lingua inglesa cultura lingua inglesa

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LINGUA INGLESA CULTURA INGLESA
	Culture is an exclusive human production. Thus, the eldest need to transmit culture to the young. How does this transmission occur?
		
	 
	The transmission occurs by education.
	
	
	
	
		
	 
	a. anthropologists define culture differently from common usage and have extended its meaning and applicability beyond a simple term to a comprehensive theoretical paradigm.
	
	Sociology is a science which has a rich and varied history. Whether it be the social systems approach or the social exchange tradition, it is deeply committed to the development of sociological theory in the service of addressing fundamental sociological questions about the empirical world. What has sociology been concerned with, since its beginning?
		
	 
	It has been concerned with the relationship between the individual and society, the role of culture in social life and how identity develops in a social context.
	
	
	
	
	For Marcuse, the so-called civilized culture of the modern age had simply resulted in ever more technologically enhanced means by which humans could -------------------with ever increasing efficiency.
		
	 
	Kill
	
	
	
	
	Below are presented different definitions of culture. Read them and choose the alterntive that presents it correctly. 
		
	 
	Culture is the set of forms and expressions that characterize a given society in time. This set of forms and expressions can be understood as including the customs, beliefs, common practices, rules, norms, codes, dress, religion, rituals and ways of being that predominate in the majority of the people that integrate any given social group. Culture also has to do with the education and abilities that disposes an individual, personally.
	
Explicação:
Culture is the set of forms and expressions that characterize a given society in time. This set of forms and expressions can be understood as including the customs, beliefs, common practices, rules, norms, codes, dress, religion, rituals and ways of being that predominate in the majority of the people that integrate any given social group. Culture also has to do with the education and abilities that disposes an individual, personally.
	
	 
	Ref.: 201804822064
		
	
	
	
	
	According to Freud In Civilization and its Discontents (1930), the rules of supposedly civilized societies are in fact---------------------------that lead to unhappiness - or discontents- since they prevent people from acting in truly human ways.
		
	 
	massive social constraints
	
	
	
	Choose the correct alternative:
		
	 
	Anthropology began as a specialized discipline in the 19th century within a theoretical school called evolutionism. This approach was related to the dominant Darwinist and, more importantly, social Darwinist paradigms of the period.
	
	According to Sociology, what is ethinicity (etnia)?
		
	 
	It refers to a social group that differentiates from other groups if we analyze its cultural and social specificities, which form its own identity.
	
	
	
	
	The process of commodification is also seen as creating false needs, making people purchase objects/products they do not really need in order to provide capitalists with ---------------.
		
	 
	profits
	
	 
	Ref.: 201804353676
		
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	The hotels Brazil needs for the World Cup never got built. (THE WASHINGTON POST)
The Gavea Tourist, in Rio de Janeiro, is an empty shell of a hotel, a 14-story modernist monument of disintegrating concrete and decaying beauty that has been abandoned for four decades. It is one of three huge, architecturally ghost hotels in Rio de Janeiro, all of which are vacant in a city facing a shortage of rooms for June´s World Cup soccer tournament.
Rio could use the Gavea Tourist´s 400-odd rooms. Instead, it is an emblem of the obstacles that interfere in Brazil´s World Cup preparations:  bureaucracy, a slow-moving judiciary and a lack of imaginative planning.
´´The bureaucracy is phenomenal. The technical capacity of the Brazilian state to produce infrastructure . . . is very low´´, said Christopher Gaffney, visiting professor in architecture and urbanism at Rio's Federal Fluminense University.
Segundo o texto, que problema o Brasil enfrentará durante a Copa do Mundo?
Por que isto deve ocorrer?
O que dificulta a solução para este tipo de problema no Rio de Janeiro?
		
	 
	O Rio de Janeiro não terá quartos de hotel em número suficiente para abrigar todos os visitantes.
Porque muitas construções de hotéis não estarão prontas até lá. Há obras inacabadas como o Hotel na Gávea, por exemplo.
A burocracia é fenomenal, a capacidade técnica do governo Brasileiro para produzir infraestrutura é precária/ ineficiente.
	
	
	
	
	What alternative refers to the three thinkers analyzed the way in which society is constructed in great part from its relationship to economic conditions; specifically the division of labor.
	 
	Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber
	
Explicação:
Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber
	
	
	
	
	Mark the option which best completes the following sentence: Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber all analyzed the way in which society is constructed in great part from its relationship to ----------- conditions; specifically the division of ------------.
		
	 
	economic / labor
	
	_____ personify the culture¿s values and serve as role models.
		
	 
	Heroes
	
	
	
	
	When Marx refers to  a class in itself to a class for itself, he means that, in other words,  the members of the working classes realize the nature of their situation and begin to develop a class identity that allows them to develop ---------------with their fellow members and act against their oppressors.
	 
	solidarity
	
	
	
	
	Choose the option which best completes the following statement: The nature of society from a Marxist point of view is one in which unnatural systems of power must be made to seem as though they are a natural and organic outgrowth of the progress of ------------
		
	 
	civilization
	
	
	
	
	Sociology is one of the Human Sciences that has as subjects:
		
	 
	society, its social organization and the processes that connect persons in groups, institutions and associations.
	
	For Weber, people make sense of what they do when they understand
		
	 
	culture is created by humans through the meanings and motives they hold
	
	
	
	
	Weber and Simmels believe that a society full of petty rules can contribute for a loss of
		
	 
	creativity
	
	
	
	
	Weber´s was the type of mind which was continually developing throughout his intellectually productive life. His system of ´sociological theory´ was not meant to stand alone. We dare say that his work may be conceived rather as an introduction to the institutional foundations of the modern economic and social order. For Weber, what is the difference between behavior and action?
		
	 
	Behavior is an automatic response that occurs with little thought, whereas action is the result of a conscious process in which people give meaning to their actions and the world around them.
	
	
	
	
	Choose the WRONG alternative
		
	 
	Identity is essential if meaningful interaction is to take place amongst a society of thinking, creative, conscious and active individuals
	
	What is meant by multiculturalism?
		
	 
	Culture drawing on many influences but still within the patriarchal framework
	
	 
	
	
	
	
	Which theoretical perspectiveon cultural development rests on the logic of evolution?
		
	 
	sociobiology
	
	
	
	
	The genealogical method is important to ethnographic research because:
		
	 
	All of the above reasons explain why the genealogical method is important to ethnographic research
	
	
	
	
	Choose the only option which does NOT describe culture according to sociological action:
		
	 
	It´s a process but not a fluid one.
	
	The values, beliefs, behaviour, and material objects that constitute a people's way of life is defined as
		
	
	folkways.
	
	norms.
	 
	culture.
	
	knowledge
	
	mores.
	
Explicação:
Culture has to do with knowledge, art, beliefs, law, morals, customs and all the habits and aptitudes acquired by the human being not only in the family, but also to be part of a society of which an individual is a member . Each country has its own culture, which is influenced by several factors. Culture is also defined in the social sciences as a set of ideas, behaviors, symbols and social practices learned from generation to generation through life in society
	
	 
	
	
	
	Choose the option which best completes the following statement: Modernization and specialization is an expected and welcome product of that outgrowth and serves to shape society by offering choices based on ----------------------.
		
	 
	individual desires
	
	
	
	
	Goffman´s dramaturgical analogy is so called because he compares social life to the theatre. Mark the only option which does not suit the statement:
		
	 
	people believe they have no way out
	
	
	
	
	Which of the alternatives below does not characterizes Modernity?
		
	 
	Small and calm cities, where individual production took place
	
	
	
	
	Habermas´ seeks a society in which unrestricted communication can occur, a society free from domination, free from the constraints of ------------
		
	 
	ideology
	
	
	
	
	What are the main features of a culture?
		
	 
	All of the above
	
	
	
	 
Which definition does not characterize Modernity?
		
	 
	The decrease of Nationalization
	
	
	
	
	In relation to the concept of Modernity it is correct to say that:
		
	 
	The first attempt to characterize modernity can describe it as a style, a custom of life or social organization, which emerged in Europe from the seventeenth century and which, because of its influence, became world-wide. It is a period of time characterized by the social, cultural and economic reality in the world. Modernity was built amidst the ideological conflicts of instrumental objective reason, used as a tool to approach questions of human thought and its reality.
	
	What we call "civilization", based on permanent settlements and specialized occupations, emerged on the earth about _______________ years ago.
		
	 
	12 thousand
	
	
	
	Which alternative represents the right definition of deviant subculture:
		
	 
	Deviant subculture: While some subcultures conform for most of part to the broader norms and values of the dominant culture, other groups seek to reject these norms and values and are therefore considered as a deviant⊂ct̲ure¿.
	
	
	
	
	Although young people are criticized by their bad behavior by the media, they are also controlled by the same media and are said to be
		
	 
	wonderful consumers
	
	
	
	
	Which alternative represents the right definition of subculture:
		
	 
	Subculture: This usually refers to a group that has broken away from the wider, dominant culture: a culture within a culture that has its own specialist norms and values ¿ its own of life, shared by a smaller proportion of a population.
	
	
	
	What is the best way to conduct ethnographic research in complex societies?
		
	 
	You should do survey research.
	
	This sensationalism over the activities of the young might be described as ------------- an exaggerated, media-provoked fear that causes the members of society to perceive that a problem is much greater than it is.
		
	 
	a moral panic
	
	
	
	
	For many commentators the teena≥r¿isarecentsocialphenomenon.Thisspecifica≥group¿asymbolforyoungadt̲h∞d¿hasitsorig∈s∈theriseofaffluenceandtheemer≥nceofact̲ure∈dustry∈the-----------theaftermathoftheSecondWorldWar.
		
	 
	the west
	
	
	
	
	´´Culture is among the most complicated words in the English language. It refers to the processes by which the symbolic systems (e.g., common sense, "usual way of doing things"; traditions and rituals, frameworks for understanding experience, etc.) characteristically shared by a group of people are maintained and transformed across time.´´ (www.encyclopedia.com)
Which of the following statements about culture is correct:
		
	 
	Youth culture refers to those processes and symbolic systems that young people share that are, to some degree, distinctive from those of their parents and the other adults in their community.
	While most women and men acknowledge the importance of fidelity in marriage, a 1994 Mclean's poll found that about 14 percent of Canadian married men and 7 percent of married women reported being sexually unfaithful to their spouses at some point in their marriage. This illustrates the distinction between
		
	 
	ideal culture and real culture.
	 
	Semiotics began to become a major approach to cultural studies in the late 1960s, partly as a result of the work of ---------------------.
		
	 
	Roland Barthes
	
	
	
	
	Para Habermas, a estrutura social é formada por convenções que delimitam o campo de ações, estabelecendo as condições pelas quais escolhemos uma determinada ação, pensando ter feito a melhor escolha possível. A linguagem é o instrumento que utilizamos para isso, sendo essa estrutura a maior responsável por determinar a forma como ela é usada. A partir dessa concepção, podemos dizer que
		
	 
	a estrutura discursiva utilizada pelos falantes de uma língua dispõe da possibilidade de retorno e reinterpretação do discurso, podendo alcançar o fim pretendido por eles ou não.
	
	
	
	Thinkers who adopt a structural approach tend to believe that what we see does not always tell us what is really going on. Structuralists believe that we have to look beyond the surface action and study the hidden patterns that make this action meaningful. After reading the previous fragmente we can coclude that it relates
		
	 
	Semiology and Structuralism
	
	
	
	
	Who saw all languages as made up of a collection of ´signs´, that is, collection of symbols that stand for, represent, ´symbolize´ something outside the language?
		
	 
	Saussure
	
	
	
	
	One of the founders of Semiology as a subject applied to Social Sciences is
		
	 
	Roland Barthes
	
	
	
	Roland Barthes' concepts embrace multiple themes of knowledge. In his book "Elementos de semiologia", he retakes the concepts of 'signo' used in the past by the first writers and explains his main concepts as for example
		
	 
	the outcome of 'signo' as a social communication way where we find a relation between significante (o manifesto) e o significado (o conotado).
	
	In The Savage Mind (1962), Claude Lévi-Strauss defines the concept of BRICOLAGE as
		
	 
	a method of expression through the selection and synthesis of components culled from surrounding culture.
	
	The strength of postmodern feminism is that it moves beyond simplistic notions of identity based on distinctions between opposites,such as being either male or female, or black or white. It suggests that identity is more -------------.
		
	 
	pluralistic.
	
	 
	
	
	
	All women must be free from the constraints of belonging to a specific gender. This is called
		
	 
	global feminism.
	
	
	
	
	Studies about Feminism content are important, especially in Latin America because
		
	 
	The political reality in this continent is marked by authoritarian crises, the increase of social differences and prejudice against women.
	
	
	
	
	Post-Structuralism can be characterized as a way of thinking, a style of philosophizing and a way of writing. In relation to this perspective, mark the correct option
		
	 
	Post-Structuralism cannot be reduced to a set of theoretical assumptions or a school, since it represents a 'complex and interdisciplinary thought movement'.
	
	
	
	
	Feminism ideology can take many different forms. In the 1970's, women started developing a theory which helped to explain their oppression. By the 1980's, feminists started disagreeing on particular issues linked to feminism. What was once one theory, began to branch out into many theories that focused on different feminist issues.
What is the main focus of radical feminism?
	 
	Radical feminism focuses on men as oppressors. Radical feminists view prostitution as a reinforcement, perpetuation, subordination, and exploitation of women.
	
	
	
	
	Mark the correct option as far as the Post-Structuralism movement is concerned:
		
	 
	One important factor is that the Post-Structuralism inaugurates and registers Nietzsche's French reception, which provided inspiration to many of his theoretical innovations.
	
	
	
	The strength of postmodern feminism is that it moves beyond simplistic notions of ---------- based on distinctions between opposites such as being either male or female, or black or white.
		
	 
	identity
	
	
	
	
	Teresa is a brazilian feminist but she contends that no woman is free until the conditions that oppress women worldwide are eliminated. When Teresa defends these ideas, she defends--------------
		
	 
	the Global feminism
	
	As the majority of the aspects discussed by Social Sciences, community cannot be labeled as any group of people. This happens because
		
	 
	a community already existed before its present members were born and will probably continue to exist after their death.
	
	According to scholars, community concept is a Sociological Construction, a set of interactions, meaningful human behaviors. This happens because
		
	 
	Community is not an isolated action, but a set of actions that has as basis expectations, values and meanings to be shared among individuals.
	
	
	
	
	The theoretical discussion about nation and nationalism embraces three basic elements:
		
	 
	Nation, identity and race
	Reflexive Modernity is an expression used by authors as Anthony Giddens, Ulrich Beck and Scott Lash in order to characterize a contemporary or post-modern society. According to this thought, reflection represents:
		
	 
	a possibility of modernity reinvention, opening the doors to multiple possibilities of modernities.
	
	
	
	
	In a globalized contemporary world, high technology has emerged and developed different means of communication more and more. This generates advantages and disadvantages, respectively:
		
	 
	A large flow of ideas among different cultures by the radio, newspapers, TV and the internet; the denying access to technology by lower classes, which creates a gap between different communities.
	
	Progress and technology have created an illusion of a cultural hegemonic world. Why?
		
	 
	Because they provide a sensation that everybody may have access to everything the world offers.
	
	
	
	
	Why are the concepts of race and ethnicity are important?
		
	 
	Because they favor the understanding of members identification, as they recognize themselves as participants of determined groups.
	
	
	
	
	In the past, the word 'race' was used to explain differences of skin color. Today, Sociology has brought a different meaning. According to this Science, what is race?
		
	 
	A population in which all the members share certain inherited characteristics.