FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA

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FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO EM LÍNGUA INGLESA 
(summary by @marybioo - May 2020) 
 
Aula 1. Introduction to the world of translations and the work market 
 
The Meaning of Translation: bringing information from one language to another so that the 
speaker/writer of the second language can understand the message sent by the speaker/ 
writer of the first. 
 
There will be a person who knows both languages and will bridge the gap between the two 
to make the message known by the speaker of the second language. Thus, from here on we 
will call the language in which the text was originally written as the ​source language (SL - 
língua de origem​) and the language into which the text will be translated the ​target language 
(TL -​ língua de destino​)​. 
 
The Role of the Translator 
 
• A competent translator must have very good knowledge (written and spoken) of the SL and 
an excellent command of the TL. Translators have to make choices when transferring 
information from a SL to a TL, and therefore, they must be well aware of the alternatives 
they have. Moreover, they also have to know about the etymological and idiomatic correlates 
between the two languages so as to make informed choices. 
 
• A competent translator does need experience and the more translations he does the more 
practice will he get. It has been suggested that it will take a person about 10 years of 
practice to become an accomplished translator. Simply being able to speak the SL and the 
TL is not enough. 
 
• A competent translator must be not only bilingual but bicultural as he needs to make use of 
intercultural references so as to be able to make choices in order to make his translation 
transparent. 
 
A competent translator must have a profound understanding of the etymological and 
idiomatic correlates between the two languages in order to avoid using equivalents that do 
not carry the meaning being implied by the author. 
 
• A competent translator must never censor the text being translated. The work of a 
translator is simply transferring the information from a SL to a TL as faithfully as possible 
without placing any sort of judgment on what is being said. 
 
• A competent translator needs to be familiarized with the content of the text being 
translated. Kasparek (1983) states that translations inescapably involve choice, and choice 
implies interpretation. Thus, the familiarity with the content is mandatory so translators can 
make sensible choices while translating. 
 
 
 
 
Aula 2. Types of translations 
 
Types of Translations 
Translations can be classified into many different categories, depending on the form (oral, 
written), type (literal, non-literal), method (simultaneous, consecutive), mode (human, 
computer-assisted, mechanic). 
 
 
 
Back Translation: Kind of translation in which the translated text in the TL is translated back 
to SL to determine if the original meaning has been preserved. 
 
Common Language Translation: Kind of translation in which a text in a SL is translated in 
the same SL in an idiomatic version to suit the average speaker. The grammar and lexis of 
the text is chosen very carefully to ensure understanding of the text. 
 
Free translation: Kind of translation that keeps the meaning from the SL but uses the 
natural forms of the TL. This is a kind of​ idiomatic translation​. 
 
Two of the possible types of translation are the ​oral or written mode. And based on these, 
the translators can work both as translators (in a broad sense) or interpreters. The difference 
between these two professionals is that the final product of a ​translator’s job is a written 
document​, whereas the final product of an ​interpreter is in oral mode​. 
 
Translation Workflow 
1. Evaluation: The project is evaluated using the following criteria → Target 
Language/Audience and Subject Matter 
2. Glossary Development: A glossary is created to ensure consistency of terminology, 
so that translations complement one another and are consistent. 
3. Initial Translation:​ The source document is translated. 
 
4. Quality Assurance: After the completion of the initial translation, the translation 
undergoes a review by a senior translator or an editor. The translation is edited and 
proofread for grammatical and syntactic accuracy and appropriateness of style and 
for possible omissions. The editor then works with the original translator to decide 
which changes to be implemented. 
5. Client Approval:​ The first draft of the document is sent to the client for approval. 
6. Translator Proofreading: The original translator now proofs the formatted text for 
any discrepancies caused by formatting, such as improper hyphenation, omissions, 
etc. 
7. Final Delivery to Client: The translated and formatted document is now handed in to 
the client. 
 
Translator’s characteristics 
 
1. have ethics above all; 
 
2. face translation as a real job, not a 
moonlight job; 
 
3. largely understand the world and 
be open-minded to try and do it all 
the time; 
 
4. be curious; 
 
5. always research and know how to 
do it; 
 
 
6. be meticulous and perfectionist; 
 
7. know how to make decisions; 
 
8. allow themselves to think outside 
the box, meaning that they cannot 
have a strict and rigid mind under 
any circumstance; 
 
9. adequate their work to the client’s 
or reader’s needs and profile; 
 
10. follow their intuition most of the 
times. 
 
 
Consecutive: ​When the interpreter listens to the source-language speaker and ​after a 
sentence or a part of the speech reproduces the speech in the target language for the 
audience. In this system, an interpreter is not to memorise words, but to recreate the 
meaning of the information from the speaker. 
 
Simultaneous: ​Simultaneous interpreters convert what is said in ​real-time​. There are no 
pauses in conversation. This type of interpretation is suited for large-scale events and 
situations where a pause in conversation is not beneficial. 
Sight translation ​(​tradução oral à prima vista​)​: ​When you read a text written in SL and say it 
out loud in TG. 
 
 
Literary: Translation of poetry, plays, literary 
books, literary texts, as well as songs, rhymes, 
literary articles, fiction novels, novels, short 
stories, poems, etc. Translate the language, 
translate their culture. 
Non-literary (technical): ​Translation of scientific 
and social science texts, technical terminology, 
drug leaflets, news items, advertisements, spoken and written political discourse etc. 
 
Machine Translation (MT): ​Translation 
of text by a computer, with ​no human 
involvement​. Also referred to as 
automated translation or instant 
translation. 
 
 
Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT) / 
Machine-Assisted Translation (MAT): 
Process which includes the use of 
software to aid individuals in translating. 
In case of time constraints, a 
computer-assisted translation tool can 
effectively reduce the translation time, enabling the translator to translate content in a timely 
manner. 
 
Human-Aided Machine Translation (HAMT): ​The source language (SL) text is modified by 
a human translator either before, during, or after it is translated by the computer. 
 
 
 
 
Aula 3. Translation and Linguistics 
The more translators investigatedinto their field the more interdisciplinary the study of 
translation became and contribution from various fields of study such as linguistics, 
psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, philosophy and anthropology, among others, was 
welcome into the investigation. 
In this unit we shall focus our attention on some of the contributions linguistics has offered to 
the study of translation and the important insights it has brought to this field of study. 
 
 
TIPOS DE TRADUÇÃO 
Diferentes tipos de tradução a partir da clássica divisão proposta por ​Roman Jakobson​: 
tradução intralingual, interlingual e intersemiótica. 
 
1) A ​tradução intralingual, ou reformulação (rewording)​, consiste na interpretação dos 
signos verbais por meio de outros signos da mesma língua. 
2) A ​tradução interlingual, ou tradução propriamente dita​, consiste na interpretação dos 
signos verbais por meio de alguma outra língua. 
3) A ​tradução intersemiótica, ou transmutação​, consiste na interpretação dos signos 
verbais por meio de sistemas de signos não verbais. 
 
Os conceitos de ​compreensão ​e ​interpretação são, portanto, palavras-chave no fenômeno 
da ​tradução intralingual​. Mesmo quando nos limitamos a uma única língua, estamos em 
um universo altamente complexo e em constante mutação. 
 
A ​tradução interlingual ​engloba texto de partida, tradutor e texto de chegada. É o tradutor, 
através de uma operação em que atua simultaneamente como leitor, intérprete e 
textualizador, que produz o texto de chegada em um código 2 através da leitura e 
interpretação do texto de partida em um código 1. 
 
Um dos campos mais promissores dos Estudos da Tradução é a ​tradução intersemiótica​. 
Ela pode ser definida, segundo Jakobson, como a transmutação de uma obra de um 
sistema de signos a outro. A forma mais frequente se dá entre um sistema ​verbal ​e um 
não-verbal​, como acontece com a passagem da ficção ao cinema, vídeo e história em 
quadrinhos; com a ilustração de livros; com a passagem de texto a publicidade. No entanto, 
ela pode acontecer também entre dois sistemas não-verbais, como por exemplo, entre 
música e dança e música e pintura. 
 
Mutual translability 
 
One of the main concerns in linguistics 
is the mutual translability between 
languages: is it possible to find exact 
equivalence in meaning when 
translating a message from a SL to a 
TL? 
Nothing can be interpreted without a 
translation of its signs into other signs 
in the same language or into signs of 
another language. The picture 
illustrates the process of translation 
from a SL into a TL. 
 
 
 
When it comes to grammar, the translator has to be even more careful. Eventually one can 
come across items which have no corresponding grammatical equivalent in the TL. In this 
case the meaning would have to be translated in ​lexical terms​. 
 
Pragmatics ​is another issue worth investigating for the study of translation. It can be defined 
the study of the ​purposes ​for which sentences are used. 
 
1. Naturalization: Transferring a word from SL into TL text in its original form. The words 
fiancé and fiancée, which have been taken from French, for instance. 
 
2. Neutralization: A type of paraphrase at word level (the item is generalized (neutralized) 
with some culture free words. Take, for example, the types of snow described in the 
beginning of this lesson, instead of describing any of the types of snow, the translator could 
opt for the use of the word snow simply. 
 
3. Descriptive and functional equivalent: Explaining a SL cultural item in one of either two 
ways: a descriptive or a functional element. The descriptive element deals with size, color 
and composition. The functional element talks about the purpose of the SL cultural-specific 
word. 
 
 
4. Explanation as footnote: The translator may decide to give extra information to the TL 
reader in a footnote. It may come at the bottom of the page, at the end of chapter or at the 
end of the book. 
 
5. Cultural equivalent: The SL cultural word is translated by TL cultural word. In this case, 
there is an equivalent word in the TL to translate the one in the SL. 
 
6. Compensation: A technique used to confront the loss of meaning, sound effect, 
pragmatic effect or metaphor in part of a text. The word or concept is compensated in other 
part of the text. 
 
 
 
Corpus linguistics is a study of language and a method of linguistic analysis which uses a 
collection of natural or “real word” texts known as corpus. Corpus linguistics is used to 
analyze and research a number of linguistic questions and offers insights into the dynamism 
of languages. The use of a corpus database constitute of an invaluable tool for the translator 
as it can help him decide on the use of certain words during translation. 
 
Corpus Linguistics can aid the translator by: 
● allowing access to naturalistic linguistic information (corporal consist of “real word” 
texts which are mostly a product of real life situations, which makes corporal a 
valuable research source for dialectology, sociolinguistics and stylistics); 
 
 
● facilitating linguistic research, thus reducing the time needed to find particular words 
or phrases (a research that would take days or even years to complete manually can 
be done in a matter of seconds with the highest degree of accuracy); 
 
● enabling the study of wider patterns and collocation of words; 
 
● allowing analysis of multiple parameters at the same time (researchers can analyze a 
larger number of parameters simultaneously); 
 
● facilitating the use of the second language (study of the second language with the 
use of natural language allows the students/ translators to get a better “feeling” for 
the language and learn the language like it is used in real rather than “invented” 
situations); 
 
 
 
 
Aula 4: Translations and Sociolinguistics 
Psycholinguistics ​will help us evaluate, among other issues, if it is possible to translate 
everything and the importance of a common experience to fully understand a given 
message. 
 
On the other hand, ​sociolinguistics ​will help us deal with different social realities which may 
involve speakers from different cultures and how ready they would be to understand a 
certain text if they did not share the same experience. 
 
The Indeterminacy of Translation 
Quine’s thesis of the indeterminacy of translation is based on the fact that there are different 
ways with which one might break a sentence into words, and different ways to distribute 
functions among words, and that, depending on the translator’s choices the meanings would 
vary considerably. 
 
 
The Impossibility of Translation 
Sapir-Whorf (1950) contributed to the study of psycholinguistics with the hypothesis that 
translation between languages would be impossible as there are certain thoughts of 
speakers of a language that cannot be understood by individuals that speak another 
language. 
 
According to them, human languages determine the structure of the real world as human 
beings perceive it, rather than vice versa, and that this structure is different from one 
language to another. 
 
● Both Quine and Sapir-Whorf showed their uneasiness* for the difficultiesone can go 
through when translating between languages. The fact is that languages are really 
different and it really takes a skilled translator to transfer information from one code to 
another keeping the message as similar as possible to the original one. The more 
invisible the translator, the better the translation. 
 
*i​nquietação, desassossego, preocupação, intranquilidade, mal-estar 
 
 
Translation and Sociolinguistics 
Sociolinguistics ​can be defined as the study of language in its social context, which would 
include different aspects such as social class, age, gender, register, among others. 
It also aims at examining how social categorization can be reflected in language 
differentiation and also how language differences contribute to social distinction. 
 
Let’s focus on ​three aspects studied by sociolinguistics​ which can be applied to translation: 
Variation: Languages vary according to location, age, style, ethnic group and social class. 
Besides, they should also be connected to social relations and, more precisely, who the 
other is and how we interact with him. 
 
Language contact / interaction dynamics: ​The contact among languages has also been 
studied by sociolinguistics particularly when investigating code-switching (changing from one 
language to another), code-mixing (mixing languages within the same sentence) and 
borrowing (using codes from one language into another). The interference between 
languages has to be carefully examined during translations. In some text-types and 
functions, this interference must be kept to a minimum, but must reflect the contact between 
the languages to be faithful to the SL text. 
 
Language in action: ​Sociolinguists have observed how language works in and across 
communities and realized that language use does not simply represent but also contributes 
to the definition of oneself, the other and those to whom they relate. Interaction is the means 
by which society is able to produce, and it occurs solely by the use of language. 
 
 
Choices: - culture - context - chunks of words 
 
Peter Newmark (1986) estabelece uma distinção entre “tradução comunicativa” e “tradução 
semântica”. Na primeira, o tradutor tenta produzir nos leitores da língua de chegada o 
mesmo efeito que produz o original nos leitores da língua de partida; na segunda, o tradutor 
tenta reproduzir, dentro das limitações sintácticas e semânticas da língua de chegada, o 
significado mais exato e preciso transmitido pelo autor. 
Eugene A. Nida (1982) distingue também a “tradução comunicativa” e “tradução semântica”. 
A primeira centra-se no leitor, enquanto que a segunda se centra no autor. No seu livro 
Toward a Science of Translating​, fala de tradução de equivalência formal e tradução de 
equivalência dinâmica: a primeira orientada para a língua de partida, tendo como objectivo 
transmitir, quanto seja possível, tanto do conteúdo, como da forma da mensagem original; a 
segunda dirige a atenção para a resposta do receptor, isto é, o equivalente mais próximo da 
mensagem da língua de partida. 
Newmark está mais próximo do discurso do autor e afirma que o tradutor deve ser fiel ao 
“artista”. Para ele, o tradutor não deve desviar-se da tradução literal se não existirem razões 
que justifiquem esse procedimento. Por outro lado, garante que um tradutor não tem o 
direito de modificar um texto, nem que seja para o melhorar. A personalidade do autor é 
mais importante do que qualquer norma linguística. 
Nida, por seu lado, diz que em caso de incompatibilidade, deve dar-se prioridade ao 
significado e considera que a tradução literal rompe o princípio básico de toda a 
comunicação. 
Vimos que o conceito de equivalência é importante no desenvolvimento de qualquer teoria 
sobre tradução. Mas, na análise do princípio de equivalência, deve ter-se em conta que 
cada língua tem uma maneira diferente de ver o mundo (Mounin:1971). Este autor destaca 
ainda que, tal como as línguas, a tradução é dinâmica e temporal. Uma tradução 
perfeitamente válida hoje, pode precisar de ser readaptada no prazo de alguns anos, devido 
à própria evolução da língua. 
 
Newmark’s Methods of Translation 
1. Word-for-word: ​No context or whatsoever. Lexical-based. 
2. Literal translation:​ No context or whatsoever. Grammar-based. 
3. Faithful translation: ​Respects grammar. Context-based. 
4. Semantic translation: ​Takes into account the semantic value of the source 
language. Context-based. 
5. Adaptation:​ Source language converted to target language. Context-based. 
6. Free translation: ​Target language is the primary focus. Idea-based. 
7. Idiomatic translation: ​May distort nuances of meaning. Message-based. 
8. Communicative translation: ​Tries to keep both context and language 
well-balanced. Accuracy-and-balance-based. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Aula 5: Contrastive analysis between English and Brazilian Portuguese 
Objetivos: ​Entender as diferenças básicas no que diz respeito à tradução do inglês para o 
português. 
 
Articles 
Definite Articles 
The uses of the definite article in English and Brazilian Portuguese (BrP) are very similar: in 
both languages, as a rule, it refers to a specific situation​, as opposed to the indefinite article, 
which is used to refer to more general situations. 
 
Unlike English, nouns cannot head sentences. 
Thus, for example: “​Time flies​.” would be translated “​O​ tempo voa.” 
● The use of the definite article as the head of a sentence (which is not used in 
English) has to be present in BrP and has to agree with the noun both in gender and 
number​ (time/o tempo; life/a vida; visitors/os visitantes; ladies/as senhoras). 
● The definite article is ​not used with plural countable nouns in English but have to 
be present when the sentence is translated into BrP. 
● The definite article is ​not used with uncountable nouns in English but have to be 
present when the sentence is translated into BrP. 
● There are certain nouns that can refer to either a ​place/object or to an ​activity​. In 
English, when the noun refers to the activity, the definite article should not be used. 
In the translation, the definite article is used in ​both cases​. 
 
 
 
Indefinite Articles 
● The indefinite articles are used only with singular nouns 
● A is used before consonant sounds while an is used before vowel sounds. 
● When translating from English into BrP, attention has to be paid to the agreement 
between the article and the noun as they must agree in gender. 
 
● The differentiation between ​a/an does not affect the translation of the sentence in 
BrP but special attention must be paid to the use of uncountable nouns, which are 
considered singular in English and must be preceded by a determiner, usually ​some​, 
as it represents an ​indefinite quantity​. This, however, ​does not affect the 
translation​ into BrP 
 
Gerund and infinitive 
Like a ​substantive​, the ​gerund ​may: 
● take a possessive case 
● take a possessive adjective 
● be the predicative complement 
● be prepositional object 
● be the object 
● be the subject 
● take articles and adjectives 
When translating a sentence from English to BrP in which either a gerund or an 
infinitive is used, we have to take into account that when a verb follows another, thesecond verb is always to be used in the infinitive and not in the gerund. 
 
I can’t help feeling nervous whenever I have to sit for a test. 
(Eu não consigo evitar me sentir nervoso quando tenho que fazer uma prova.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Aula 6: Contrastive Analysis Between English and Brazilian Portuguese 
 
Causative Form (Have/ Get Something Done) 
 
The causative form in English is used when ​the speaker means that the action was 
performed by someone else​ rather than him. Observe the following sentences: 
 
(1) I painted my room yesterday. 
(2) I had my room painted yesterday. 
 
In sentence (1) the speaker implies that he painted the house by himself whereas in 
sentence (2) ​another person performed the action for him​. The structure of the causative 
form is always the same and ​can be used in any tense​: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In BrP there is ​no similar structure to the causative form in English​. When the causative 
form is translated into BrP we can use the verb “​mandar​”. 
 
(1) I painted my room yesterday. ​= Eu pintei meu quarto ontem. 
(2) I had my room painted yesterday.​ = Eu mandei pintar meu quarto ontem. 
 
In some cases, you will have to choose to change the structure of the sentence so you can 
keep the original meaning of the sentence. For example, in English the sentences ​(1) I cut 
my hair. and ​(2) I had my hair cut. have different meanings. In sentence (1) what is meant is 
that the subject of the sentence himself/ herself performed the action, where as in sentence 
(2) the subject of the sentence had someone else do it for him/her. In BrP, when the speaker 
says “Cortei meu cabelo”, the meaning can be either that the subject has performed the 
action himself or that he had someone do it for him/her. 
 
 The Progressive Aspect 
● Tense and Aspect 
 
Before we start talking about the translation of the progressive aspect in English, it is 
important for you to understand what the word aspect means. In order to facilitate your 
understanding we must make a distinction between the words tense and aspect. 
Tense ​refers to the specific location of the action or event in time and the verb used to 
express this action or event is inflected. Thus, we can say that there are only two tenses in 
the English language: present and past. As there is no verb inflection in any of the future 
forms, we cannot talk of a “future tense”. 
On the other hand, ​aspect ​refers to how an event or action can be viewed with respect to 
time, rather than to its actual location in time, and it indicates if an action is completed or not. 
There are ​four aspects in English​: ​simple (or infinite), perfect (or complete), 
progressive (or continuous), ​and the​ perfect continuous. 
Let’s examine each one of them a bit further. 
 
It is important to observe that ​aspect cannot occur without tense​. Thus, the auxiliary verb 
"be" expresses the tense of the verb as in "am eating" (present progressive) or "was eating" 
(past progressive). 
 
Tense expresses time while ​aspect expresses the fact that a state or action is 
ongoing. 
 
● The Progressive Aspect 
The progressive aspect is a verb form that expresses incomplete or ongoing actions or 
states at a specific time. 
All forms of the progressive aspect in English include ​some form of the verb be (am/ is/ 
are/ was/ were/ has been/ had been/ will have been, etc.) followed by a present participle 
(verb + -ing). 
 
 
The present progressive is most often used in sentences that express actions happening at 
the moment of speaking, extended actions that are in progress, actions happening in the 
near future, repetitive and irritating actions, and actions occurring for a limited time. 
Observe the following sentences: 
 
1. Bill and Juliet are watching TV. (action happening at the moment of speaking) 
2. I am reading a book by Saramago. (extended action in progress) 
3. Susan is seeing her doctor on Tuesday. (action happening in the near future) 
4. Those children are always shouting at one another. (repetitive and irritating action) 
5. My daughter is staying at her uncle’s home on the weekend. (action occurring for a limited 
time) 
 
When translating these sentences into BrP, one must be attentive to the fact that ​not all 
sentences are going to be translated by the ​gerund form of the verb​. Sentences 1, 2 and 
4 would be translated with the gerund (Bill e Juliet estão assistindo TV/ Estou lendo um livro 
do Saramago/ Aquelas crianças estão sempre gritando umas com as outras), where as 
sentences 3 and 5 would be translated with the use of a future form (Susan irá ao médico na 
terça-feira/ Minha filha ficará na casa de seu tio no final de semana). 
 
The use of the phrases “estará vendo” and “estará ficando” ​is not correct in BrP*​, although 
it is widely observed in telemarketing language. ​*gerundismo 
 
The past progressive is most commonly used in sentences that express incomplete or 
ongoing actions or states that began, continued, and ended in the past but over a longer 
period of time than another completed action expressed by the simple past tense. Observe 
the following sentences: 
 
The phone was ringing when Kate opened the door of the office. 
Dave was taking a shower when his wife arrived. 
 
The past progressive may also be employed in sentences that express past actions that 
progressed in time in the past, that occurred simultaneously, that described the atmosphere 
of an event, and that were repetitive and irritating. 
 
The Future Progressive (or Continuous) 
The future progressive is used when we want to emphasise that a certain action will be in 
progress at a given time in the future or that an action that started in the present or past will 
be still in progress in the future (in this case the word still must be used). 
It is important to observe that at the moment referred to in the future the action will still be in 
progress. 
 
Look the following examples: 
I’m so excited! At this time next week I’ll be watching Les Misérables, my favourite musical 
ever! 
Jason moved to that house when he graduated and it seems that when he retires he will still 
be living there. He just loves that place. 
 
Robert havia morado em Londres por dois anos quando foi transferido para Paris. 
Robert estava morando em Londres por dois anos quando foi transferido para Paris. 
 
The Perfect Progressive 
Modal verbs can also be used in the progressive and the progressive perfect aspects. 
Observe the following examples: 
1. Let’s call Helen later. She may be working now. 
2. Don’t phone him now. He must be studying. 
3. I called her last month but she did not answer the phone. She must have been travelling. 
4. Frank was offered a position at IBM but he declined it. He might have been thinking of 
getting a better job offer. 
 
Causative meanings 
 
make: force to do sth 
let: allow to do sth 
get: convince to do sth 
have: ask (sb to do) sth 
 
Aula 7: Contrastive Analysis Between English and Brazilian Portuguese. Lexical 
differences: Come x Go and Bring x Take 
 
Come x Go 
1. come about - to take place; happen. 
2. come across - to meet or find by chance. 
3. come along - (a) to go with someone else who takes the lead. (b) to show up; appear. 
4. come around - to recover, revive. 
5. come at - to rush at; attack. 
6. come back - to return to or regain past success aftera period of misfortune. 
7. come by - (a) to gain possession of; acquire. (b) to pay a visit. 
8. come down - (a) to pass or be handed down by tradition; (b) (slang) to happen; occur. 
9. come down to - to lead to a final result; to come to a final conclusion. 
10. come down on - to criticize harshly. 
11. come down with - to contract an illness. 
12. come in - to arrive among those who finish a contest or race. 
13. come in for - to receive criticism or punishment. 
14. come into - to acquire, especially as an inheritance. 
15. come into (one’s own) - to succeed. 
16. come off - to happen; occur. 
17. come on - to hurry up; move rapidly. Often used in the imperative. 
18. come out - to become known. 
19. come out with - to put into words; say. 
20. come over - to change sides, as in a controversy. 
21. come through - to do what is required or anticipated. 
22. come to - to recover consciousness. 
23. come up - to manifest itself; arise. 
24. come upon - to discover or meet by accident. 
 
 
Exercises: 
Match the following sentences to one of the phrasal verbs above. 
Phrasal verbs: COME 
1. At the beginning of his speech, the lecturer came ​out with ​one of the most astonishing 
statements I’ve heard. 
2. Because I was walking so slowly, my wife kept saying, "Come ​on​, come ​on​!" 
3. Sandra said she would come ​by ​to see me after I got out of the hospital. (to pay a visit) 
4. The Graduation Ceremony came ​off​ as planned. It was a great success. 
5. What time did the sun come ​up ​today? 
6. When did you come ​by​ such a bad cold. (to acquire) 
7. When his father died, Lucas came ​into​ more than a million dollars. 
8. Within minutes after the thief hit his head, he came ​out and started describing him to the 
police. 
9. Yesterday was my lucky day. I came ​across​ $10 lying in the street. 
 
Read the following sentences in which phrasal verbs with ​go were used and match 
them to their meanings. 
Phrasal verbs: GO 
1. Well, go on being so selfish and you will soon have no friends anymore. 
2. She's going into medicine. 
3. My parents were away when we went by last week. 
4. I really go for progressive jazz. 
5. I cannot go along with his suggestion. 
6. Could you go through the exercise with me? I haven't got a clue what to fill in. 
7. I had just fallen asleep when the alarm went off. 
8. He went at the job with a lot of energy. 
9. The cost of living has gone up. x 
 
( 9 ) To increase in price, amount, level etc 
( 1 ) To continue doing something or being in a situation 
( 4 ) To have a special liking for 
( 8 ) To approach; undertake 
( 2 ) To undertake as a profession or course of study 
( 6 ) To cooperate 
( 2 ) To pay a short visit 
( 7 ) To make a noise to warn somebody about something 
( 5 ) To do something you had promised or planned to do, even though it causes problems 
or you are no longer sure you want to do it 
 
Phrasal verbs: BRING 
1. bring about - 
2. bring around - 
3. bring back - 
4. bring down - 
5. bring off - 
6. bring on - 
 
7. bring out - 
8. bring to - 
9. bring up - 
 
Phrasal verbs: TAKE 
1. Accept some work or responsibility: __________ 
2. Admit that something you said was wrong: __________ 
3. An airplane leaving the ground and going up into the air: __________ 
4. Have a similar appearance or personality (especially a relative) : __________ 
5. Remove something from a place: __________ 
6. Separate something into parts: __________ 
7. Start doing something regularly: __________ 
8. Take control: __________ 
9. To let somebody stay in your house: __________ 
10. Write information on paper: __________ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Aula 8: Contrastive Analysis Between English and Brazilian Portuguese. Lexical 
differences: Present Perfect / False Cognates 
 
Present Perfect 
The Present Perfect tense is one of the most used verb tenses in English and is also one of 
the most difficult tense for the Brazilian speaker of English to acquire, due mostly to the fact 
that ​there is no equivalent in BrP​. 
 
 
The exact ​translation of these sentences will depend solely on the context in which 
they are inserted, as the meaning will determine ​if the translator should choose the 
present ​or the ​past tense. 
 
Usage 
1 – Used to express an action that occurred at an indefinite time in the past. In this case the 
focus is on the occurrence of the action rather than on the moment in which the action took 
place. (Note that when the focus is on the time of the action, the verb tense to be used is the 
past tense.) 
 
2 – Used to express an action that started at an indefinite time in the past and is still studying 
the language at the moment. In this case the action has some influence into the present. 
 
Observe the following sentence: 
Susan ​has studied​ Japanese for four years. 
 
What is important here is the fact that she has studied Japanese and not when she studied 
the language. Depending on the context in which this sentence is inserted the possible 
meanings can be: 
1) that she studied Japanese for any four years in the past, not necessarily for the last four 
years; 
2) or (2) that she started studying Japanese four years ago and is still studying the language. 
3) In case (2) the present perfect and the present perfect continuous can be used 
interchangeably (Susan has studied Japanese for four years = Susan has been studying 
Japanese for four years), as we could see when we studied the progressive aspect in 
Lesson 6. 
 
In the case of meaning (1) the translation of the present perfect will be a verb in the simple 
past in BrP (​Susan estudou Japonês por quatro anos​). In case meaning (2) is the best 
alternative the translation can be either a verb in the present simple (​Susan estuda 
Japonês há quatro anos​) or a compound tense (​Susan tem estudado Japonês há quatro 
anos​), which resembles the original structure in the English language​. 
 
 
The translation into BrP will depend mainly on the occurrence of certain ​adverbs, 
prepositions ​and ​adverbial clauses​ with the main verb, as follows: 
 
Already, yet (=já/ ainda não) 
● Have you been to Egypt ​yet​? (Você já esteve no Egito?) 
● I have ​already ​bought everything you need for dinner. 
(Eu já comprei tudo que você precisa para o jantar.) 
● Julia hasn’t finished writing the final paper ​yet​. I don’t think she’ll go out with us. 
(Julia ainda não acabou de escrever o trabalho. Não creio que ela vá sair conosco.) 
 
 
 
 
Never/ ever (= nunca, jamais/ alguma vez) 
● I’ve ​never ​been to China. (Eu nunca estive na China.) 
● Have you ​ever ​tried Japanese food? (Você já provou comida japonesa alguma vez?) 
 
For (= há/ faz) 
● The Joneses have lived in the same house for years. 
(Os Joneses vivem na mesma casa há anos.) 
● We haven’t seen a good movie for a long time. 
(Nós não vemos um bom filme há muito tempo.) 
● I’ve known her for ages. (Eu a conheço há anos.) 
 
Since (= desde) 
● I have wanted to watch Les Misérables ​since ​I went to London for the first time. 
 (Eu quero assistir Os Miseráveis desde que estive em Londres pela primeira vez.) 
● Paul hasn’t seen his family ​since ​he went to the US last year. 
(Paul não vê sua família desde que foi para os EUA no ano passado.) 
 
Just (= acabou de) 
● Peter has ​just ​arrived. Let’s go and visit him. 
(Peter acabou de chegar. Vamos visitá-lo.) 
● Rachel and Patricia have ​just ​left. (Rachel e Patrícia acabaram de sair.) 
 
 
False Cognates 
● Pair words with the same form, but different meanings. 
● False cognates vary according to the target language. 
● What is a false cognate in a language may not be in another one. 
 
The word​pretend ​and many others in English resembles* another word in BrP and it is very 
common for speakers of BrP to mistake its meaning for the meaning of the verb ​pretender​. 
There are many other cognates that can cause trouble for the translator, who must be very 
attentive when translating texts into BrP. * to be similar; take after 
 
Antecipar - to bring forward, to move 
forward , to do in advance 
Argumento - reasoning, point 
Assistir - to attend, to watch 
Atualmente - nowadays, today 
Audiência - court appearance; interview 
Casualidade - chance 
Cigarro - cigarette 
Colégio (2º grau) - high school 
Costume - custom, habit 
Data - date 
Esperto - smart, clever 
Esquisito - strange, odd 
Estrangeiro - foreigner 
Estúpido - impolite, rude 
Eventualmente - occasionally 
Fábrica - plant, factory 
Legenda - subtitle, caption 
Notícia - news 
Novela - soap opera 
Prejuízo - damage, loss 
Preservativo - condom 
Pretender - to intend, to plan 
Puxar - to pull 
Recordar - to remember, to recall 
 
 
 
FALSE COGNATES TABLE 
 
 
 
Aula 9: Registers and text types 
Register 
Everybody has their own style to express their thoughts and these differences can be 
consequence of their age, sex, status, nationality, personality, emotional state and many 
other variables. Beyond these individual differences, there are peculiarities about the way 
people speak in relation to the region they inhabit and the social group they belong to, which 
can be noticed not only in oral/ verbal communication too but also in translation. 
 
When translating a text, the translators face two dimensions of language. The first dimension 
is about the ​user of the language​. The translator has to consider the setting where the 
writer lives (the geographical area), who the writer is (social background) and other aspects 
that reflect the use of the language in the SL. 
 
The second dimension is about the use of language itself. In this aspect translators have to 
deal with different registers depending on the situation in which they are inserted. The style 
that is used by the speaker or the writer towards the hearers or readers of the text will vary 
considerably depending on the role each of the parts play in the other’s life. 
 
Types of Registers 
1. Frozen: formal, printed language that does not vary. For example: laws, the Bible, etc. 
2. Formal: one-way communication, without interruptions, usually used in sign of respect. For 
example: introductions between strangers, announcements. 
3. Consultative: two-way communication, using more complex structures and where fillers 
and interruptions are allowed. For example: conversations between a teacher and a student, 
doctor-patient exchange. 
4. Casual: very informal language usually used to refer to another person of the same group; 
interruptions are allowed, and non-verbal communication is important to aid meaning. For 
example: conversations between friends, blog language. 
5. Intimate: very private language used in non-public settings. For example: conversations 
between husband and wife. 
 
The choice of the words in the translated texts is closely related to the kind of register used. 
This is of extreme importance for the translator, as he must make choices when translating 
in order to produce an appropriate translation to the text being worked with. In one of our first 
lessons we discussed the translator’s invisibility, in which we studied that the more “invisible” 
form the text being translated the translator was, the better would the translation be. For this 
reason, the issue of register is of extreme importance so that the text is well translated from 
the SL to the TL. 
 
 
colloquial expressions 
idioms and 
slang terms. 
 
 
 
● Colloquial expressions are usually geographic in nature, belonging to a region or a 
group of people or even a dialect. 
● Native speakers of any language may use them without realizing what they are doing 
while non-native speakers might find them hard to translate. 
● Idiomatic expressions are part of colloquialism. 
● An idiom cannot be interpreted literally or grammatically, for its structure may be 
unusual. 
● Native speakers from the same language may misunderstand something because 
they might not know an expression from a certain region or state. 
 
Slang Terms 
● Slang terms are usually used by a specific group of people. 
● Many other groups may know their meaning. 
● Slang terms are used rather in oral speeches than in written pieces. 
● They are extremely informal. 
 
Internet Slangs Terms 
● They are usually composed of abbreviations. 
● They need some practice in order to be memorized. 
● This kind of language has spread over other kinds of text, especially the informal 
ones. 
● Context and research are crucial to translate them. 
 
 
Aula 10: Colloquial Language and Proverbs 
 
Colloquial language can be defined as ordinary or natural language that uses informal 
words, phrases, or sayings often specific to one geographical area and typically only used in 
informal settings. Some linguists make distinctions between colloquial language and slang, 
jargon, and dialect. 
 
Colloquial language is considered informal, and for this reason it is not usually used during 
academic or professional writing or speaking. Even so, people may use colloquialisms when 
writing or speaking to their family members, friends, or neighbors. Usually, these people are 
familiar with the language and the meaning. Colloquialisms are usually accepted within 
certain kinds of creative writing, such as fiction novels and short stories, and other kinds of 
creative works. This is especially true if a story takes place in a geographical area well 
known for certain kinds of colloquial language. 
 
The lines separating colloquialisms, slang, and jargon can be unclear because each type of 
language is considered informal and is typically specific to a certain area or group. 
 
Such lines become clearer when slang is defined as language used by a specific social 
group and jargon is defined as language used by a specific professional or interest group. 
For example, each generation of teenagers create its own kind of ​slang ​language. At the 
same time, professionals like doctors and lawyers tend to use ​jargon ​words and phrases 
 
specific to their jobs. ​Dialect​, on the other hand, usually refers to the regional speech 
patterns or grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation of a region or social class. 
 
Proverbs 
Constitute of a very slippery area for translators mainly because there is usually no direct 
correspondence between two languages and the proverb in one language may have nothing 
to do with the corresponding in another. ​The great challenge is to find the proverb that will 
have the same meaning as the one originally suggested. Thus the translator must 
concentrate on the meaning of the proverb and find the one in the TL which most suits the 
original message of the proverb in the SL. 
 
● A proverb is a short statement, usually known by many people for a long time. 
● Proverbs represent cultural patrimony and provide us with rich meanings and 
messages. 
● Proverbs are very peculiar culturally speaking. 
● Translating them literally – worrying only about syntax – would be an enormous 
mistake.TESTE DE CONHECIMENTO 
1.​ ​ ​What does " translation" mean? Mark the CORRECT option: 
RESPOSTA: ​Translating means converting writing from a SL to a TL. This is the 
same kind of work done by an interpreter, but unlike interpreters, who have to 
translate in real time, translators can spend more time considering the best words 
and expressions to express their meaning. This usually involves a very nuanced* 
understanding of language's more complicated aspects, such as connotation. 
Computers and online translation tools constitute an invaluable aid for the 
translator´s job but they cannot understand connotation and other figures of speech. 
* sutil 
 
2. To what extent are William Caxton´s contributions relevant to the field of 
translation? 
RESPOSTA: He posed a set of questions which would be of paramount* importance 
for future translators. 
*primordial, suma 
 
3.​ "The Renaissance" was known as: 
RESPOSTA: The Renaissance was known as "​the great age of translations​" and 
many ancient documents were translated into European languages as a way of 
enriching those peoples with the so-valued knowledge that the great thinkers could 
provide. 
 
4. Newmark (1981) suggests a series of strategies to cater* for cultural gaps in 
translation, ​EXCEPT​: 
RESPOSTA: cultural mismatch (incompatibilidade cultural) 
*atender 
Explicação: Strategies to cater for cultural gaps in translation according to Newmark: 
1. descriptive and functional equivalent; 2. naturalization; 3. explanation as footnote 
and compensation; 4. neutralization. 
 
5. A good example on how the English language differs in many aspects from 
Brazilian Portuguese is: 
RESPOSTA: the use of articles, gerunds and infinitives 
 
6. De modo geral, a tarefa do tradutor consiste em passar um texto de uma língua a 
outra. Dentre os tradutores, a língua do texto a ser traduzido ou vertido é 
denominada: 
RESPOSTA: Língua de partida (SOURCE LANGUAGE) 
 
 
 
 
7.​ Read​ the text below: 
 
"In the early years of the 15th century, Renaissance humanists* insisted that the capacity to translate texts from 
Greek and Hebrew into Latin, and later into and between vernacular tongues, was a critical aspect of grammar 
and rhetoric. When performed by students, schoolmasters claimed that translation and double translation 
facilitated eloquence in both languages. When performed by adepts, men and women of letters praised 
translation for transmitting texts to a new or wider readership, or to a more culturally and geographically specific 
one. Contemporaries regarded translations as literary works in their own right." 
According to the text above, we can state that humanism inspired the translation of 
many ancient texts and the job of translating a text from a foreign language into 
one's vernacular was seen by many as (choose the right option): 
RESPOSTA: a contribution to national literature 
 
* Humanismo: movimento intelectual difundido na Europa durante a Renascença e 
inspirado na civilização greco-romana, que valorizava um saber crítico voltado para 
um maior conhecimento do homem e uma cultura capaz de desenvolver as 
potencialidades da condição humana. 
 
8. A frase "Traduttori, traditori" é frequentemente ouvida em conversas sobre 
tradução. Seu significado reforça a noção de que 
RESPOSTA: toda tradução será sempre uma imperfeição se comparada ao texto 
original. 
 
9.​ Considerando o contexto brasileiro, verter um texto significa: 
RESPOSTA: escrevê-lo em uma língua estrangeira respeitando a ideia original de 
seu autor. 
 
10. Sworn translators are those who translate for legal equivalence. Here is a list of 
documents they translate. Match the document in English with its Portuguese 
translation: 
1 - death certificate ( ) a. carteira de habilitação 
2 - will ( ) b. petição inicial 
3 - driving license ( ) c. acordo 
4 - initial petition ( ) d. certidão de óbito 
5 - agreement ( ) e. testamento 
RESPOSTA: 1D - 2E - 3A - 4B - 5C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11.​ Take a look at the two pictures below and then read the text that follows. 
 
According to Jakobson's definitions of translations, the first picture is an example of 
intralingual translation and the second picture is an example of interlingual 
translation. 
 
BECAUSE 
 
The first picture instantiates translation within a language which would involve 
explaining it in words of the same language (paraphrase); whereas the second 
picture instantiates translation from one language into another or reinterpretation of 
the message in another linguistic code (comics - cinema). 
 
Analisando das duas asserções em relação às duas figuras, concluímos que: 
RESPOSTA: As duas asserções são proposições falsas. 
Explicação: De acordo com Jakobson, a tradução interlinguística (figura 1) refere-se 
ao uso de termos sinônimos/equivalentes de uma mesma língua (como no exemplo 
a paráfrase), enquanto que a tradução intersemiótica (figura 2) refere-se à tradução 
que envolve dois sistemas de comunicação diferentes, ou seja, história em 
quadrinhos (comics) e o cinema. 
 
12. The type of translation in which a computer program analyses a source text and 
produces a target text without any human intervention is called: 
RESPOSTA: Certo Mechanical translation 
 
13. Kind of translation that keeps the meaning from the SL but uses the natural 
forms of the TL, also known as idiomatic translation. The prior sentence is a good 
definition for: 
RESPOSTA: free translation 
 
14.​ The period called THE GREAT AGE OF TRANSLATION can be said to refer to: 
RESPOSTA: The Renaissance, a cultural movement which encompassed 
innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literature 
 
 
15.​ Pragmatics can be defined as: 
RESPOSTA: the study of the purposes for which sentences are used 
 
16. As expressões sublinhadas e destacadas em negrito nas frases a seguir são 
consideradas expressões idiomáticas da língua inglesa: 
I don't know him ​from Adam​. 
Your dress looks like something ​out of the ark​. 
Ao traduzi-las para o português, o ideal é que o tradutor: 
RESPOSTA: Encontre expressões equivalentes, como "Nunca o vi mais 
gordo" ou "Seu vestido é do tempo da onça". 
17. A tradução ____________ é um tipo de tradução oral no qual as sentenças 
produzidas na língua fonte são traduzidas quase que ao mesmo tempo em que são 
pronunciadas. 
RESPOSTA: simultânea 
 
18. Na frase, "Can you believe she went out with him last night? But please, mum's 
the word", o trecho que pode ser considerado uma expressão idiomática que 
significa "boca de siri" é: 
 RESPOSTA: "mum's the word" 
 
19. A linguagem coloquial está presente não só na língua falada, mas também em 
textos escritos que reproduzem diálogos, por exemplo. Assim sendo, parte da tarefa 
do tradutor será adequar as chamadas expressões coloquiais ou idiomáticas à 
cultura local de maneira que as mesmas façam sentido para o público leitor. Um 
exemplo de expressão coloquial do inglês é "it¿s raining cats and dogs", cuja melhor 
tradução em português seria 
RESPOSTA: "está chovendo canivetes". 
 
20.​ In the relation between English and Portuguese, are examples of false cognates: 
RESPOSTA: Actually, college, grip, cigar 
 
21. Considerado por muitos como um vício de linguagem, o 
____________________expressa ações contínuas no futuro e provavelmente 
entrou na língua portuguesa por meio de traduções equivocadas para frases como 
"I'll be calling you tomorrow". 
 RESPOSTA: gerundismo 
 
 
 
22. There are different types of translation. Choose the alternative that is an example 
of MECHANICAL TRANSLATION 
RESPOSTA: translation in which a computer program analyses a source text 
and produces a target text without any human intervention. 
 
23.​ Sapir-Whorf´s Hypothesis basically states that: 
RESPOSTA: certain ideas from a SL language cannot be understood by those who 
speak another language either because the structure or the semantics of the 
language does not have a corresponding message 
 
24. We have studied the Newmark´s methods of translation. Mark the ​WRONG 
definition about them: 
RESPOSTA: Non-adaptation: Source language should not convert to target 
language. 
Explicação: Adaptation: source language converted to target language. 
Context-based. 
 
25. According to the Newmark´s methods of translation, mark the option that does 
NOT agree with his ideas: 
RESPOSTA: Unfaithful translation: Respects grammar partially. No context-based; 
 
26.​ What are the three "Cs" of translation? Mark the right option: 
RESPOSTA: culture, context and chunk of words; 
 
27. According to the Newmark´s methods of translation, what does "Adaptation" 
mean? Mark the RIGHT meaning: 
RESPOSTA: Source language converted to target language. Context-based. 
 
28. Unit of translation (UT) depends on some aspects. Mark the WRONG aspect 
about them: 
RESPOSTA: 
 
29. Unit of translation (UT) depends on some aspects. Mark the WRONG aspect 
about them: 
RESPOSTA: A UT is the starting point for any translation, and it does not change 
according to the translator´s needs. 
 
30.​ Read the texts below: 
 
1. Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as 
ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the 
medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality 
essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving 
 
specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the 'real world' is to a 
large extent unconsciously built upon the language habits of the group. No two languages are ever 
sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. 
2. We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages. The categories and types that we 
isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; 
on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized 
by our minds - and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds. 
 ​(Adapted from: https://linguistlist.org/ask-ling) 
 
► The texts above highlights the essence of an important line of thought related to 
the impossibility of translating languages due to the fact that they are modelled by 
cultural and social factors. ​Which theoretical line of thought do the texts above 
refer to? 
RESPOSTA: Sapir-Whorf's hypothesis 
Explicação: Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf contributed to the study of 
psycholinguistics with the hypothesis that translation between languages would be 
impossible as there are certain thoughts of speakers of a language that cannot be 
understood by individuals that speak another language 
 
31. Muitos teóricos da Linguística também fizeram suas contribuições aos estudos 
da tradução. _____________, por exemplo, dizem que certas ideias de uma língua 
de partida não podem ser compreendidas por pessoas que falem outra língua 
porque a estrutura ou a semântica não dispõem de um correspondente. 
RESPOSTA: Sapir-Whorf 
 
32. Choose the correct causative form: Gilbert has just had her daughter ______ a 
house for him in Ireland. 
RESPOSTA: Built / ​Gilbert acaba de fazer sua filha construir uma casa para ele na Irlanda. 
 
33. When you translate a text, you have to pay attention to "definite and indefinite 
articles". Mark the WRONG option about them: 
RESPOSTA: The indefinite articles are used with singular and plural nouns. 
 
34. You have some important questions in your mind when you translate a text. Mark 
the option that is NOT important: 
RESPOSTA: How was the weather when the author wrote the text? 
Explicação: 1. What is the original context? / 2. What does the original author mean 
by it? / 3. How does it sound in the target language? / 4. Who is the author´s source 
audience? 
 
 
 
 
 
35. ​Choose the CORRECT alternative: 
RESPOSTA: The trip to Boston was very exciting. 
 
36. ​Dentre os adjetivos abaixo, qual deles só, ou na maioria das vezes, é usado 
APÓS verbos de ligação? 
RESPOSTA: asleep 
 
37.​ ​If you are "quick on the trigger", you are quick to ___. 
RESPOSTA: respond 
 
38.​ Read the text below: 
Jack Zipes has recently reinvigorated storytelling as a successful and engaging tool for teachers and professional 
storytellers. Encouraging storytellers, librarians, and schoolteachers to be active in this magical process, Zipes 
proposes an interactive storytelling that creates and strengthens a sense of community for students, teachers 
and parents while extolling storytelling as animation, subversion, and self-discovery. 
(Source: https://www.amazon.com) 
 
The text above has been translated into Brazilian Portuguese as follows: 
 
Jack Zipes (1) ​tem recentemente revigorado a narrativa como (2) ​uma ferramenta 
bem-sucedida e envolvente para professores e contadores de histórias 
profissionais. Incentivando os contadores de histórias, bibliotecários e professores a 
(3) ​participarem ​desse processo mágico, Zipes propõe (4) ​uma narrativa 
interativa que cria e fortalece um senso de comunidade para alunos, professores e 
pais, (5) ​exaltando​ a narrativa como animação, subversão e autodescoberta. 
 
► Which of the highlighted items above has not been translated adequately? 
RESPOSTA: 1 
Explicação: Item (1) should have been translated as 'recentemente revigorou', since 
the use of the Present Perfect Simple in English for unspecified actions in the past 
(no specific time reference) should be translated into Brazilian Portuguese by using 
'Pretérito Perfeito Simples'. 
 
39.​ ​Read the text below: 
If there is one genre that has captured the imagination of people in all walks of life throughout the world, it is the 
fairy tale. Yet we still have great difficulty understanding how it originated, evolved, and spread--or why so many 
people cannot resist its appeal, no matter how it changes or what form it takes. In this book, renowned fairy-tale 
expert Jack Zipes presents a provocative new theory about why fairy tales were created and retold--and why they 
became such an indelible and infinitely adaptable part of cultures around the world. 
(Source: https://www.amazon.com) 
The text above has been translated into Brazilian Portuguese as follows: 
 
Se (1) ​existe um gênero que (2) ​tem capturado a imaginação das pessoas em 
todas as esferas da vida em todo o mundo, é o conto de fadas. (3) ​No entanto​, 
ainda temos grandes dificuldades em entendercomo ele se originou, evoluiu e se 
espalhou - ou ​por que tantas pessoas não conseguem resistir ao seu apelo, não 
importa como ele mude ou que forma assuma. Neste livro, (4) ​o renomado 
especialista em contos de fadas Jack Zipes apresenta uma nova teoria 
provocativa sobre por que os contos de fadas foram criados e recontados - e por 
que eles se tornaram (5) ​uma parte tão indelével e infinitamente adaptável das 
culturas ao redor do mundo. 
►​Which of the highlighted items above has not been translated adequately? 
RESPOSTA: 2 
Explicação: Item (2) should have been translated as 'capturou', since the use of the 
Present Perfect Simple in English for unspecified actions in the past (no specific time 
reference) should be translated into Brazilian Portuguese by using 'Pretérito Perfeito 
Simples'. 
 
40.​ In relation to studies about verb. It is true to say that the word ASPECT meas: 
RESPOSTA: an event or action can be viewed with respect to time, rather than to its 
actual location in time, and it indicates if an action is completed or not. 
 
41. Choose the alternative that correctly complete the given sentences: 1. Your 
website has helped me a lot to ______ the good work. 2. A friend of mine has ____ 
her wedding. 3. His mother can't ____ his terrible behavior anymore. 
RESPOSTA: 1.keep up; 2. called off; 3. put up with 
 
42. ​Dentre os tempos verbais abaixo, qual se encaixa perfeitamente na definição do 
termo Tense: "a category of verbal inflection that serves chiefly to specify the time of 
the action or state expressed by the verb"? 
RESPOSTA: Simple Present 
 
43. ​Read the sentences below and identify the verb tense used: The band is playing 
joyfully The candidates are voting now. 
RESPOSTA: Present Progressive 
 
44.​ ​It was so foggy that she couldn't make ___ the road ahead. 
RESPOSTA: out 
Explicação: phrasal verb / make out - to see, hear, or understand someone or 
something with difficulty 
 
 
 
45.​ ​Choose the correct causative form: You ought have your room_______. 
RESPOSTA: Cleaned and freshened 
 
46. Marque, dentre as alternativas abaixo, qual o pronome possessivo adjetivo que 
substitui corretamente "joana" na frase: Joana's bus is leaving at 4 o'clock. 
RESPOSTA: her bus is leaving at 4 o'clock. 
 
47.​ ​Read the text below: 
 
Since their expulsion from Spain in 1492, Sephardic Jews have managed to maintain their Jewish faith and 
Spanish group identity and have developed a uniquely Judeo-Spanish culture wherever they settled. Among the 
important cultural ties within these Sephardic groups are Judeo-Spanish folktales, stories that have been passed 
down from generation to generation, either in the distinct language of the group, Judeo-Spanish (Ladino), or in 
other languages, such as Hebrew. In The Heart Is a Mirror, Tamar Alexander-Frizer examines the folk narratives 
of Sephardic Jews to view them both in relation to universal narrative traditions and the traditions of Jewish 
culture. 
(Source: https://www.amazon.com) 
 
The text above has been translated into Brazilian Portuguese through the use of a 
famous translation software: 
 
Desde a expulsão da Espanha em 1492, os judeus sefarditas conseguiram manter 
sua fé judaica e (1) ​a identidade do grupo espanhol e desenvolveram (2) ​uma 
cultura judaico-espanhola única onde quer que se estabelecessem. Entre (3) ​os 
importantes laços culturais dentro desses grupos sefarditas estão (4) ​contos 
populares judaico-espanhóis​, histórias que foram passadas de geração em 
geração, na língua distinta do grupo, judaico-espanhola (ladino) ou em outros 
idiomas, (5) ​como o hebraico​. Em O coração é um Espelho, Tamar 
Alexander-Frizer examina as narrativas populares dos judeus sefarditas para vê-las 
tanto em relação às tradições narrativas universais quanto às tradições da cultura 
judaica. 
 
► Which of the highlighted items above has not been translated adequately? 
RESPOSTA: 4 
Explicação: The use of the definite article ​'os' ​in Brazilian Portuguese has been 
missed, which causes an agrammatical phrase in the context. 
 
48.​ ​Read the text below: 
 
The word 'theory' probably comes from the Greek theā, view + -horan, to see - to theorize is to look at a view (the 
word theater has the same origins). A theory sets the scene where the generalization and selection process 
takes place. Translators are thus constantly theorizing as part of the regular practice of translating. 
 
 
This private, internal theorizing becomes public when translators discuss what they do. They occasionally 
theorize out loud when talking with other translators or with clients, sometimes with fellow students or instructors. 
Sometimes this out-loud theorizing involves no more than a few shared terms for the things we are dealing with. 
 
(PYM, Anthony. Exploring Translation Theories.) 
 
► One of the concepts devised by translators has to the with ​Source Text​, which 
means: 
RESPOSTA: The material from which translators depart from 
Explicação: The source text is the one to be translated from. 
 
49.​ ​To "wear on" someone is to ___ them. 
RESPOSTA: annoy 
 
50. One of the most complex issues involving Brazilian Portuguese and the English 
language can be related to the notion of 'verbal aspect', i.e., how an action, event or 
state, denoted by a verb, relates to the flow of time. Bearing this information in mind, 
which pairs of sentences would have the same translation in Portuguese, but 
different aspects in the English language? 
RESPOSTA: I should have been studying hard AND I should be studying hard. 
 
 
51. A frase “Time flies”, quando traduzida para o português, vira “O tempo voa” 
porque, 
RESPOSTA: em português, substantivos comuns não devem iniciar frases. 
 
52. Nomes genéricos precisam de atenção especial quando traduzidos do inglês 
para o português, pois o uso de substantivos contáveis e incontáveis fará diferença 
na tradução brasileira. Sobre isso, é correto afirmar que: 
RESPOSTA: Em inglês, o artigo definido não é usado com substantivos contáveis 
no plural, mas o mesmo deve estar presente no português. 
Girls are more sensitive. NOT ​The​ girls are more sensitive. 
 
53.​ Read the text below: 
 
A History of the English Language, by Albert C. Baugh, Thomas Cable 
 
Comprehensive and balanced, this classic exploration of the history of the English language combines internal 
linguistic history and external cultural history from the Middle Ages to the present. The emphasis is on political, 
social and cultural forces that affect language. 
 
The fifth edition reflects the latest trends and statistics of the past 10 years in a revised and updated Chapter 
One, 'English Present and Future.' It also provides a new section on gender issues and linguistic change and 
includes a thorough revision of Chapter 11, 'The English Language in America,' including updated material on 
African American Vernacular English. Discusses Black English and varieties of English in both Africa and Asia, 
 
as well as varieties in the United States, Australia and Canada. Includes a map of American dialects. Provides 
examples of twentieth-century vocabulary. 
 
For multilingual readers or anyone who wishes to develop a well-rounded understanding of present-day English. 
 
 ​ Adapted from: https://www.goodreads.com/► One of the issues every translator must bear in mind refers to the type of text 
he/she will depart from, which possesses specific structural, linguistic, visual and 
discursive elements to be taken into consideration. ​Taking the previous ideas into 
consideration, what type of text is exemplified above? 
RESPOSTA: A review 
Explicação: In this example, the text exemplifies a book review​. Basically speaking, 
it is a form of literary criticism in which a book is analyzed based on content, style, 
and merit. 
 
54.​ Which one of the classifications below ​does not​ refer to the ​register​: 
( ) Formal ( ) Casual (x) Concerned ( ) Consultative ( ) Frozen 
 
55.​ Read the text below: 
 
In linguistics, (1) _______________ is defined as the way a speaker uses language differently in different 
circumstances. Think about the words you choose, your tone of voice, even your body language. You probably 
behave very differently chatting with a friend than you would at a formal dinner party or during a job interview. 
These variations in formality, also called stylistic variation, are known as (2) ______________ in linguistics. They 
are determined by such factors as social occasion, context, purpose, and audience. 
 
(3) _______________ must be taken into consideration in all forms of communication, including written, spoken, 
and signed. Depending on grammar, syntax, and tone, (4) _____________ may be extremely rigid or very 
intimate. 
 
(Adapted from: https://www.thoughtco.com/) 
 
► Which word can be used to fill blanks (1), (2), (3) and (4) in the text? 
RESPOSTA: Register 
Explicação: Register relates to the style of language, grammar, and words used for 
particular situations, especially when it comes to formal vs. informal uses of linguistic 
elements. 
 
 
56. Mark the issue that translators DO NOT HAVE to face when choosing their way 
through translations: 
RESPOSTA: all the languages have fixed word order, so it is easy to translate; 
Explicação: The grammatical structure: some languages have fixed word order 
(English, French, Portuguese) whereas others have free word order (Latin, Greek). 
 
The declinations in Latin and Greek will determine their grammar, whereas in 
English, for instance, the position the words have in the sentence will do so. 
 
57. Há quem acredite que o ato de traduzir é uma arte reservada a pessoas dotadas 
de uma capacidade especial. Essa crença, entretanto, pode ser refutada por 
pesquisas que mostram que: 
RESPOSTA: O tradutor bem-sucedido costuma ser experiente e qualificado. 
Explicação: Certamente, para que uma pessoa seja considerado um bom tradutor, 
ele precisa de experiência e conhecimento sobre os tópicos trabalhados no texto 
que será traduzido. 
 
58.​ Um dos fatores que se precisa considerar ao traduzir uma obra é: 
RESPOSTA: ter conhecimento do público alvo que lerá o texto traduzido. 
Explicação: O conhecimento prévio do público leitor pode facilitar bastante o 
trabalho de tradução. Saber para quem se escreve favorece a escolha de termos 
mais apropriados, permitindo, assim, que os interlocutores apreciem melhor a 
leitura. Por exemplo, um artigo científico exige mais objetividade, enquanto a 
conversão de um poema demanda sensibilidade e uma estilística mais sofisticada 
por parte tradutor. Do mesmo modo, um livro infantil não pode ser traduzido com a 
maturidade que uma obra de autoajuda impõe. Enfim, a valorização do destinatário 
é imprescindível para que o trabalho do tradutor obtenha o êxito que se deseja. 
 
59.​ Read the text below: 
This theoretical element has been considered from a variety of perspectives. One early treatment comes from the 
comparative stylistics of Vinay and Darbelnet (1958/1995), who define it as 'the smallest segment of the 
utterance whose signs are linked in such a way that they should not be translated individually' (1995:352). 
However, Vinay and Darbelnet's approach has been criticized for being overly prescriptive, too focused on the 
source language and based on idealized translations, factors which limit its ability to account for much realworld 
translation. (Saldanha & Baker, 2009). 
 
► The previous text provides an important concept devised by Vinay and Darbelnet 
(despite some inevitable criticism). Which one? 
RESPOSTA: Unit of Translation 
Explicação: The text provides the origin of an important concept typically exploited 
and which has experienced some kind of remodeling over the course of time: The 
unit of translation. 
 
60. "A short popular saying, usually of unknown and ancient origin, that expresses 
effectively some commonplace truth or useful thought; adage". A definição anterior 
refere-se a um(a): 
RESPOSTA: Proverb 
 
 
 
61.​ Choose the alternative that IS NOT CORRECT in relation to colloquial language: 
RESPOSTA: ​Colloquial language is considered ​informal​, and for this reason ​it is 
not usually used during ​academic or professiona​l writing or speaking. Even so, 
people may use ​colloquialisms ​when writing or speaking to their family members, 
friends, or neighbors. Usually, these people are familiar with the language and the 
meaning. Colloquialisms are usually accepted within certain kinds of ​creative 
writing, such as fiction novels and short stories, and other kinds of creative works. 
This is especially true if a story takes place in a ​geographical ​area well known for 
certain kinds of ​colloquial language​. 
 
62. Read the examples below: 1) Karen is having her hair dyed right now; 2) Peter 
always has his car washed at the same gas station; 3) Anna will have her house 
painted next year. All the sentences above are examples of: 
RESPOSTA: Causative Form 
 
Livros disponíveis na ​Biblioteca Digital da Estácio​: 
ESTUDOS DA TRADUÇÃO 
1. Traduzir com Autonomia: estratégias para o tradutor em formação – Fábio Alves 
2. Oficina de Tradução: a teoria na prática – Rosemary Arrojo 
3. Teoria e Prática da Tradução – Juliana Cristina F. Bergmann e Maria Fernanda Araújo Lisboa 
4. 1001 Dicas de Português: manual descomplicado – Dad Squarisi e Paulo José Cunha 
5. Estruturas do Texto Literário – Edgar Roberto Kirchof 
6. O Verbo Inglês: teoria e prática – Valter Lellis Siqueira 
7. Time Passes (O Tempo Passa) – Virginia Wolf 
8. Forma e Sentido no Texto Literário – Salvatore D’onorfrio