003de ve \ue003s er \ue003ass eg u r a da\ue003a os \ue003s eu s\ue003ci da dãos ,\ue003a \ue003todos\ue003el e s . M ar i a\ue003Be r e n i ce \ue003Di as , \ue003 Adv og a da\ue003 De s e m b arg a d o ra\ue003 a po s e n tada\ue003do \ue003T ri bu nal \ue003de\ue003 Justi ça \ue003 do \ue003 RS\ue003V i c e -P re si den te\ue003 Na c i on a l \ue003 d o \ue003IBD F AM www .m ari a bere n i c e . c om . b r\ue003w ww .d i re i to h o m oafe ti vo . c om .br Su m ário I n trodu ção\ue003 12 \ue003{ \ue003CA PÍ TU L O\ue003I \ue003 } \ue003 17 \ue003Os\ue003i n s tru m en tos\ue003de\ue003pr ot eçã o\ue003aos \ue003di re i tos\ue003da\ue003cr i a n ç a\ue003{ \ue003CA PÍ TU L O\ue003I I \ue003 } 39 \ue003D os\ue003di r ei t os\ue003das \ue003cr i a n ç as { \ue003CA PÍ TU L O\ue003I I I \ue003 } \ue003 73 \ue003O\ue003poder\ue003fam i l i a r { \ue003 CA PÍ TU L O\ue003I V \ue003 } \ue003 75 \ue003A \ue003apl i c aç ã o\ue003da\ue003Con ven çã o\ue003de\ue003Hai a \ue003s obr e \ue003os \ue003as pe ctos\ue003ci vi s \ue003do\ue003s e qu e s tro i n t er n aci on al\ue003de \ue003cr i an ça s { \ue003 CA PÍ TU L O\ue003V \ue003 } \ue003 1 13 \ue003Ali e n açã o\ue003par en tal: \ue003a \ue003m or te\ue003in ve n t ada\ue003por \ue003m en t es \ue003per i g osa s.\ue003Com e n t ár i os\ue003à\ue003L ei \ue003n .° 12.318/ 2010 { \ue003CA PÍ TU L O\ue003V I \ue003 } \ue003 141 \ue003Ju r i s pr u dê n c i a { \ue003CA PÍ TU L O\ue003V I I \ue003 }\ue003 187 \ue003L eg i s l açã o { \ue003 CA PÍ TU L O\ue003V I I I \ue003 } \ue003 219 \ue003Qu e st ões \ue003prá t ic as\ue003s obr e\ue003r estit u i çã o\ue003i n t er n aci on a l \ue003de\ue003cr i an ças\ue003e\ue003a dol esc en t es Ref er ê n c i as \ue003 226 I n tr o du ç ão O \ue003re con h e ci m en t o\ue003pel a\ue003c om u n idade \ue003i n t er n aci on al\ue003e \ue003pel a\ue003l eg is l ação\ue003br a si l ei r a\ue003de \ue003t er\ue003a \ue003cr i an ça n ece ss i dade\ue003de \ue003re ceber \ue003as si s t ên ci a \ue003e\ue003cu i da dos\ue003es peci a i s,\ue003s obr et u do\ue003de\ue003pr ot eção\ue003j u r í di c a\ue003i n di vi du al i z ada e\ue003ade qu ada,\ue003de sde\ue003o\ue003s eu \ue003n a sci m en t o,\ue003e m \ue003f a ce\ue003de\ue003s u a\ue003i m atu r i dade\ue003físi c a\ue003e\ue003i n tele ct u al ,\ue003t or n ou - se \ue003u m a pre ocu pa ção\ue003do\ue003Dir e i to\ue003a\ue003partir \ue003do\ue003sé cu l o\ue003X X . A \ue003proteção\ue003da\ue003c ri a n ça\ue003f oi \ue003obj et o\ue003de\ue003vár i os \ue003di pl om as\ue003i n tern a ci on ai s ,\ue003m er ecen do\ue003dest aqu e\ue003a \ue003C on ven ç ão\ue003da O N U \ue003(Org a n i z ação\ue003da s \ue003Nações\ue003U n idas ) \ue003s obr e\ue003os \ue003Dir e i t os\ue003da \ue003Cri an ça\ue003de\ue0031989,\ue003s en do\ue003e s ta\ue003a\ue003C on ven ç ão com \ue003o\ue003m ai or \ue003n ú m er o\ue003de \ue003r atif i ca çõe s \ue003da\ue003é poc a,\ue003pa s s an do\ue003a\ue003in f l u e n c i ar \ue003todos\ue003os\ue003i n st ru m en t os \ue003pos teri or e s . N o\ue003Brasi l ,\ue003a \ue003Con stitu i ção\ue003Fede r al \ue003de\ue0031988,\ue003an t e ci pan do -s e\ue003à \ue003Con ven ção\ue003da\ue003ON U ,\ue003i n cor por ou \ue003a o\ue003or den a m en t o\ue003j u r í di c o\ue003pátri o\ue003a\ue003Dou tri n a\ue003da \ue003Proteção\ue003I n teg r a l qu e,\ue003al é m \ue003de\ue003t raz er \ue003u m \ue003com ple x o\ue003con j u n t o\ue003de\ue003di r ei t os\ue003a t ri bu í dos \ue003às \ue003cr i an ça s,\ue003deu \ue003a\ue003est es \ue003di re i t os\ue003o\ue003 st at us de\ue003pr i or i dade\ue003abs ol u t a,\ue003as si m \ue003com o\ue003u m a\ue003am pl a\ue003g ara n t ia \ue003de\ue003pr ot eção. Bu sc an do\ue003dar \ue003efet i vi da de\ue003às \ue003det er m i n açõe s\ue003t r az i da s\ue003pel a \ue003M a g n a\ue003Carta,\ue003f oi \ue003a prova do\ue003o\ue003Est at u to\ue003da Cri an ça \ue003e\ue003do\ue003Adoles cen te\ue003(ECA ) ,\ue003L ei \ue003n .°\ue0038.069,\ue003e m \ue00313\ue003de\ue003j u l h o\ue003de\ue0031990,\ue003qu e \ue003i n stit u i u \ue003n om en cla t u r a su bs t i t u t i va\ue003a\ue003qu e\ue003er a\ue003u s u al m en t e \ue003em pr eg a da\ue003n a s\ue003r e f erê n ci a s\ue003à \ue003m en or i da de,\ue003bu s ca n do\ue003evi tar\ue003trau m as psí qu i c os\ue003l i g a dos\ue003ao\ue003e st i g m a\ue003da\ue003or dem \ue003j u r í di ca \ue003qu e\ue003vol t ava\ue003s u as \ue003at en ç ões\ue003pa ra \ue003o\ue003m en or \ue003de\ue003i dade\ue003e m si tu açã o\ue003i r re g u l ar . A s\ue003cr i a n ç as \ue003pa s s ar a m \ue003de\ue003m er a s \ue003por tadoras \ue003de \ue003n e ce s s i da des ,\ue003ve r da dei ros \ue003obj et os\ue003de\ue003tu tela,\ue003pa r a\ue003s u jei tos de\ue003di r e i to,\ue003det e n toras \ue003de\ue003todos\ue003os\ue003di r e i tos\ue003f u n da m en tais \ue003e\ue003s oc i a i s ,\ue003pr e vi s tos\ue003n os\ue003doc u m en tos i n t er n aci on ais ,\ue003n a\ue003Car t a\ue003Polí tica \ue003bra si l ei r a\ue003de \ue0031988\ue003e\ue003n o\ue003ECA .\ue003At ri bu i u - s e\ue003ao\ue003Est ado,\ue003à\ue003f am í l i a\ue003e\ue003à soci edade \ue003o\ue003com pr om i s s o\ue003de\ue003pr om oçã o,\ue003de\ue003pr ot eçã o\ue003e\ue003de \ue003de f esa \ue003des s e s \ue003di r e i tos,\ue003deven do\ue003s e r \ue003pr i or i z ado o\ue003i n t er es s e\ue003m ai or \ue003da \ue003cr i a n ça . I n tim am en t e\ue003l i g a da \ue003à\ue003de f esa \ue003dos \ue003di r e i tos\ue003das\ue003c r i a n ç as \ue003e s tá\ue003a\ue003C on ven ç ão\ue003s obr e \ue003os \ue003Aspect os\ue003Ci vi s \ue003do Sequ es t ro\ue003I n t er n a ci on a l \ue003de\ue003Cri an ça s,\ue003a pr ovada\ue003e m \ue00325\ue003de\ue003ou t u br o\ue003de\ue0031980\ue003e \ue003qu e\ue003e n t rou \ue003em \ue003vi g or i n t er n aci on al\ue003n o\ue003dia\ue0031°\ue003de \ue003dez e m bro\ue003de\ue0031983,\ue003s en do\ue003pr om u l g a da\ue003pel o\ue003Bras i l \ue003at r avés \ue003do\ue003D ecr eto\ue003n .° 3.413,\ue003de\ue00314\ue003de\ue003a bri l \ue003de \ue0032000. A \ue003re f er i da\ue003Con ve n çã o\ue003i n teg r a \ue003o\ue003D i r ei to\ue003I n tern a ci on a l \ue003Pr i vado\ue003e \ue003t rou x e\ue003u m \ue003pr oce di m en to\ue003de\ue003cooper açã o i n t er n a ci on a l \ue003en t r e \ue003os\ue003Estados\ue003m em bros ,\ue003vi s an do\ue003preven ir \ue003qu e \ue003o\ue003au tor\ue003da\ue003s u bt ra ção\ue003do\ue003m en or\ue003de\ue003i da de poss a\ue003l eg a l i z ar,\ue003at r avé s\ue003das \ue003au tori dades \ue003com peten tes\ue003do\ue003Est ado\ue003de\ue003r ef ú g i o,\ue003a\ue003s i t u a ção\ue003i l í c i t a,\ue003obj et i van do, em \ue003pri m ei r o\ue003l u g ar ,\ue003o\ue003r es t abel ec i m en t o\ue003ao\ue003 st at us \ue003quo\ue003ant e,\ue003 atravé s\ue003da\ue003r es t i t u i ç ão\ue003i m edi at a\ue003da\ue003c ri a n ça\ue003a o paí s \ue003de \ue003s u a \ue003r e s i dê n c i a\ue003h abitu al ,\ue003bu sc an do\ue003am e n i z ar\ue003os \ue003e f ei tos\ue003n ef astos\ue003qu e\ue003o\ue003s equ est ro\ue003pos s a \ue003ca u s a r \ue003a \ue003s eu dese n vol vi m en t o\ue003f ís i co,\ue003ps í qu i co\ue003e\ue003s oci al . A \ue003probl em át i ca \ue003do\ue003s e qu es tro\ue003vem \ue003au m en t a n do\ue003n os \ue003ú ltim os\ue003an os\ue003devi do\ue003a os \ue003n ú m er os \ue003cr e s ce n tes\ue003de cas a m en tos\ue003en t re \ue003pes s oa s \ue003de\ue003n aci on a l i da des \ue003di f eren t e s ,\ue003dos \ue003qu a i s \ue003s ão\ue003g era dos \ue003f i l h os \ue003e \ue003a\ue003e l eva ç ão\ue003do n ú m er o\ue003de \ue003di vór c i os \ue003e m \ue003t odo\ue003o\ue003m u n do.\ue003Dive r s os \ue003s ão\ue003os \ue003c as os \ue003de \ue003r e m oçã o\ue003ou \ue003r e ten ç ão\ue003i l í ci tos\ue003de cr i an ça s\ue003e m \ue003pa í s\ue003di ve rs o\ue003ao\ue003de\ue003s u a\ue003r es i dên c i a\ue003h abi tu al \ue003por \ue003u m \ue003dos\ue003pa i s\ue003ou \ue003pa re n t e\ue003pr óx i m o\ue003qu e,\ue003de\ue003f or m a com pu l sór i a,\ue003r etir am \ue003a\ue003c ri a n ça\ue003de \ue003seu \ue003con ví vi o\ue003f am i l i ar \ue003e\ue003s oci al . A \ue003Con ven ç ão\ue003de\ue003Haia \ue003de\ue0031980\ue003bu s cou \ue003dar \ue003s ol u ção\ue003e stri t am en t e\ue003ci vi l \ue003ao\ue003c on f li to,\ue003u m a\ue003vez \ue003qu e \ue003n ão pre t en de\ue003pu n ir \ue003a\ue003con du t a\ue003do\ue003s equ es t ra dor ,\ue003t e n do\ue003em \ue003vi sta\ue003a\ue003di f icu ldade \ue003qu e\ue003t al \ue003pu n i ç ão\ue003t ra r i a\ue003par a\ue003a sol u ç ão\ue003do\ue003con f l i t o.\ue003A \ue003i dei a\ue003con t i da \ue003n a\ue003Con ve n ção\ue003é \ue003a\ue003de\ue003t u do\ue003f az e r\ue003pa ra \ue003qu e\ue003a\ue003c ri a n ça\ue003pos sa \ue003m an t er con t at o\ue003com \ue003am bos\ue003os \ue003pa i s ,\ue003a i n da \ue003qu e \ue003es tes\ue003es t ej am \ue003em \ue003paí ses \ue003di st i n t os ,\ue003vi s a n do\ue003à \ue003def es a\ue003de \ue003s u a \ue003s aú de m en t al . V ár i os \ue003s ã o\ue003os \ue003as pe ctos\ue003re l e van t e s \ue003a\ue003s e r e m \ue003an a l i s a dos \ue003ao\ue003a bor da r \ue003o\ue003tem a \ue003em \ue003qu e s t ão,\ue003em \ue003es pe ci a l ,\ue003de vem - se\ue003a va l i ar \ue003os \ue003de l i n e a m en tos\ue003dess a\ue003i m portan te\ue003C on ve n ç ão,\ue003n o\ue003sen t i do\ue003de \ue003qu e \ue003s e\ue003pos s a \ue003g a r a n tir ,\ue003com absol u t a \ue003pri or i dade ,\ue003a\ue003pr es er vação\ue003do\ue003di r ei to\ue003f u n dam e n t al \ue003das \ue003cr i an ça s\ue003de\ue003s er em \ue003cr i adas \ue003n o\ue003s ei o\ue003da f am í l i a \ue003em \ue003qu e\ue003es t abel ec er am \ue003ví n cu l os \ue003af et i vos\ue003e\ue003n o\ue003lu g ar\ue003on de \ue003con s t ru í r am \ue003s u as\ue003r e f e r ên ci a s\ue003cu l tu r ai s . Por\ue003tu do\ue003i s s o,\ue003faz - s e \ue003i m por tan te\ue003o\ue003est u do\ue003m i n u c i os o\ue003e \ue003a\ue003pe s qu i s a \ue003s obr e \ue003o\ue003tex to\ue003da\ue003ref er i da \ue003Con ve n ç ão, vi s an do\ue003u m a\ue003m el h or \ue003c om pr ee n s ã o\ue003de\ue003s e u s \ue003obj e tivos,\ue003r e qu i s i tos\ue003e\ue003m ecan is m os\ue003de \ue003apl i ca ç ão\ue003e ,\ue003s obr e t u do, par a \ue003dem on s trar \ue003a s \ue003qu es tões\ue003r e l ac i on a das \ue003a os \ue003di r ei t os\ue003e\ue003obr i g açõe s \ue003atri bu ídos \ue003aos \ue003pa i s \ue003e \ue003às \ue003a u tori da des adm i n i s trativas \ue003e \ue003j u di c i a i s \ue003dos \ue003Est ados \ue003con t r atan tes,\ue003qu e\ue003e n vol ve m \ue003os\ue003c as os \ue003de \ue003s e qu es tro\ue003i n t e r n aci on a l \ue003de m en or es \ue003de \ue003i da de. A o\ue003abor da r \ue003o\ue003pr es e n te\ue003t em a ,\ue003pr e t en de - s e \ue003con t r i bu i r\ue003c om \ue003a\ue003di s c u s s ã o\ue003s obr e \ue003a\ue003qu est ão\ue003do\ue003se qu e s t r o i n tern a ci on al\ue003de \ue003c r i a n ç as ,\ue003vi s to\ue003est e\ue003se r \ue003ca r e ce dor \ue003de\ue003di s c u s s õe s \ue003dou tri n ári a s ,\ue003oca s i on a n do\ue003tal\ue003f at o\ue003n o t ot al\ue003de scon h ec i m en t o\ue003da\ue003Con ven ção\ue003ou \ue003n a\ue003s u a\ue003a pl i caçã o\ue003de\ue003f orm a\ue003equ ivoca da. D i an te\ue003dess as \ue003n ot as \ue003i n trodu t óri a s,\ue003bu scar - s e- á \ue003n o\ue003decor r e r \ue003des t a\ue003obr a,\ue003r e spon de r \ue003a\ue003determ i n a dos qu es t ion am e n t os\ue003com o: \ue003qu ai s \ue003as \ue003l eg i s l açõe s\ue003qu e\ue003s e\ue003de di car am \ue003à\ue003pr ot eção\ue003da \ue003cr i an ça \ue003n o\ue003âm bi t o i n t er n aci on al\ue003e \ue003re g i on al ? \ue003qu ai s \ue003os\ue003di r ei t os\ue003g aran t i dos \ue003à\ue003cr i an ça\ue003pel os\ue003doc u m en t os\ue003i n tern a ci on ai s \ue003e\ue003pel o di re i t o\ue003in t e rn o?\ue003qu a l \ue003é\ue003o\ue003paí s \ue003com pet en te\ue003para \ue003deci di r \ue003sobr e\ue003os \ue003di r ei t os\ue003de\ue003g u ar da\ue003e \ue003vi si ta\ue003ref er en tes\ue003à cr i an ça \ue003qu an do\ue003e st a\ue003f or\ue003l e vada\ue003pa ra \ue003paí s\ue003di ve rs o\ue003ao\ue003de\ue003s u a\ue003r es i dên c i a\ue003h abi tu al ? \ue003qu ai s \ue003os\ue003ef ei t os\ue003qu e\ue003a re m oção\ue003ou \ue003r eten ç ão\ue003i l í ci t a\ue003podem \ue003g e ra r\ue003a o\ue003dese n vol vi m en t o\ue003da\ue003cr i an ça?\ue003o\ue003qu e\ue003di z em \ue003os\ue003di spos i t i vos\ue003da Con ven ç ão\ue003de\ue003Haia \ue003de\ue0031980,\ue003da\ue003Con stit u i ção\ue003br as i l ei r a\ue003de \ue0031988\ue003e\ue003do\ue003Est at u t o\ue003da\ue003Cri an ça \ue003e\ue003do A dol es cen t e \ue003( L e i \ue003n .°\ue0038.069/ 90) \ue003s obr e\ue003a \ue003pr ot eção\ue003da \ue003cr i a n ça ? O \ue003qu e\ue003s e\ue003pr et en de\ue003c om \ue003esta\ue003con tri bu i çã o,\ue003em \ue003sen t i do\ue003a m plo,\ue003é \ue003an al i s ar \ue003com o\ue003vem \ue003f u n cion an do\ue003a apl i ca bi l i dade\ue003da\ue003Con ven çã o\ue003de\ue003Haia \ue003sobr e\ue003os \ue003aspe ct os\ue003ci vi s \ue003do\ue003se qu es t ro\ue003i n tern a ci on al \ue003de \ue003cr i an ça s, bem \ue003com o\ue003dar \ue003u m a\ue003m ai or \ue003vi si bi l i dade \ue003ao\ue003t em a,\ue003qu e\ue003é \ue003bas t an t e\ue003pol êm i co\ue003e\ue003qu e \ue003apr es en t ou ,\ue003n os \ue003ú l t im os an os ,\ue003u m a\ue003g ran de \ue003i n c i dên cia \ue003de \ue003ca s os .\ue003E,\ue003em \ue003sen t i do\ue003e s t r i to,\ue003pret en de- s e : \ue003apr e s en t a r \ue003u m a\ue003a n á l i s e \ue003das l eg i s l ações \ue003qu e\ue003s e\ue003dedi c ar am \ue003à\ue003pr ot eção\ue003da \ue003cr i an ça \ue003n o\ue003âm bi t o\ue003i n t er n aci on a l \ue003e\ue003r eg i on a l ; \ue003dem on s t ra r\ue003qu ais di re i t os\ue003f ora m \ue003g ara n t idos \ue003à\ue003cr i a n ça\ue003pe l a\ue003soc i edade\ue003i n t e rn aci on al \ue003e\ue003pe l o\ue003di re i t o\ue003in t e rn o; \ue003de bat er \ue003sobr e qu al \ue003paí s \ue003t er á\ue003com petên c i a\ue003par a\ue003di s cu t i r \ue003sobr e\ue003o\ue003di r ei t o\ue003de\ue003g u arda\ue003e \ue003vi si t a\ue003em \ue003r el aç ão\ue003à\ue003c ri a n ça\ue003qu an do esta\ue003f or \ue003l eva da\ue003a\ue003pa í s\ue003di ver s o\ue003ao\ue003de\ue003s u a\ue003r es i dên ci a \ue003h abi t u al ;\ue003aval i ar \ue003os\ue003ef ei t os\ue003qu e\ue003a\ue003re m oção\ue003ou \ue003r eten çã o i l í ci t a\ue003podem \ue003oca si on ar \ue003a o\ue003dese n vol vi m en t o\ue003da\ue003cr i an ç a\ue003e\ue003a borda r\ue003o\ue003qu e\ue003dis põe\ue003os \ue003di spos i t ivos \ue003da Con ven ç ão\ue003de\ue003Haia \ue003de\ue0031980,\ue003da\ue003Con stit u i ção\ue003br as i l ei r a\ue003de \ue0031988\ue003e\ue003do\ue003Est at u t o\ue003da\ue003Cri an ça \ue003e\ue003do A dol es cen t e \ue003( L e i \ue003n .°\ue0038.069/ 90) \ue003n o\ue003t oc an te\ue003à\ue003proteção\ue003da\ue003cr i a n ça . N o\ue003l i vro,\ue003faz -s e\ue003u m a\ue003a n ál i s e\ue003h i s t óri ca \ue003dos\ue003i n s t ru m en tos\ue003j u r í di cos,\ue003n o\ue003âm bi to\ue003in tern a ci on al \ue003e \ue003re g i on al ,\ue003qu e se\ue003de di c ar a m \ue003à\ue003def es a\ue003da s \ue003cr i a n ç as ,\ue003a bor da n do,\ue003tam bé m ,\ue003o\ue003n as c i m en to\ue003dos\ue003con ce i t os\ue003r el aci on ados\ue003à i n f ân ci a,\ue003de m on s t ra n do\ue003o\ue003posi c i on am en to\ue003at u al\ue003da \ue003soci e dade\ue003i n tern a ci on al \ue003e \ue003da\ue003l eg i s l açã o\ue003br asi l e i ra sobr e\ue003o\ue003c on ce i t o\ue003de\ue003cr i an ça . A pre s e n ta-se \ue003u m a\ue003s i st em at i z ação\ue003dos \ue003di r ei t os\ue003qu e\ue003f or am \ue003as s e g u rados \ue003às \ue003c r i an ça s \ue003pel os\ue003docu m en t os i n t er n aci on ais \ue003e\ue003pel a \ue003l eg i s l ação\ue003br a si l ei r a,\ue003s epar an do-os\ue003e m \ue003dir ei tos\ue003t ípi c os\ue003( t ai s\ue003c om o\ue003dir e i t o\ue003à\ue003vi da\ue003e\ue003à saú de),\ue003a t i n e n tes\ue003a\ue003t odos\ue003os \ue003s e r e s \ue003h u m an os,\ue003i n c l u i n do,\ue003port an t o,\ue003a\ue003cr i a n ç a,\ue003e \ue003di r e i tos\ue003espe cí ficos ,\ue003ou \ue003s e j a , di r e i tos\ue003qu e\ue003per t en c em \ue003ef et i va m en te\ue003a\ue003esta\ue003cl as s e \ue003de\ue003s e r es \ue003h u m an os ,\ue003c on s i de r a n do- s e\ue003s u a\ue003con di ç ão espe ci al \ue003de \ue003pess oa\ue003em \ue003pl en o\ue003proces so\ue003de \ue003dese n vol vi m en t o\ue003( com o\ue003é\ue003o\ue003cas o\ue003do\ue003di r ei t o\ue003à\ue003con vi vê n ci a f am i l i a r) . A n al i s a- se\ue003a \ue003pr obl em át i ca\ue003qu e \ue003en vol ve\ue003os \ue003cas os\ue003de \ue003sequ est ro\ue003i n t e rn a ci on al \ue003de \ue003cr i an ç as,\ue003os \ue003obj et i vos t raz idos \ue003pel a \ue003C on ven ç ão\ue003e,\ue003ai n da,\ue003os\ue003cr i t ér i os\ue003pa ra \ue003det er m in ação\ue003da\ue003i l i ci tu de\ue003da \ue003r em oção\ue003ou \ue003r eten ç ão\ue003e os\ue003r equ i s i t os\ue003n e ces sár i os \ue003par a\ue003qu e\ue003s e\ue003pos sa \ue003u t il i z ar\ue003o\ue003pr oc edi m en t o\ue003i n stit u í do\ue003pel a \ue003C on ven ç ão.\ue003Por\ue003fim , dem on stram - se \ue003as \ue003ex c eçõe s\ue003pr e vi s t as\ue003n o\ue003t e x t o\ue003da\ue003Con ven ção\ue003ao\ue003deve r \ue003de\ue003determ i n ar \ue003o\ue003r e t orn o\ue003im edi a t o da\ue003cr i an ça\ue003ao\ue003s eu \ue003pa í s \ue003de \ue003r e s i dê n ci a\ue003h abi t u a l ,\ue003os \ue003a s pec t os\ue003pr oce s s u a i s \ue003da \ue003Con ve n çã o\ue003e \ue003a\ue003s u a \ue003a pl i ca ç ão\ue003n o Est ado\ue003bra si l e i ro. Com en ta-s e\ue003a\ue003L ei \ue003n .°\ue00312.318/ 10,\ue003qu e \ue003ch eg a\ue003ao\ue003or den am en to\ue003bras i l ei r o\ue003com \ue003su a \ue003pu bl i caç ão\ue003em \ue00327\ue003de ag os t o\ue003de\ue0032010,\ue003u m as \ue003da s \ue003m ai s \ue003i m por tan tes\ue003e\ue003i m pactan tes\ue003l e i s \ue003dos \ue003ú l t im os \ue003an os,\ue003pri n ci pal m en t e\ue003por \ue003s u a apl i ca bi l i dade\ue003n a s\ue003l i des \ue003f am il i s t as\ue003qu e \ue003poss u em \ue003a\ue003tri ste\ue003con s t at açã o,\ue003em \ue003g ra n de\ue003par te,\ue003da\ue003pre sen ça\ue003da A l i en aç ão\ue003Par en tal,\ue003defin i da\ue003e m \ue003seu \ue003a rt.\ue0032°\ue003com o\ue003\u201c a\ue003i n t er f erê n ci a\ue003n a\ue003f or m açã o\ue003psi col óg ica \ue003da\ue003cr i an ça\ue003ou do\ue003adol es cen te\ue003prom ovi da\ue003ou \ue003i n du z ida\ue003por \ue003u m \ue003dos \ue003g en i tores ,\ue003pel os\ue003a vós\ue003ou \ue003pe l os\ue003qu e\ue003ten h am \ue003a \ue003cr i an ça \ue003ou adol es cen te\ue003sob\ue003a\ue003s u a\ue003au t or i dade ,\ue003g u ar da\ue003ou \ue003vig i l â n ci a\ue003pa ra \ue003qu e\ue003r epu di e \ue003g en i tor\ue003ou \ue003qu e\ue003c au s e\ue003pr ej u í z o\ue003ao estabel eci m en to\ue003ou \ue003à\ue003m an u ten çã o\ue003de\ue003ví n cu los \ue003com \ue003este\u201d. A \ue003con ex ão\ue003en t re \ue003as \ue003du as\ue003f err a m en tas\ue003j u r í di cas \ue003tem \ue003em \ue003com u m \ue003o\ue003af as t am en to\ue003da\ue003con vi vê n ci a\ue003en tre\ue003pai s\ue003e f il h os; \ue003ora\ue003n o\ue003dir ei t o\ue003in t e r n o,\ue003or a\ue003n o\ue003â m bi t o\ue003da\ue003cooper a ção\ue003i n t er - es t at al ,\ue003qu a n do\ue003a\ue003obs t ru ção\ue003à con vi vên cia \ue003par en tal\ue003m u i t as \ue003vez e s\ue003con t a \ue003com \ue003con t i n en tes\ue003e\ue003oce an os \ue003com o\ue003cú m pl i ces . { \ue003CA PÍ TU L O\ue003I \ue003 } Os\ue003in s tru m en to s \ue003de\ue003pr o t eç ão \ue003ao s \ue003dir eito s \ue003da cr ian ç a Para \ue003trat ar \ue003da \ue003apl i caçã o\ue003pr ática \ue003da\ue003Con ven ç ão\ue003da \ue003Haia ,\ue003qu e \ue003t r ata\ue003sobr e\ue003os \ue003a s pec tos\ue003ci vi s \ue003do\ue003s e qu e s t r o i n t er n aci on al\ue003de \ue003cr i an ça s,\ue003m i ster\ue003s e\ue003f az \ue003u m a\ue003a n ál i s e\ue003do\ue003r econ h eci m en t o,\ue003da\ue003obse rvâ n ci a\ue003e \ue003da\ue003g ar an t i a \ue003dos di re i t os\ue003das \ue003cr i an ç as\ue003por \ue003par t e\ue003da\ue003c om u n idade \ue003i n t er n aci on al\ue003e \ue003do\ue003Est ado\ue003bra si l ei r o. Q u er \ue003i ss o\ue003si g n i f i car \ue003qu e\ue003a den t r ar \ue003n os\ue003di s posi tivos \ue003da\ue003r ef eri da \ue003Con ven ç ão\ue003se m \ue003an t es\ue003a val i ar \ue003as \ue003i n i ci a t iva s qu e\ue003s e\ue003f i r m ar am \ue003em \ue003pr ol \ue003da\ue003pr oteção\ue003da\ue003cr i an ça ,\ue003atri bu i n do-l h e s\ue003a pt idã o\ue003par a \ue003g oz a r \ue003de\ue003di r e i t os\ue003e l i ber dades ,\ue003n ão\ue003pr opor ci on a ri a \ue003u m a\ue003vi sã o\ue003am pl a\ue003da\ue003s i t u a ção\ue003pr i vi l eg i a da\ue003qu e\ue003e st a\ue003apr es en ta\ue003n o\ue003c on t ex t o j u r í di co\ue003da\ue003s oci eda de\ue003at u al . A pre se n t ar - s e- ão,\ue003a \ue003se g u i r ,\ue003as \ue003pr i n c i pai s \ue003n or m as \ue003j u r í di cas \ue003qu e \ue003n or t ear a m \ue003o\ue003t em a \ue003ao\ue003l on g o\ue003da\ue003h is t óri a\ue003n o âm bi t o\ue003n a ci on al \ue003e \ue003i n t er n aci on al\ue003e \ue003u m a\ue003an á l i se\ue003do\ue003c on cei to\ue003de\ue003in f ân c i a,\ue003vi s an do\ue003u m a\ue003m el h or \ue003com pr een são do\ue003n ovo\ue003di r ei t o\ue003da\ue003cr i an ç a\ue003qu e\ue003foi\ue003i n cor por ado\ue003aos \ue003or den am en t os \ue003j u r í di cos . Hi st ó ri c o \ue003 do s\ue003 do c u me nt o s\ue003 de \ue003p rot e ç ã o \ue003 à \ue003i n fâ n c i a \ue003 no \ue003 â mbi t o \ue003d o \ue003D i re i t o \ue003I nt e rna c i o n a l N a\ue003ver i fica ção\ue003do\ue003pr oc es so\ue003h i stóri co\ue003de\ue003e vol u ç ão\ue003dos \ue003di r ei tos\ue003da\ue003cr i a n ça ,\ue003pode- s e\ue003obs er var \ue003qu e\ue003n e m sem pr e \ue003e s t a\ue003r e ce beu \ue003at en ç ão\ue003e s pec i a l \ue003por \ue003pa r t e\ue003da\ue003c om u n i da de\ue003i n t e r n aci on a l ,\ue003s e n do\ue003s u bm i s s as , an t er i or m en t e,\ue003apen as\ue003ao\ue003poder \ue003f am i l i ar ,\ue003qu e\ue003ex pr i m e\ue003a\ue003s u per i or i dade \ue003dos\ue003g en itores\ue003n as\ue003r el aç ões\ue003de f am í l i a .\ue003O s\ue003pai s \ue003detin h a m \ue003u m \ue003poder \ue003abs ol u t o\ue003sobr e\ue003os \ue003f il h os,\ue003edu ca n do- os\ue003de\ue003a cor do\ue003com \ue003seu s\ue003pri n cípi os e\ue003con ve n i ên c i as. Em \ue003bu s c a\ue003de \ue003pr oteg e r \ue003a \ue003c r i a n ç a\ue003qu an to\ue003aos\ue003abu s os \ue003e \ue003aos \ue003m au s-trat os\ue003pe r pe trados\ue003pe l os \ue003pa i s ,\ue003ch eg ou -se \ue003a o absu rdo\ue003de\ue003ter- s e \ue003qu e \ue003bu s ca r \ue003f u n dam en to\ue003n as \ue003l eg i s l a çõe s \ue003ex is t en tes\ue003par a \ue003a\ue003pr oteção\ue003dos\ue003a n i m ai s .\ue003E \u0301 \ue003o\ue003qu e esc l ar e ce \ue003G u stavo\ue003Ferr az \ue003de\ue003Cam pos \ue003M ôn ac o\ue003( 2005,\ue003p.\ue003126) : Casos\ue003h ou ve\ue003em \ue003qu e \ue003a\ue003de f esa \ue003da \ue003vi da\ue003da s \ue003cr i a n ç as ,\ue003pos ta\ue003em \ue003peri g o\ue003pel os \ue003g e n i tores ,\ue003e\ue003m es m o\ue003de\ue003s u a con di ç ão\ue003h u m an a,\ue003prec i s ou \ue003ser \ue003f ei ta\ue003com \ue003base\ue003e m \ue003l e i s \ue003e x i s ten tes\ue003par a \ue003a\ue003pr oteção\ue003dos\ue003a n i m ai s ,\ue003s ob\ue003o ar g u m en t o\ue003de \ue003qu e ,\ue003as s i m \ue003com o\ue003os \ue003an im ai s ,\ue003as \ue003c r i an ças\ue003e r a m \ue003se r e s \ue003vi vos \ue003per ten c en t e s \ue003ao\ue003r ei n o\ue003an i m al ,\ue003em con t r aposi ç ão,\ue003por \ue003obvi o,\ue003ao\ue003r ei n o\ue003ve g et al ,\ue003qu e\ue003n ão\ue003g oz ari a \ue003de\ue003t al \ue003pr ot eção. O \ue003despe r t ar \ue003par a \ue003u m a\ue003con s ci ê n ci a\ue003m ai s \ue003h u m an a \ue003sobr e \ue003a\ue003i n f ân cia \ue003f oi\ue003de cor r ên cia \ue003da\ue003com pr ovaç ão\ue003de \ue003qu e as\ue003c r i an ça s\ue003s ão\ue003ví t i m a s\ue003f r ág ei s \ue003e\ue003vu l n e rá vei s,\ue003ten do\ue003e m \ue003vis t a\ue003su a\ue003li m i tada\ue003m a t u r i da de\ue003f ís i ca\ue003e \ue003m en t al ,\ue003a om is sã o\ue003do\ue003Est ado,\ue003da\ue003soc i edade \ue003e\ue003da\ue003Fam í l i a. N a\ue003atu al i da de,\ue003as \ue003cr i an ça s\ue003r ece bem \ue003t ratam e n t o\ue003di f eren cia do\ue003n aqu i l o\ue003qu e\ue003se\ue003r ef er e\ue003à\ue003a ss i st ên ci a \ue003e\ue003à\ue003de f esa de\ue003su a\ue003con di ç ão\ue003h u m an a ,\ue003es tan do\ue003a \ue003Dou tri n a \ue003J u r í di c a\ue003da \ue003Pr oteção\ue003I n teg r al \ue003pr e s en t e \ue003em \ue003t odos\ue003os docu m en tos\ue003i n t er n aci on a i s\ue003de\ue003pr oteção\ue003à\ue003cr i an ça. A \ue003proteção\ue003aos \ue003di r ei t os\ue003h u m an os\ue003pode\ue003se r\ue003h oje\ue003c on si de ra da\ue003o\ue003obj etivo\ue003pr ecí pu o\ue003de\ue003t odo\ue003orden a m en t o j u r í di co,\ue003u l t r apas san do\ue003as\ue003bar r ei r as \ue003do\ue003di re i t o\ue003pú bl i c o,\ue003i n t eg r an do\ue003os \ue003pri n cípi os \ue003con s t i t u c i on ai s \ue003e i n f lu en c i an do\ue003t am bém \ue003a\ue003s ear a\ue003pr i vada . T al \ue003proteção\ue003s u r g i u \ue003em \ue003m ea dos\ue003do\ue003s éc u l o\ue003XX ,\ue003com o\ue003de cor r ê n ci a \ue003da\ue003Seg u n da\ue003Gu e r r a\ue003M u n dial ,\ue003s en do re s pos ta\ue003às\ue003m on stru os i dade s \ue003e \ue003aos \ue003h or r or e s \ue003pr es e n tes\ue003du r a n te\ue003o\ue003perí odo\ue003n az i s ta. N o\ue003âm bi to\ue003dos\ue003dir e i t os\ue003h u m an os \ue003r eferen te\ue003às\ue003cr i a n ç as ,\ue003c ou be \ue003t am bém \ue003aos \ue003s i s tem as \ue003l eg i s l a t i vos \ue003do\ue003s é cu lo X X ,\ue003sen do\ue003in ten s i fica do\ue003em \ue003s u as \ue003ú ltim as\ue003dé ca da s ,\ue003o\ue003m ovi m en to\ue003de\ue003f or m aç ão\ue003e \ue003ex pan s ã o\ue003da\ue003de cl ar aç ã o dos\ue003di r ei t os\ue003da\ue003cr i a n ç a\ue003e x pr es s o\ue003por \ue003di ve r s os \ue003doc u m en t os \ue003i n t e r n aci on a i s \ue003cu ja\ue003e x pr e s s ão\ue003m áx im a\ue003f oi \ue003a Con ven ç ão\ue003I n t er n ac i on al \ue003sobr e\ue003os \ue003Dir ei t os\ue003da\ue003Cri a n ça .\ue003N as \ue003Pal avr a s\ue003de \ue003Ja cob\ue003Doli n g er \ue003( 2003,\ue003p.\ue00380) : Cri ou - se,\ue003a ss i m ,\ue003u m \ue003di r ei to\ue003in t er n ac i on al \ue003da\ue003c ri a n ça,\ue003qu e\ue003en g l oba\ue003u m a\ue003c ol eçã o\ue003de\ue003di pl om as\ue003l e g ai s \ue003qu e vi s am \ue003u n if orm i z ar\ue003o\ue003trat am en to\ue003prot et or\ue003das \ue003c r i an ças\ue003de \ue003t odos\ue003os \ue003povos \ue003l i g ados\ue003às \ue003or g an i z aç ões i n t er n aci on ais \ue003e\ue003r eg i on ais .\ue003Com o\ue003es t es\ue003i n st ru m en tos\ue003con ce dem \ue003à\ue003cr i an ç a\ue003a\ue003qu a l i dade\ue003de \ue003su j ei to\ue003de\ue003dir e i t o n o\ue003pl an o\ue003i n t e rn a ci on al ,\ue003c on su bst an ci am \ue003u m a\ue003m an i fest ação\ue003de \ue003di re i t o\ue003in t e rn a ci on al \ue003pú bli co,\ue003n as\ue003su as ver t en t es\ue003de \ue003di re i t os\ue003h u m an os\ue003e\ue003de\ue003di r ei t o\ue003h u m an i tári o. A \ue003O rg an i z ação\ue003I n t er n aci on al\ue003do\ue003T r abal h o\ue003f oi \ue003a\ue003pr i m ei r a\ue003i n s t i t u i ç ão\ue003a\ue003apr ova r\ue003u m a\ue003Con ven ç ão I n tern ac i on al ,\ue003n o\ue003a n o\ue003de\ue0031919,\ue003qu e \ue003vi sava \ue003à\ue003pr ot eção\ue003à\ue003i n f ân cia ,\ue003estabel ece n do\ue003a\ue003pr oi bi ção\ue003de \ue003em pre g ar cr i an ça s\ue003qu e \ue003n ão\ue003t en h am \ue003a t in g ido\ue003a\ue003i da de\ue003em \ue003qu e\ue003s e\ue003e n cer r a\ue003a\ue003e scol a ri da de\ue003obr i g atóri a,\ue003ou \ue003qu e \ue003poss u am i dade\ue003i n feri or \ue003a\ue003qu i n z e\ue003an os . O \ue003com bat e\ue003ao\ue003tráf i co\ue003de \ue003cr i a n ç as \ue003e \ue003m u l h ere s \ue003f oi \ue003al vo\ue003da \ue003Con ve n ç ão\ue003s obr e \ue003s u pr e s s ã o\ue003do\ue003T rá f i c o\ue003de M u lh e re s\ue003e\ue003de \ue003C r i an ça s,\ue003con clu ída\ue003e m \ue003G en ebr a,\ue003em \ue00330\ue003de\ue003s etem br o\ue003de\ue0031921\ue003e \ue003adot ada\ue003pel a \ue003L i g a \ue003das N açõe s . M a i s\ue003ex clu si va,\ue003em \ue003r el aç ão\ue003à\ue003cr i an ça,\ue003f oi\ue003a\ue003Car t a\ue003da\ue003L i g a\ue003sobr e\ue003as \ue003Cri an ç as,\ue003a prova da\ue003pel a\ue003Soci e dade das\ue003Nações ,\ue003e m \ue0031924,\ue003e\ue003u s u a l m en te\ue003ch am ada\ue003de \ue003Decl a r a çã o\ue003de\ue003Gen ebr a ,\ue003com pos ta\ue003por\ue003ci n co\ue003iten s \ue003a s s i m re di g i dos: Pel a\ue003pr es en t e\ue003Decl ar ação\ue003dos \ue003D i r ei t os\ue003das \ue003Cri an ç as,\ue003c om u m en t e \ue003con h e ci da\ue003com o\ue003a\ue003Decl ar açã o\ue003de G en ebr a ,\ue003h om en s \ue003e \ue003m u l h e r e s \ue003de\ue003todas\ue003as \ue003n a çõe s ,\ue003r ec on h ecen do\ue003qu e \ue003a\ue003h u m an idade \ue003deve \ue003a \ue003cr i a n ça \ue003o m el h or \ue003qu e\ue003t em \ue003a\ue003dar ,\ue003decl a ra \ue003e\ue003ac ei t a\ue003com o\ue003su a\ue003obri g a ção,\ue003qu e \ue003aci m a\ue003e\ue003a l ém \ue003de\ue003qu ai s qu er \ue003con si der ações de\ue003r aça ,\ue003n aci on a l i dade\ue003ou \ue003c r en ça : I .\ue003A \ue003c ri a n ça\ue003de ve\ue003r ece ber \ue003os\ue003m ei os \ue003n ece ss ár i os\ue003par a \ue003seu \ue003de se n vol vi m en t o\ue003n or m al ,\ue003t an t o\ue003m a t er i al \ue003com o espi r i tu al ; I I .\ue003A \ue003cr i an ça\ue003qu e\ue003es t i ver \ue003com \ue003f om e\ue003de ve\ue003s er \ue003al i m en t ada;\ue003a\ue003cri a n ça\ue003qu e\ue003est i ver \ue003doen te\ue003prec i sa\ue003s er \ue003aj u da da; a\ue003cr i an ç a\ue003atras ada\ue003pr eci s a\ue003s er \ue003aj u dada ; \ue003a\ue003cr i an ç a\ue003del i n qu \u0308 e n t e\ue003pr ec i s a\ue003s er \ue003r ec u per a da; \ue003o\ue003ór f ão\ue003e\ue003o aban don ado\ue003prec i s a m \ue003se r \ue003pr oteg i dos \ue003e \ue003s ocor r i dos ; I I I .\ue003A \ue003cr i an ça\ue003dever á \ue003se r \ue003a\ue003pr i m ei r a \ue003a\ue003r e cebe r \ue003soc or r o\ue003em \ue003t em pos\ue003de\ue003di f i cu ldade s; I V .\ue003A \ue003cr i a n ç a\ue003pr ec i s a \ue003t er \ue003pos s i bi l i da de\ue003de \ue003g a n h a r \ue003s e u \ue003s u st en t o\ue003e\ue003deve\ue003s e r \ue003pr oteg i da \ue003de\ue003toda\ue003f or m a\ue003de ex pl or a ção; V .\ue003A \ue003cr i a n ç a\ue003de ve\ue003s e r \ue003edu cada\ue003com \ue003a\ue003con sci ê n c i a \ue003de\ue003qu e\ue003seu s \ue003tale n tos\ue003devem \ue003se r \ue003de di ca dos \ue003aos \ue003s e r vi ços de\ue003se u s \ue003s e m el h a n tes.\ue003( DO L I N G E R,\ue0032003,\ue003p.\ue00382). Crí t ic as\ue003e x i stir am \ue003qu an t o\ue003a o\ue003t ex t o\ue003da\ue003D ecl a ra ção\ue003de\ue003Gen ebr a,\ue003u m a\ue003ve z \ue003qu e \ue003ess e\ue003col oc ava\ue003a\ue003c r i an ça \ue003em si tu aç ão\ue003de\ue003r e ce pt ora \ue003pas si va ,\ue003se n do\ue003m er o\ue003obj e t o\ue003de\ue003pr ot eção\ue003e \ue003con trol e,\ue003de ven do\ue003a pen a s\ue003r e cebe r \ue003al g u m a ass i stên c i a\ue003ou \ue003ben ef í c i o. Em \ue00310\ue003de\ue003de z em br o\ue003de\ue0031948,\ue003a\ue003Asse m ble i a\ue003Geral \ue003da s\ue003Nações\ue003U n idas \ue003pr ocl am ou \ue003a\ue003Decl ar aç ão\ue003U n i ver s al dos\ue003Dir ei tos\ue003do\ue003H om e m ,\ue003qu e \ue003i n cl u i u \ue003de\ue003f or m a\ue003i m pl í ci t a\ue003os \ue003di re i t os\ue003e\ue003l i ber dade s\ue003das \ue003cr i an ç as .\ue003T al D ecl a ra ção\ue003f oi \ue003con s i der ada\ue003o\ue003i n í c i o\ue003do\ue003proc ess o\ue003de\ue003g e n er al i z ação\ue003da\ue003pr ot eçã o\ue003i n t er n aci on a l \ue003dos\ue003Dir ei tos H u m an os \ue003e\ue003da\ue003Cida dan i a. D este\ue003m odo,\ue003Fl ávi a \ue003Piove san \ue003(2007,\ue003p.\ue0031 17) \ue003af i rm a\ue003qu e: A \ue003n ece ss i dade\ue003de \ue003u m a\ue003açã o\ue003i n t ern aci on al \ue003m ai s \ue003ef ic az \ue003pa r a\ue003a\ue003pr ot eção\ue003dos \ue003di r ei t os\ue003h u m an os \ue003i m pu l si on ou \ue003o proc es so\ue003de\ue003i n tern a ci on al i z ação\ue003de ss es\ue003di r ei tos,\ue003cu l m i n an do\ue003n a\ue003cri a ção\ue003da \ue003si s t em á t ic a\ue003n or m at i va\ue003de proteção\ue003i n tern ac i on al ,\ue003qu e \ue003f az \ue003poss í vel \ue003a\ue003r es pon s abi l i z a ção\ue003do\ue003Est ado\ue003n o\ue003dom í n i o\ue003i n tern a ci on al \ue003qu an do as\ue003i n stit u i çõe s \ue003n a ci on ais \ue003s e \ue003m ostram \ue003f al h a s \ue003ou \ue003om i s s ões \ue003n a\ue003t are f a\ue003de\ue003pr oteg e r \ue003os \ue003di r e i tos\ue003h u m an os. A pen as \ue003n o\ue003an o\ue003de \ue0031959,\ue003tri n ta\ue003e\ue003ci n co\ue003an os\ue003a pós \ue003a\ue003Decl a r aç ão\ue003de \ue003Gen e br a,\ue003qu ase\ue003dez \ue003an os\ue003a pós \ue003a D ecl a r a çã o\ue003de\ue0031948,\ue003e \ue003i n cen t i vada \ue003por \ue003e s t a,\ue003f oi \ue003qu e \ue003as \ue003Org a n i z ações \ue003das \ue003Nações \ue003U n i das\ue003a pr ova r am \ue003u m a n ova\ue003Decl ar açã o,\ue003i n t itu l ada \ue003D ecl a ra ção\ue003U n i ve rs al \ue003dos \ue003D i re i t os\ue003da\ue003Cri an ça,\ue003qu e\ue003abr a n g i a\ue003ape n as \ue003as qu es t ões\ue003r el ativas \ue003à\ue003i n fân ci a . O \ue003g r an de \ue003m ar co\ue003f oi \ue003a\ue003al tera ção\ue003pa r adi g m ática \ue003qu e\ue003trou x e \ue003es t a\ue003n ova\ue003Decl ar a ção,\ue003de i x a n do\ue003a\ue003cr i an ça \ue003de\ue003s er con s i der a da\ue003m er o\ue003obj e t o\ue003do\ue003di r ei to,\ue003para\ue003vi r a r \ue003su jei t o\ue003de\ue003di r ei to,\ue003passa n do\ue003a\ue003s er \ue003m er e cedor a \ue003de\ue003i n t e n s as at en çõe s \ue003e\ue003c u i dados.\ue003A \ue003Decl a r aç ão\ue003e n u m er ou \ue003os \ue003di r e i tos\ue003e\ue003as\ue003l i ber da des \ue003qu e\ue003devem \ue003ser \ue003a t r i bu í dos \ue003a qu al qu e r\ue003c ri a n ça,\ue003s eg u n do\ue003a\ue003vi s ão\ue003da\ue003c om u n idade \ue003i n t er n aci on al.\ue003Con t u do,\ue003esc l ar ece \ue003Jac ob\ue003D ol i n g er (2003,\ue003p.\ue00383) : Com o\ue003t oda\ue003decl ar açã o\ue003em an a da\ue003da\ue003ON U ,\ue003este\ue003docu m en t o\ue003n ão\ue003t em \ue003f orça \ue003l eg al,\ue003r e pr es en tan do\ue003u m a re com en daç ão\ue003do\ue003ór g ão\ue003m áx i m o\ue003i n tern a ci on al \ue003a os\ue003paí s es \ue003e\ue003aos \ue003g over n os ,\ue003par a\ue003qu e\ue003c u i dem \ue003da\ue003edu cação\ue003e do\ue003bem -e s tar\ue003das \ue003c r i a n ç as \ue003do\ue003m u n do\ue003t odo,\ue003c on s ag ran do\ue003o\ue003i n t er es s e \ue003da\ue003c r i an ça .\ue003E \u0301 \ue003u m a\ue003m an i f estação pol í tica \ue003com o\ue003m u i tas\ue003ou t r as \ue003e m an a das \ue003da s \ue003Nações \ue003U n i da s ,\ue003e\ue003de \ue003ou tros\ue003ór g ã os \ue003i n terg ove r n am e n tais ,\ue003c om val or \ue003m ora l ,\ue003h i stóri co\ue003e\ue003f i l osóf i co,\ue003s em \ue003m a i or es\ue003c on se qu \u0308 ên ci a s\ue003j u r í di ca s. N o\ue003âm bi t o\ue003do\ue003C on t i n en te\ue003A m er i ca n o,\ue003f oi\ue003fir m ado,\ue003du r an t e\ue003a\ue003Con f erê n ci a\ue003Espe ci al i z ada\ue003I n teram er i ca n a\ue003de D i re i t os\ue003Hu m an os ,\ue003re al i z a da\ue003em \ue00322\ue003de\ue003n ove m bro\ue003de\ue0031969,\ue003n a\ue003ci dade\ue003de \ue003San \ue003Jos é\ue003da\ue003Cost a\ue003Ric a,\ue003o\ue003t ra t ado i n tern a ci on al\ue003e n tre\ue003os \ue003paí ses \ue003m em br os \ue003da \ue003Org an iz ação\ue003dos \ue003Est ados \ue003Am er i ca n os ,\ue003qu e\ue003f i c ou \ue003c on h eci do com o\ue003Con ven ç ão\ue003Am e r i can a \ue003de\ue003Dir e i t os\ue003Hu m an os,\ue003t am bém \ue003den om i n ado\ue003Pac to\ue003de\ue003San \ue003J os é \ue003da\ue003Cost a Rica.\ue003O\ue003re f e r i do\ue003Pact o\ue003en t rou \ue003em \ue003vi g or\ue003em \ue00318\ue003de\ue003j u l h o\ue003de\ue0031978,\ue003sen do\ue003c on si de ra do\ue003a\ue003bas e\ue003do\ue003si s t em a i n t er am er i can o\ue003de \ue003di re i t os\ue003h u m an os. O \ue003Pact o\ue003estabel ece ,\ue003em \ue003seu \ue003art i g o\ue00319,\ue003os \ue003di re i t os\ue003das \ue003cr i an ça s,\ue003determ i n an do\ue003qu e\ue003\u201c t oda\ue003cr i an ça \ue003t em di re i t o\ue003às\ue003m edi da s\ue003de\ue003pr ot eçã o\ue003qu e\ue003s u a\ue003con di ç ão\ue003de\ue003m en or \ue003r equ e r \ue003por\ue003pa rte\ue003da\ue003f am í l i a ,\ue003da\ue003soc i edade\ue003e \ue003do Est ado\u201d. V i n te\ue003an os\ue003de poi s\ue003da\ue003a prova ção\ue003da\ue003Decl ar aç ão\ue003de\ue0031959,\ue003e\ue003c om o\ue003m e i o\ue003de\ue003vi r ar \ue003as \ue003at en çõe s\ue003da com u n i dade \ue003i n t er n aci on a l \ue003par a\ue003os \ue003probl e m as\ue003qu e \ue003af et am \ue003as\ue003cr i an ças\ue003em \ue003todo\ue003o\ue003m u n do,\ue003a \ue003O N U \ue003proc l am ou o\ue003an o\ue003de\ue0031979\ue003c om o\ue003o\ue003A n o\ue003In t er n aci on al\ue003da \ue003Cri an ça . Foi\ue003n esse \ue003m es m o\ue003an o,\ue003du ran te\ue003as\ue003com em or a çõe s \ue003do\ue003vi g é s i m o\ue003an o\ue003da\ue003D ecl a r a çã o\ue003U n i ver s al \ue003dos\ue003Dir e i tos da\ue003Cri an ça,\ue003qu e\ue003a\ue003Asse m bl ei a \ue003Geral \ue003da \ue003ON U \ue003teve\ue003a\ue003opor t u n i da de\ue003de\ue003a pr ovar \ue003a\ue003pr opos t a\ue003t r az ida\ue003pe l a del e g a çã o\ue003do\ue003Estado\ue003Polon ês ,\ue003n o\ue003sen t i do\ue003de \ue003qu e \ue003f oss e\ue003pr epa r ada \ue003u m a\ue003Con ven çã o\ue003I n t er n a ci on al \ue003dos D i re i t os\ue003da\ue003Cri a n ça,\ue003vi s an do\ue003dotar\ue003a\ue003Decl ar açã o\ue003U n i ver sa l \ue003dos\ue003Dir ei tos\ue003da\ue003Cri an ça \ue003de\ue003f orç a\ue003l eg a l \ue003e obri g at óri a\ue003pa ra \ue003os\ue003Est ados \ue003m em bros .\ue003A \ue003re spon s abi l i dade \ue003pel a\ue003el a bora ção\ue003do\ue003pr oj eto\ue003da\ue003C on ven çã o f icou \ue003com \ue003a \ue003Com i ss ão\ue003de \ue003Dir e i tos\ue003H u m an os\ue003da \ue003ON U . A pós\ue003dez \ue003an os\ue003de \ue003t ra bal h o,\ue003n o\ue003di a \ue00320\ue003de\ue003n ove m bro\ue003de \ue0031989,\ue003con tan do\ue003c om \ue003a\ue003col a bor açã o\ue003de\ue003di ve r sos órg ãos\ue003da\ue003ON U ,\ue003foi\ue003f in alm en t e \ue003apr ovada\ue003a \ue003C on ven ç ão\ue003I n tern a ci on al \ue003dos \ue003D i r ei t os\ue003da\ue003Cri a n ça,\ue003e n t ra n do\ue003em vi g or \ue003em \ue003s et em br o\ue003de\ue0031990.\ue003T al \ue003Con ven çã o\ue003i n ovou \ue003ao\ue003con sa g r ar \ue003a \ue003D ou t ri n a\ue003da\ue003Pr ot eçã o\ue003I n teg r a l . Em \ue0031997,\ue003a\ue003Con ven ç ão\ue003j á\ue003h a vi a\ue003si do\ue003r atif i cada\ue003por \ue003191\ue003paí s es ,\ue003f al t an do\ue003apen a s\ue003a\ue003pa r t ic i pação\ue003dos Est ados\ue003U n i dos \ue003e \ue003da \ue003Som ál i a ,\ue003s en do\ue003con s i de r ada \ue003a\ue003c on ve n ç ão\ue003c om \ue003o\ue003m ai or \ue003n ú m er os \ue003de \ue003as s i n at u r a s \ue003j á vi s tas\ue003re f er e n te\ue003a\ue003u m \ue003t ratado\ue003de\ue003dir e i tos\ue003h u m an os. O \ue003t ex t o\ue003do\ue003re f eri do\ue003di pl om a\ue003l eg al\ue003di s ci pl i n a \ue003o\ue003t ratam e n t o\ue003a\ue003se r\ue003da do\ue003às\ue003c r i an ça s\ue003até\ue003a\ue003i dade\ue003m áx i m a\ue003de 18\ue003an os ,\ue003deven do- s e\ue003en ten de r\ue003qu e\ue003os\ue003paí s es\ue003qu e\ue003o\ue003ra t if i car em ,\ue003t em \ue003a\ue003obr i g aç ão\ue003l eg a l \ue003de\ue003cu m pr i - l o i n t eg r a l m en te.\ue003O s\ue003estados\ue003si g n atári os \ue003da\ue003Con ven çã o\ue003deve m \ue003se\ue003c om prom eter\ue003a\ue003g a r an tir ,\ue003en t r e\ue003ou tros cu i da dos ,\ue003a\ue003pr ot eçã o\ue003dos \ue003m en or e s \ue003de\ue003i da de\ue003c on tra\ue003ag res s ões ,\ue003r e s s al tan do\ue003e m \ue003se u \ue003a r tig o\ue00319\ue003o\ue003c om bat e\ue003aos m au s\ue003trat os,\ue003à \ue003ex pl or açã o\ue003e\ue003à\ue003pe dof i l i a . Fal an do\ue003s obre \ue003a\ue003i m portân c i a\ue003da\ue003Con ven çã o\ue003da\ue003ON U \ue003de \ue0031989,\ue003Crem i l da\ue003M ari a \ue003Sil ve i ra \ue003M or ei r a\ue003( 1999,\ue003p. 130)\ue003a s s i m \ue003s e\ue003e x pr es s ou : A \ue003Con ven ç ão\ue003I n tern a ci on al \ue003dos \ue003D i r ei t os\ue003da\ue003Cri a n ça,\ue003a prova da\ue003em \ue00320\ue003de\ue003n ove m bro\ue003de \ue0031989\ue003pel a A ss em bl éi a\ue003Gera l \ue003da\ue003O N U \ue003e\ue003r at i f ic ada\ue003pel o\ue003Bra si l \ue003e m \ue00324\ue003de \ue003se t em bro\ue003de\ue0031990,\ue003por t an to\ue003depois \ue003da apr ovaçã o\ue003do\ue003Est at u to\ue003da\ue003C ri a n ça\ue003e \ue003do\ue003A dol esc en t e,\ue003é\ue003o\ue003m ai s \ue003com pl et o\ue003t ra t ado\ue003i n t er n aci on a l \ue003sobr e\ue003os di re i t os\ue003da\ue003c ri a n ça,\ue003c ol ocan do- a,\ue003a o\ue003l on g o\ue003de\ue003s eu s \ue00354\ue003ar t ig os,\ue003em \ue003posi çã o\ue003de\ue003abs ol u t a\ue003pr i or i dade\ue003n a f orm u l açã o\ue003de\ue003pol í t i cas \ue003soc i ai s\ue003e \ue003n a\ue003des t i n açã o\ue003de\ue003r ecu r s os\ue003pol í t i cos .\ue003C on stitu i ,\ue003se m \ue003som bra \ue003de\ue003dú vi da, u m \ue003m arc o\ue003di vi sor \ue003n a\ue003h is t óri a\ue003dos \ue003di r ei t os\ue003da\ue003i n f ân cia \ue003n a\ue003Am ér i ca \ue003L atin a . O \ue003t raba l h o\ue003e\ue003a\ue003di s posi ç ão\ue003da\ue003s oci eda de\ue003i n t er n ac i on al \ue003atin en t e s\ue003aos \ue003di r ei t os\ue003da\ue003c r i an ça \ue003con t i n u am \ue003até\ue003os di as\ue003a t u a i s,\ue003vi s t o\ue003t ere m \ue003os \ue003Est ados\ue003qu e\ue003ra t if i car am \ue003a\ue003Con ven çã o\ue003I n tern ac i on al \ue003dos \ue003D i re i t os\ue003da\ue003Cri a n ça ass u m i do\ue003a \ue003r e s pon s a bi l i da de\ue003de \ue003apr e s en tar\ue003r el a tóri os \ue003a n u a i s \ue003c om \ue003vi s tas\ue003a\ue003ex pr i m i r \ue003as \ue003m edi da s \ue003a dot adas par a \ue003t or n ar \ue003e f et i vas \ue003a s \ue003di s pos i ç ões \ue003da \ue003Con ve n ç ão.\ue003T ai s \ue003r e l atóri os \ue003s ã o\ue003an ali sados \ue003e \ue003r ec ebe m \ue003su g es tões\ue003do Com i t ê\ue003dos\ue003Dir ei tos\ue003da\ue003Cri an ç a. T al \ue003c om itê\ue003é\ue003com posto\ue003por\ue003dez \ue003m em br os,\ue003e l ei t os\ue003a \ue003t ítu l o\ue003i n di vi du a l ,\ue003e\ue003f oi\ue003c ri a do\ue003por\ue003de t er m i n ação\ue003do di spos t o\ue003n o\ue003a rt.\ue00343\ue003da\ue003C on ven ç ão\ue003I n tern a ci on al \ue003s obr e\ue003os\ue003Dir ei tos\ue003da\ue003Cri an ç a 1 .\ue003O s\ue003r e l a t ór i os \ue003en viados \ue003s ã o aval i a dos \ue003pel o\ue003Com i tê\ue003e\ue003debatidos\ue003e n tre\ue003es te\ue003e\ue003os\ue003r e pr es e n tan tes\ue003do\ue003Est ado\ue003par te\ue003em \ue003qu e s t ão; \ue003após ,\ue003o

ALIENAÇÃO PARENTAL RESTITUIÇÃO INTERNACIONAL DE CRIANÇAS E ABUSO DO DIREITO DE GUARDA TEORIA E PRÁTICA

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