INGLÊS PARA PROFISSIONAIS DE SÁUDE MODULO I -1

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PROGRAMA DE EDUCAÇÃO CONTINUADA A DISTÂNCIA 
Portal Educação 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CURSO DE 
INGLÊS PARA PROFISSIONAIS DA 
SÁUDE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Aluno: 
 
 
 
EaD - Educação a Distância Portal Educação 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CURSO DE 
INGLÊS PARA PROFISSIONAIS DA 
SAÚDE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
MÓDULO I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Atenção: O material deste módulo está disponível apenas como parâmetro de estudos para 
este Programa de Educação Continuada. É proibida qualquer forma de comercialização ou 
distribuição do mesmo sem a autorização expressa do Portal Educação. Os créditos do 
 
 
conteúdo aqui contido são dados aos seus respectivos autores descritos nas Referências 
Bibliográficas. 
 
 
 
 
INTRODUÇÃO AO CURSO 
 
Com o aumento do turismo no Brasil, a iminência da Copa do Mundo 
de 2014 e dos Jogos Olímpicos de 2016, os profissionais da área da saúde 
atenderão consequentemente mais estrangeiros que visitam o país e que 
muitas vezes não falam o nosso idioma. Por outro lado, a própria necessidade 
de especializar-se ou aproveitar oportunidades de trabalho ou estudos no 
exterior, que são cada vez mais acessíveis, justifica a atualização constante em 
línguas estrangeiras. 
Nos últimos anos, o conhecimento de inglês deixou de ser um 
componente extra da qualificação do profissional de saúde e passou a ser um 
requisito obrigatório para que se possa ter acesso à literatura científica 
atualizada e à comunidade médica internacional. Para ter uma ideia da 
importância inglesa, atualmente para se fizer um mestrado ou doutorado, é 
notória a exigência de conhecimentos de inglês, sendo item eliminatório nas 
provas de seleção. 
Numa pesquisa feita recentemente com os profissionais da Saúde, em 
relação ao domínio da língua inglesa, percebe-se claramente que um domínio 
“ótimo” deste idioma está associado a uma renda mensal substancialmente 
maior do que a dos com menos conhecimento de inglês. No entanto, não há 
diferença relevante de renda entres os profissionais da saúde com domínio 
“mínimo” a “bom” da língua inglesa. 
Em vista de todas estas necessidades explícitas, este curso de inglês 
técnico é voltado para médicos, enfermeiros, estudantes de medicina, 
enfermagem, farmácia e outras áreas da saúde com um nível de inglês 
intermediário. Através de um apanhado de vocabulário acurado, de estratégias 
de leitura e comunicação, tenta-se proporcionar-lhe uma ampla gama de 
recursos que podem ser muito úteis para o seu dia a dia, mantendo, ao mesmo 
 
 
tempo, um estreito contato com termos que vão além das estruturas de artigos 
científicos. 
Ao longo dos módulos, você se familiarizará ou conhecerá a 
terminologia específica da área da saúde, compreendendo especialidades e 
anatomia humana, entre outros tópicos, até os aparelhos de imagem mais 
utilizados. Em relação ao foco de conseguir-se uma comunicação eficaz com o 
paciente, apresentam-se vários tópicos vinculados à rotina de atendimento, 
entre elas, formas de realizar a anamnese e orientações sobre procedimentos. 
Você também contará com dicas e expressões úteis para situações mais 
complexas, como o atendimento a pacientes pediátricos, geriátricos, agressivos 
ou com doenças terminais. Posteriormente, a comunicação interna, entre 
colegas de profissão, se dá a partir da exemplificação de formulários, de 
abreviações universais de doenças e quadros clínicos mais comuns. Para 
finalizar, você terá a oportunidade de aprender algumas técnicas de inglês 
instrumental, para a leitura eficaz de textos no idioma inglês. 
Para tornar o seu aprendizado mais dinâmico e prazeroso, você terá 
dentro dos módulos, itens como “DID YOU KNOW?”, para saber curiosidades e 
informações extras. Uma considerável variedade de exercícios consta nos 
tópicos “ACTIVITY”, com o propósito de tornar o estudo mais eficaz, reforçando 
e revisando aspectos importantes do conteúdo. Também acompanhará de perto 
o Pedro, o personagem representativo de um estudante de medicina que, 
durante suas aulas teóricas e práticas, apresentará a você as informações 
fornecidas neste curso. 
 
Bons estudos e esperamos que goste do curso! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SUMÁRIO 
 
MÓDULO I 
1 MEDICAL LANGUAGE: TERMINOLOGY IN CONTEXT 
1.1 THE HOSPITAL TEAM 
1.2 OUTLINE OF HUMAN ANATOMY 
1.2.1 Head 
1.2.2 Upper Body 
1.2.3 Upper Limbs 
1.2.3 Lower Body 
1.2.4 Lower Limbs 
1.3 THE BODY'S SYSTEMS 
1.3.1 Human Body Organs 
1.3.2 The Skeletal System 
1.3.3 The muscular system 
1.3.4 The Gastrointestinal and Urinary System 
1.3.5 The Reproductive System 
1.4 DISEASES AND SYMPTOMS 
1.5 MEASUREMENT IN MEDICINE 
1.5.1 Calipers 
1.5.2 Scales 
1.5.3 Measuring Tape 
1.5.4 Sphygmomanometer 
1.5.5 Thermometer 
1.6 IMAGE EXAMS AND DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENTS 
1.6.1 Computed Tomography, CT 
 
 
1.6.2 Ultrasound 
1.6.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI 
1.6.4 X-Ray 
1.6.5 Angiography 
1.6.6 Mammography 
1.6.7 Echocardiography 
 
 
MÓDULO II 
2 COMMUNICATING EFFECTIVELY WITH PATIENTS 
2.1 FILLING OUT FORMS 
2.2 PATIENT-CENTERED INTERVIEWING 
2.2.1 Hesitation Fillers 
2.2.2 Office Visit 
2.3 HANDLING EMERGENCIES 
2.3.1 Emergency Codes 
2.3.2 Useful Phrases 
2.4 INTERACTING WITH PATIENTS 
2.4.1 Conversation Starters 
2.4.2 Verbal Clues 
2.4.3 Providing Assistance 
2.4.4 Dealing with Complaints 
2.4.5 Explaining Procedures 
2.4.6 Giving Clear Instructions 
2.4.7 Checking for Understanding 
2.4.8 Giving Medications 
2.5 NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION 
2.6 CULTURAL MISUNDERSTANDINGS 
2.6.1 Touch and Gender 
2.6.2 Personal Space 
2.6.3 Eye Contact 
2.6.4 Smiling 
 
 
 
MÓDULO III 
3 HUMANIZATION IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE 
3.1 MANAGING DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLIENTS 
3.1.1 The Challenge of Communicating with Pediatric Patients 
3.1.1.1 Communicating Strategy: Empathy 
3.1.1.2 Communicating Strategy: Age-Appropriate Words and Phrases 
3.1.1.3 Communicating Strategy: Invented Words 
3.1.1.4 Communicating Strategy: Distracting Someone 
3.1.2 Improving Communication With Older Patients 
3.1.2.1 Communicating Strategy: Comprehension Checks 
3.1.2.2 Communicating Strategy: Refusals 
3.1.2.3 Communicating Strategy: Repetition 
3.1.2.4 Small Talk: Wh- Questions and Yes/No Questions 
3.1.2.5 Small Talk: Follow-Up Questions 
3.1.3 Handling Nervous or Aggressive Patients 
3.1.4 Coping with Death and Dying 
3.1.5 Dealing with Terminally ill Patients 
3.1.5.1 Communicating Strategy: Avoiding the Issue 
3.1.5.2 Vocabulary: Near-Death and Death Idioms 
3.1.5.3 Caring for a Terminally ill Patients 
3.1.5.4 Communicating Strategy: Expressing Condolences 
 
MÓDULO IV 
4 WORKING WITH COLLEAGUES 
4.1 HELPING WITH TASKS 
4.1.1 Communicating Strategy: Requesting and Giving Help 
4.1.2 Communicating Strategy: Expressing Thank you and You're Welcome 
4.1.3 Communicating Strategy: Referring to Others 
4.1.4 Communicating Strategy: Using the Telephone 
4.1.5 Communicating Strategy: Clarification Requests for Meaning 
4.2 INTERACTING WITH SUPERVISORS 
 
 
4.2.1 Communication Strategy: Confirmation Checks 
4.2.2 Communication Strategy: Soliciting Information 
4.2.3 Communication Strategy: Apologizing 
4.3 FILLING OUT FORMS 
4.3.1 Communication Strategy: Double-Checking Information 
4.3.2 Communication Strategy: Drawing Conclusions 
4.4 MEDICAL FORMS 
4.4.1 Discharge Form 
4.4.2 Request Form 
4.4.3 Cardiac Care Unit Form 
4.4.4 Day Surgery Follow-Up Form 
4.4.5 ECG Request Form 
4.5 MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS 
4.6. PRE AND POSTOPERATIVE CARE 
4.6.1 Preoperative care 
4.6.2 Physical Preparation 
4.6.3 Psychological Preparation 
4.6.4 Postoperative Care 
4.6.5 Immediate Postoperative Care 
4.6.6 First 24 Hours of Care 
4.6.7 After 24 Hours Care 
 
MÓDULO V 
5 ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSE 
5.1 GENERAL COMPREHENSION 
5.1.1 Pre-reading Strategy: Making Prediction 
5.1.2 Reading Strategy: Skimming 
5.1.3 ReadingStrategy: Scanning 
5.2 DETAILED COMPREHENSION 
5.2.1 Recognizing Loanwords and Cognates 
5.2.2 Dealing with false cognates 
5.2.3 Inference: Word Formation and Affixes 
 
 
5.3 REVIE 
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
MÓDULO I 
 
 
TERMINOLOGIA ESPECIFICA DA ÁREA DA SAÚDE 
 
Neste módulo vamos ver os principais termos utilizados em saúde, e ao final, 
os objetivos a serem atingidos, serão: 
1. conhecer os termos referidos aos profissionais da saúde, componentes da 
equipe hospitalar; 
2. ter como referencia termos básicos e relevantes da anatomia humana; 
3. revisar as doenças e sintomas mais comuns; 
4. reconhecer a terminología de medidas e seus instrumentos de medição; 
5. conhecer os principais exames de imagen; 
6. identificar os termos relacionados à aparelhagem diagnóstica simples e 
acurada. 
 
 
1. MEDICAL LANGUAGE: TERMINOLOGY IN CONTEXT 
 
 
1.1 THE HOSPITAL TEAM 
 
Vamos acompanhar de perto o Pedro, estudante de medicina, que está 
participando de um intercâmbio cultural nos Estados Unidos. Junto a outros 
acadêmicos da sua universidade, ele pôde fazer um “hospital tour”, conhecer 
os serviços e os procedimentos hospitalares. Antes de conhecer seus sujeitos, 
 
 
os pacientes, ele se deu conta de que a equipe hospitalar é muito grande. 
Vejamos suas anotações em língua inglesa. 
 
A big hospital is like a small town; it needs thousands of people to make it work. 
All these people are organized into teams and each person in each team has a 
rank and often a specialism. The doctor is in charge of a patient’s treatment. In 
the U.S, that doctor is called attending physician. They can supervise fellows, 
residents and medical students. They may also have an academic title at an 
affiliated university such as "professor". 
 
Residents have graduated from an accredited medical school and hold a 
medical degree, but they can practice medicine only under the supervision of a 
fully licensed physician. If a resident finishes a residency and decides to further 
his or her education in a fellowship, he or she is referred to as a fellow. They are 
capable of acting as attending physician or consultant physician in the 
generalist field in which they were trained. After completing a fellowship, they 
are permitted to practice without direct supervision. 
 
The most senior nurses are advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs). 
They are registered nurses with advanced academic and clinical experience in 
diagnosing and managing most common acute and chronic illnesses either 
independently or in collaboration with a physician. Then come registered nurses 
(RNs) who often supervise the tasks performed by licensed practical nurses and 
nursing assistants. They provide direct care and make decisions regarding the 
care for the patients. Licensed practical nurses (LPNs) perform simple as well 
as complex medical procedures but must operate under the supervision of a 
registered nurse or a physician. They can administer most medications, perform 
measurements, keep records and administer basic care. 
 
There are also many people the patient does not meet like lab technicians doing 
the tests and pharmacists dispensing medicines. Like any town, a hospital has 
teams of office staff and ancillary workers such as porters, orderlies, 
 
 
technicians, drivers, cleaners, receptionists and cooks. Every team is essential 
for the delivery of treatment and care. This includes the volunteers who, without 
pay, raise money for the hospital. 
 
Para proporcionar ao paciente o mais completo atendimento, o hospital conta 
com uma equipe multidisciplinar com profissionais especializados em diferentes 
areas. Vamos ver os mais comuns. 
Allergist Alergista Nurse Enfermeira 
Anesthesiologis
t 
Anestesiologista Obstetrician Obstetra 
Cardiologist Cardiologista Occupational 
Therapist 
Terapeuta 
Ocupacional 
Chiropractor Quiropata Oncologist Oncologista 
Dentist Dentista Ophthalmologi
st 
Oftalmologista 
Dermatologist Dermatologista Pediatrician Pediatra 
Fertility 
Specialist 
Especialista em 
reprodução 
Physical 
Therapist 
Fisioterapeuta 
Gynecologist Ginecologista Psychiatrist Psiquiatra 
Neurologist Neurologista Radiologist Radiologista 
 
DID YOU KNOW? Doctor or Physician? Você já deve ter notado, em artigos 
científicos, que no lugar de "doctor", a palavra "médico" quase sempre vem 
como "physician". Isso porque "doctor" é um termo usado em situações mais 
informais. Outro caso, quando nos referimos a "doutor" (aquele que fez 
doutorado), também não utilizamos "doctor" e sim Ph.D (do latim Philosophiæ 
Doctor e em inglês " Doctor of Philosophy"). 
 
ACTIVITY 1: Use the information in the text to complete the following 
sentences. 
 
A hospital is like a small town because 
it is busy. 
it is full of different kinds of people. 
 
 
there are so many buildings. 
there are so many streets. 
 
Residents and fellows are both 
senior staff. 
students and employees. 
office staff. 
ancillary workers. 
 
APRNs are 
senior nurses. 
office workers. 
senior doctors. 
ancillary workers. 
 
There are occupational therapists who 
help patients manage every-day living. 
specialize in exercises to treat injury or dysfuncion. 
help patients find a job. 
help doctors find a job. 
 
Lab technicians and pharmacists 
deliver treatment and care. 
work in the background. 
help the specialists. 
are in charge of the patient's treatment. 
 
Hospital volunteers are 
sometimes needed. 
paid well. 
essential. 
Underpaid for the work they do. 
 
Durante a visita técnica ao hospital, Pedro pôde conhecer a 
organização administrativa, os setores e os departamentos do hospital. 
Reparou logo como o nome de cada setor – “department” - pode variar 
bastante de hospital em hospital. 
 
A big general hospital has many different specialist departments. Identifying 
departments can be confusing because different hospitals use different names 
for the same thing. For example, one hospital may have a ‘Children’s Unit’ 
which a different hospital calls ‘Pediatrics’. ‘Accident and Emergency’ (A&E) in 
one hospital is called ‘Casualty’ in another. 
 
 
 
There are many other examples. The department that specializes in heart 
problems, is sometimes called ‘Coronary Care’. Others call it ‘Cardiology’ or 
‘Cardiovascular medicine’. ‘Nephrology’, the department that treats illnesses of 
the kidney is sometimes called ‘the Renal Unit’. ‘Gastroenterology’ (digestive 
system) is sometimes ‘the Department of Hepatology’. 
 
Hospital staff often use abbreviations for departments. For example, they refer 
to OB/GYN, OBG, O&G or Obs & Gynae. This is a department combining 
Obstetrics (pregnancy), and Gynecology (women’s reproductive organs). They 
call Otolaryngology, ‘ENT’ (ears, nose & throat), mostly because it is much 
easier to say. 
 
Vamos fazer uma rápida atividade para não esquecer o que acabamos de 
aprender? 
 
ACTIVITY 2: Match department names with parts of the body. 
 
Coronary Care 
Obstetrics 
Gastroenterology 
ENT 
Nephrology 
 
heart 
placenta 
intestines 
tonsils 
kidneys
 
 
 
 
 
1.2 OUTLINE OF HUMAN ANATOMY 
 
FIGURA 1 - SUPERFICIAL ANATOMY OF FEMALE AND MALE HUMAN BODY 
 
FONTE: Disponível em 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male,_with_labels.jp
g : Acesso em 12 jun. 2013 
 
Depois de observar os profissionais que formam a equipe hospitalar e 
ter visitado os vários departamentos do hospital, Pedro se dirigiu à sala de 
estudos, onde o professor lhes reforçou algumas importantes partes do corpo. 
 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male,_with_labels.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anterior_view_of_human_female_and_male,_with_labels.jpg
 
 
1.2.1 Head 
Pedro, em suas notas, procurou descrever cada parte do corpo. 
Vejamos como ficaram suas anotações de anatomia.FIGURA 2 – PARTS OF THE HEAD 
 
 
FONTE: Disponível em: http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photos-parts-head-
image21767118 Acesso em 12 jul. 2013 
The neck is the part that attaches the head to the upper body. The chin is the 
lowermost part of the face. The jaw is at the entrance of the mouth. On the 
outside part of the mouth we can see the lips, and on the inside of the mouth 
are the teeth and the tongue for tasting. 
At the sides of the face we have the cheeks and at the sides of the head, the 
ears. Beneath the hairline at the front of the face is the forehead. Underneath 
the forehead are the eyes, the nose between them, and the mouth for eating. 
Inside the head we have the brain. The top of a person's scalp is covered with 
hair. 
1.2.2 Upper Body 
The trunk of the body is made up of the abdomen and the thorax (or chest). It is 
also known as the torso which is a term for the central or middle portion of the 
body which extends the limbs and the neck. The framework of the walls of the 
thorax, which is referred to as the thoracic cage, is formed by the vertebral 
column behind, the ribs and intercostal spaces on either side, and the sternum 
and costal cartilages in front. 
 
http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photos-parts-head-image21767118
http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photos-parts-head-image21767118
 
 
Why is it so important to know the clinical anatomy of the thorax? The thoracic 
cage protects the lungs and heart and affords attachment for the muscles of the 
thorax, upper extremity, abdomen, and back. 
 
The abdomen is the lower part of the trunk below the diaphragm. Its walls 
surround a large cavity called the abdominal cavity. Why is it so important? 
Because the organs and glands of digestive and urinary systems occupy most 
of the abdominal cavity. Here are the main features of the abdomen: 
 stomach, small intestine, and most of the large intestine 
 liver, gall bladder, and pancreas 
 two kidneys and upper part of the ureters 
 adrenal glands 
 other structures include blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, spleen 
and lymph nodes. 
FIGURA 3 - ABDOMEN 
FONTE: Disponível em: 
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_Abdomen_Tiesworks.jpg Acesso em 12 jun. 
2013 
 
 
 
 
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_Abdomen_Tiesworks.jpg
 
 
1.2.3 Upper Limbs 
The arms are attached to the shoulders. The elbow is the joint between arm and 
forearm. The forearm is connected to the hands by the wrist. Each hand has 
five fingers with their nails. 
FIGURA 4 - BONES OF HUMAN - HAND 
 
FONTE: Disponível em: http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/locomotion-
animals/limb-bones.php Acesso em 12 jun. 2013 
1.2.4 Lower Body 
Below the waist are the hips. The buttocks are at the back of the lower part of 
the body. 
1.2.5 Lower Limbs 
Each foot has five toes with their nails. The joint that connects the foot 
to the leg is called ankle. Above, the front part of each leg is called shin. The 
knee is the joint that connects the leg to the thigh. 
 
 
 
 
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/locomotion-animals/limb-bones.php
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/locomotion-animals/limb-bones.php
 
 
FIGURA 5 - BONES OF HUMAN - LEG 
 
 
FONTE: Disponível em: http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/locomotion-
animals/limb-bones.php Acesso em 12 jun. 2013 
 
Fácil, não? Vamos, então, fazer uma atividade para fixar esses termos! 
ACTIVITY 3 (part 1): Match the parts of the body to the corresponding 
definitions.
cheek 
ankle 
wrist 
jaw 
 
part of your face below your eyes. 
the joint where your leg and foot meet. 
the joint where your hand and arm 
meet. 
either of the two bony parts that hold 
your teeth in place.
 
ACTIVITY 3 (part 2): Match the parts of the body to the corresponding 
definitions. 
 
palm 
heel 
elbow 
calf 
 
the inside part of your hand. 
the rounded back part of the foot. 
the bony point at which the arm bends. 
the curved part of the back of the leg 
below the knee. 
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/locomotion-animals/limb-bones.php
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/locomotion-animals/limb-bones.php
 
 
 
1.3 THE BODY'S SYSTEMS 
 
The human body is made up of a number of inter-related systems that work 
together to maintain a stable internal environment. This list represents the 
bodily systems and the specific parts that comprise them: 
 
FIGURA 6 - THE BODY’S SYSTEMS 
FONTE: Disponível em http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Science-Stories/Our-Senses/Sci-
Media/Images/The-body-s-systems : Acesso em 12 jun. 2013 
Skeletal: supports and protects the body while giving it shape and form. Bones, 
joints, ligaments, tendons, cartilage 
Muscular: enables movement of the body.Muscles and tendons 
Integumentary: protects the internal structures of the body from damage, 
prevents dehydration, stores fat and produces vitamins and hormones. 
Skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands 
Sensory: eyes, ears, nose, skin receptors, and mouth 
Cardiovascular: transports nutrients and gasses to cells and tissues 
throughout body. 
Heart, blood vessels, and blood 
Lymphatic: Tonsils, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and 
lymph fluid 
Respiratory: provides the body with oxygen via gas exchange between air from 
the outside environment and gases in the blood 
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs 
http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Science-Stories/Our-Senses/Sci-Media/Images/The-body-s-systems
http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Science-Stories/Our-Senses/Sci-Media/Images/The-body-s-systems
 
 
Gastrointestinal: breaks down food polymers into smaller molecules to provide 
energy for the body. 
Primary organs: mouth, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum 
Accessory organs: teeth, tongue, liver, pancreas and gallbladder 
Endocrine: helps to maintain growth and homeostasis within the body. 
Hormones, pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads 
Nervous: monitors and coordinates internal organ function and responds to 
changes in the external environment. 
Brain, spinal cord, ganglia, nerves, and sensory organs 
Urinary: removes wastes and maintains water balance in the body. 
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra 
Reproductive: enables the production of offspring through sexual reproduction. 
Male: testes, scrotum, penis, urethra, prostate 
Female: ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina, mammary glands 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1.3.1 Human Body Organs 
 
Humans have five vital organs that are essential for survival. These are the 
brain, heart, kidneys, liver, and lungs. 
 
FIGURA 7 - INTERNAL ORGANS 
 
FONTE: Disponível em http://www.tutorvista.com/science/diagram-of-internal-organs 
Acesso em 12 jun. 2013 
 
The brain is the body's control center, receiving and sending signals to other 
organs through the nervous system and through secreted hormones. It is 
responsible for our thoughts, feelings, memory storage and general perception 
of the world. The heart is responsible for pumping blood throughout our body. 
http://www.tutorvista.com/science/diagram-of-internal-organs
 
 
 
The job of the kidneys is to remove waste and extra fluid from the blood. The 
kidneys take urea out of the blood and combine it with water and other 
substances to make urine. The liver has many functions, including detoxifying 
of harmful chemicals, breakdown of drugs, filtering of blood, secretion of bile 
and production of blood-clotting proteins. 
 
The lungs are responsible for removing oxygen from the air we breathe and 
transferring it to our blood where it can be sent to our cells. The lungs also 
remove carbon dioxide, which we exhale. 
1.3.2 The skeletal system 
The skeletal system inthe body provides the shape, supports and protects 
organs and the soft areas of the body. Its other functions are bodily movement, 
producing blood for the body, and storing minerals that the physical structure 
needs. 
FIGURA 8 - HUMAN SKELETON 
 
 
FONTE: Disponível em http://www.tutorvista.com/science/diagram-of-internal-organs : Acesso 
em 12 jun. 2013 
http://www.tutorvista.com/science/diagram-of-internal-organs
 
 
 
1.3.3 The muscular system 
 
The body's muscular system consists of about 650 muscles that aid in 
movement, blood flow and other bodily functions. There are three types of 
muscle: skeletal muscle which is connected to bone and helps with voluntary 
movement, smooth muscle which is found inside organs and helps to move 
substances through organs, and cardiac muscle which is found in the heart 
and helps pump blood. 
FIGURA 9 - THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 
 
FONTE: Disponível em http://www.tutorvista.com/science/diagram-of-internal-organs : 
Acesso em 12 jun. 2013 
 
 
 
 
http://www.tutorvista.com/science/diagram-of-internal-organs
 
 
 
1.3.4 The Gastrointestinal and Urinary System 
 
The gastrointestinal or digestive system, also referred to as the GI tract, 
consists of a series of connected organs that together allow the body to break 
down and absorb food. It is essential to good health because if the digestive 
system shuts down, the body cannot be nourished or rid itself of waste. 
 
FIGURA 10 - DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 
 
 
FONTE: Disponível em http://www.tutorvista.com/science/diagram-of-internal-organs : 
Acesso em 12 jun. 2013 
 
The urinary system – also known as the renal or excretory system – produces, 
stores and eliminates a waste product called urea. The whole system includes 
two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, two sphincter muscles and the urethra. 
Urine produced by the kidneys travels down the ureters to the bladder, and exits 
the body through the urethra. 
http://www.tutorvista.com/science/diagram-of-internal-organs
 
 
 
 
FIGURA 11 - THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM 
 
FONTE: Disponível em http://www.tutorvista.com/science/diagram-of-internal-organs : 
Acesso em 12 jun. 2013 
 
1.3.5 The Reproductive System 
 
The reproductive system is a collection of organs that work together for the 
purpose of producing a new life. The male reproductive system includes the 
penis and the testes, which produce sperm. The female reproductive system 
consists of the vagina, the uterus and the ovaries, which produce eggs. During 
conception, a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell, which creates a fertilized egg 
that implants and grows in the uterus. 
 
 
 
 
 
http://www.tutorvista.com/science/diagram-of-internal-organs
 
 
FIGURA 12 - FEMALE AND MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 
 
 
FONTE: Disponível em http://kids.britannica.com/elementary/art-89496/Men-and-women-have-
different-reproductive-organs : Acesso em 12 jun. 2013 
 
Que tal fazer uma pequena pausa e revisar um pouco todos esses termos? 
ACTIVITY 4: Choose the right option. 
The thoracic cage is a space enclosed by the: 
ribs, radius, and vertebral column. 
ribs, sternum, and vertebral column. 
vertebral column, femur, and sternum. 
ribs, vertebral column, and scapula. 
 
The ______ system helps to maintain growth and homeostasis within the body. 
endocrine 
nervous 
skeletal 
muscular 
 
The main organs of the digestive system are 
mouth, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum. 
stomach, small and large intestines, liver, bladder, rectum. 
mouth, stomach, small and large intestines, bladder. 
esophagus, small and large intestines, liver and bladder. 
 
The liver has many functions, including ______ 
detoxifying of harmful chemicals, and filtering of blood. 
production of blood-clotting proteins, and storing of minerals. 
http://kids.britannica.com/elementary/art-89496/Men-and-women-have-different-reproductive-organs
http://kids.britannica.com/elementary/art-89496/Men-and-women-have-different-reproductive-organs
 
 
removal of waste, and extra fluid from the blood. 
secretion of bile, and storing of minerals. 
 
1.4 DISEASES AND SYMPTOMS 
 
Chegou agora a hora de conhecer algumas doenças e seus 
respectivos sintomas em inglês. Mas vamos começar perguntando: qual é a 
diferença entre signs e symptoms? Vejamos as anotações de Pedro. 
 
The signs of an illness are the things that a doctor or nurse can see and 
measure. Signs are things like spots and bleeding. Temperature, heart rate, 
blood pressure and respiration rate are all signs because you can measure 
them. Symptoms are the things which a patient experiences, but others can’t 
always see. Dizziness and nausea are examples of symptoms. 
 
The symptoms which make a patient seek medical help in the first place are 
called the presenting symptoms. Medics describe them in terms of being either 
strong, mild or weak. Sometimes the symptoms of serious illnesses like cancer 
and diabetes are weak. They stay weak for a long time and the illness remains 
undiagnosed. 
 
Many illnesses have the same symptoms. These symptoms are called non-
specific. Fatigue is an example of this. It is a symptom of many kinds of illness, 
both chronic and acute, and of both physical and mental disorders. Doctors ask 
patients about the onset of the symptoms, what they feel like, what relieves 
them and what makes them worse. The more detail they have, the faster they 
can make a diagnosis. 
 
Vamos fazer mais uma rápida atividade? 
ACTIVITY 5: Decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F) 
according to the text. 
 
You need signs and symptoms for a diagnosis. 
You can’t see symptoms. 
Patients' symptoms are either strong, mild or weak. 
Killer diseases can have weak symptoms. 
 
 
Non-specific symptoms help a lot with diagnosis. 
 
GABARITO 
1 T 
2 F 
3 T 
4 T 
5 F 
 
DID YOU KNOW? Qual é a diferença entre DISEASE e ILLNESS? De acordo 
com o Longman Dictionary: 
1) Quando se fala de uma doença sem especificá-la pode-se usar tanto 
disease como illness. 
2) Disease é o termo usado mais frequentemente quando a doença é 
contagiosa: 
Ex: a very serious disease/a very serious illness, but a contagious disease 
3) Quando se especifica a parte do corpo que a doença afeta costuma-se usar 
disease: Ex: a skin disease, a heart disease, a venereal disease 
Há duas exceções: mental illness und terminal illness 
4) Quando se fala em contrair uma doença, por contágio ou não, usa-se 
disease: Ex: She caught the disease on a trip to the Amazon. 
5) Para referir-se à duração de uma doença, ou ao estado de estar doente, 
usa-se illness: Ex: He died yesterday after a short illness. 
 
Pedro acabou de receber uma lista com doenças infecciosas e 
infectocontagiosas mais comuns. Ao se deparar com esta lista de doenças, 
Pedro se deu conta de que para cada uma há muitos cognatos. Vamos 
acompanhá-lo em seus estudos? 
 
DISEASES SYMPTOMS 
A 
Allergy Diarrhea, Sinusitis, Asthma 
Antisocial Personality Disorder Impulsitivity, Substance Abuse, 
Persistent Lying. 
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Prolixity, Hyperactivity, Impulsivity 
 
 
Disorder 
Alzheimer’s Disease Agnosia, Labile Affect, Urinary 
Incontinence. 
Anorexia Nervosa Fatigue, Immunosuppression, 
Osteoporosis 
Arthritis Fatigue, Pain, Swelling 
Asthma Cardiac Arrest, Bronchospasm, Dyspnea 
Autism Compulsive Behaviour, Restricted 
Behaviour 
Avoidant Personality Disorder Mistrust, Social Isolation, Apprehension 
Alopecia Itchy Scalp 
B 
Bipolar Disorder Fatigue, Suicidal Ideation, Insomnia 
Bladder Cancer Abdominal Pain, Back Pain, Hematuria 
Body Dysmorphic Disorder Suicidal Ideation, Alcoholism, Dieting 
Borderline Personality Disorder Suicidal Ideation, Anxiety, Delusion 
Breast Cancer Inverted Nipple, Breast Lump, Nipple 
Discharge 
Brain Tumor Blurred Vision, Nausea, Headache 
Bursitis Pain, Swelling, Join Stiffness 
C 
Carpal Tunnel SyndromePain, Paresthesia, Muscle Weakness 
Coeliac Disease Fatigue, Anemia, Diarrhea 
Cervical Cancer Vaginal Bleeding, Dyspareunia, Pelvic 
Pain 
Chronic Obstrutive Pulmonary 
Disease 
Chronic Cough, Asterixis, Dyspnea 
Colorectal Cancer Fatigue, Constipation, Diarrhea 
Crohn’s Disease Fatigue, Constipation, Nausea 
D 
Dehydration Polydipsia, Fatigue, Dizziness 
Diabetes Mellitus Polyphagia, Polydipsia, Polyuria 
Diverticulitis Constipation, Nausea, Diarrhea 
Down Syndrome Leucemia, Upslanting Palpebral 
Fissures, Immunodeficiency 
Dyslexia Delayed Reading Ability, Speech 
Disorder, Phonological Deficit 
E 
Endometriosis Dysmenorrhea, Dyspareunia, Chronic 
Pelvic Pain 
Epilepsy Mental Confusion, Loss Of 
Consciousness, Tonioclonic Seizure 
Erectile Dysfunction Sexual Dysfunction, Soft Erections, 
Priapism 
G 
Gallstone Nausea, Pyrexia, Abdominal Pain 
Glomerulonephritis Fatigue, Hypertension, Proteinuria 
H 
 
 
Herpes Simplex Asymptomatic, Pyrexia, Pruritus Ani 
Heat Stroke Tachycardia, Headache, Coma 
Hemorrhoid Pain, Hematochezia, Pruritus Ani 
Hiv Lymphadenopathy, Headache, Flu-Like 
Symptoms 
Hyperthyroidism Polydipsia, Polyuria, Fatigue 
Hypothyroidism Fatigue, Constipation, Sexual 
Dysfunction 
I 
Influenza Pyrexia, Headache, Cough 
Iron Deficiency Anemia Fatigue, Pica, Constipation 
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 
Constipation, Diarrhea 
K 
Kidney Stone Nausea, Pain, Pyrexia 
L 
Leukemia Fatigue, Dizziness, Nausea 
Liver Tumour Fatigue, Nausea, Abdominal Pain 
Lung Cancer Fatigue, Cough Dysphagia 
M 
Malaria Pyrexia, Rigor 
Multiple Sclerosis Fatigue, Dizziness, Constipation 
O 
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Sexual Obsessions, Intrusive Thoughts, 
Compulsive Hoarding 
Osteomyelitis Nausea, Sweating, Swelling 
Osteoporosis Back Pain, Kyphosis, Loss Of Height 
P 
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Acanthosis 
Nigricans, Amenorrhoea 
Poliomyelitis Flaccid Paralysis 
Pneumonia Fatigue, Sweating, Pyrexia 
Prostate Cancer Erectile Dysfunction, Bone Fracture, 
Urinary Incontinence 
Psoriasis Pruritus, Cracked Skin, Xeroderma 
R 
Rheumatoid Arthritis Swelling, Synovitis, Deformity 
Rheumatic Fever Heart Murmur, Heart Failure, Pyrexia 
T 
Tinea Blister, Pruritus, Scaly Skin 
R 
Rosacea Ocular Rosacea, Rhinophyma, 
Telangiectasia 
S 
Schizophrenia Thought Insertion, Thought Disorder, 
Social Isolation 
Sinusitis Fatigue, Nausea, Pyrexia 
Skin Cancer Skin Ulcer, Skin Lesion, Mole 
 
 
Strep Throat Nausea, Pyrexia, Sinusitis 
T 
Tennis Elbow Pain, Pyrexia, Muscle Weakness 
Tuberculosis Fatigue, Pyrexia, Cough 
U 
Urinary Tract Infection Asymptomatic, Pyrexia, Urethritis 
V 
Varicose Veins Restless Legs Syndrome, Stasis 
Dermatites, Livedoid Vasculitis 
Vertigo Nausea, Difficulty Walking, Vision 
Disorder 
Y 
Yellow Fever Constipation, Nausea, Pyrexia 
 
 
1.5 MEASUREMENT IN MEDICINE 
 
Chegou a hora de Pedro reforçar o conceito de unidades de medida 
decimal e também as medições utilizadas em saúde. O professor lhe explica 
que se tratam de valores preciosos ao avaliar ou reavaliar a situação de um 
paciente. Vamos acompanhar com ele a aula sobre os instrumentos de 
medição mais comuns. 
 
1.5.1 Calipers 
 
Calipers are used to measure a person's body fat content or percentage. 
FIGURA 13 - CALIPER 
 
FONTE: Disponível em: 
http://airlats.com/consistency-of-calipers-on-body-fat-measurements/ Acesso em 15 jul. 
2013 
 
http://airlats.com/consistency-of-calipers-on-body-fat-measurements/
 
 
1.5.2 Scales 
 
Scales are used for a variety of different weighing measurements. They can be 
digital. In this case, they are called spring scales. 
 
FIGURA 14 - SCALE 
 
FONTE: Disponível em http://www.johnstonefitness.com/2012/01/11/fat-loss-101-the-
scale-is-not-nearly-as-important-as-you-may-think/ Acesso em 15 jul. 2013 
 
1.5.3 Measuring Tape 
 
Measuring tapes are frequently used in the medical field for taking a patient's 
measurements, for example, of the chest, stomach, bicep, or other part of the 
body. 
FIGURA 15 – MEASURING TAPE 
 
FONTE: Disponível em http://www.autium.sg/ring-size/ Acesso em 15 jul. 2013 
 
1.5.4 Sphygmomanometer 
http://www.johnstonefitness.com/2012/01/11/fat-loss-101-the-scale-is-not-nearly-as-important-as-you-may-think/
http://www.johnstonefitness.com/2012/01/11/fat-loss-101-the-scale-is-not-nearly-as-important-as-you-may-think/
http://www.autium.sg/ring-size/
 
 
 
It is the most common device used for measuring blood pressure. It consists of 
a hand bulb pump, an inflatable cuff and a glass column containing mercury. 
 
FIGURA 16 - SPHYGMOMANOMETER 
 
 
FONTE: Disponível em: http://www.solostocks.com/venta-productos/otros-productos-
medicina-salud/equipo-presion-arterial-manual-esfigmomanometro-aneroide-617064 Acesso: 
15 jul. 2013 
 
The inflatable cuff is placed over the brachial artery above the cubital fossa − 
the front side of the elbow joint. A stethoscope is placed over the cubital fossa 
so that the Korotkoff sounds − that is, the noises made by blood as it vibrates 
against the artery walls − can be heard. 
 
FIGURA 17 – SPHYGMOMANOMETER AND STETHOSCOPE 
 
1 – Stethoscope; 2 – Inflatable cuff 
http://www.solostocks.com/venta-productos/otros-productos-medicina-salud/equipo-presion-arterial-manual-esfigmomanometro-aneroide-617064
http://www.solostocks.com/venta-productos/otros-productos-medicina-salud/equipo-presion-arterial-manual-esfigmomanometro-aneroide-617064
 
 
FONTE: Disponível em: 
http://www.revistaleia.com/site/pagina_interna.asp?cID=114&nID=3479&tp=1 Acesso em 15 jul. 
2013 
 
The digital monitor is the mobile device which measures blood pressure, pulse, 
oxygen saturation and oral temperature. A rubber cuff is wrapped around the 
upper arm and inflated. The unit automatically inflates and deflates the cuff until 
the correct reading is displayed. No stethoscope is required. 
FIGURA 18 – DIGITAL MONITOR 
 
FONTE: Disponível em 
http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.totclinic.com%2Ftensiom
etros%2F177-tensiometro-digital-de-brazo-con-
voz.html&h=0&w=0&sz=1&tbnid=x2rgEEqOS74nSM&tbnh=225&tbnw=225&prev=%2Fsearch%
3Fq%3Desfigmoman%25C3%25B3metro%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=esfigmo
man%C3%B3metro&docid=sTmt2ffVUTa7AM&hl=es&ei=J4PiUYi1JofE4APAv4GwAg&ved=0CA
QQsCU&biw=1366&bih=643 Acesso em 15 jul. 2013 
 
FIGURA 19 – DIGITAL MONITOR 
 
 
1 – Upper arm; 2 – Rubber cuff 
http://www.revistaleia.com/site/pagina_interna.asp?cID=114&nID=3479&tp=1
http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.totclinic.com%2Ftensiometros%2F177-tensiometro-digital-de-brazo-con-voz.html&h=0&w=0&sz=1&tbnid=x2rgEEqOS74nSM&tbnh=225&tbnw=225&prev=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Desfigmoman%25C3%25B3metro%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=esfigmomanómetro&docid=sTmt2ffVUTa7AM&hl=es&ei=J4PiUYi1JofE4APAv4GwAg&ved=0CAQQsCU&biw=1366&bih=643
http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.totclinic.com%2Ftensiometros%2F177-tensiometro-digital-de-brazo-con-voz.html&h=0&w=0&sz=1&tbnid=x2rgEEqOS74nSM&tbnh=225&tbnw=225&prev=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Desfigmoman%25C3%25B3metro%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=esfigmomanómetro&docid=sTmt2ffVUTa7AM&hl=es&ei=J4PiUYi1JofE4APAv4GwAg&ved=0CAQQsCU&biw=1366&bih=643
http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.totclinic.com%2Ftensiometros%2F177-tensiometro-digital-de-brazo-con-voz.html&h=0&w=0&sz=1&tbnid=x2rgEEqOS74nSM&tbnh=225&tbnw=225&prev=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Desfigmoman%25C3%25B3metro%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=esfigmomanómetro&docid=sTmt2ffVUTa7AM&hl=es&ei=J4PiUYi1JofE4APAv4GwAg&ved=0CAQQsCU&biw=1366&bih=643
http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.totclinic.com%2Ftensiometros%2F177-tensiometro-digital-de-brazo-con-voz.html&h=0&w=0&sz=1&tbnid=x2rgEEqOS74nSM&tbnh=225&tbnw=225&prev=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Desfigmoman%25C3%25B3metro%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=esfigmomanómetro&docid=sTmt2ffVUTa7AM&hl=es&ei=J4PiUYi1JofE4APAv4GwAg&ved=0CAQQsCU&biw=1366&bih=643http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.totclinic.com%2Ftensiometros%2F177-tensiometro-digital-de-brazo-con-voz.html&h=0&w=0&sz=1&tbnid=x2rgEEqOS74nSM&tbnh=225&tbnw=225&prev=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Desfigmoman%25C3%25B3metro%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=esfigmomanómetro&docid=sTmt2ffVUTa7AM&hl=es&ei=J4PiUYi1JofE4APAv4GwAg&ved=0CAQQsCU&biw=1366&bih=643
http://www.google.es/imgres?imgurl&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.totclinic.com%2Ftensiometros%2F177-tensiometro-digital-de-brazo-con-voz.html&h=0&w=0&sz=1&tbnid=x2rgEEqOS74nSM&tbnh=225&tbnw=225&prev=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Desfigmoman%25C3%25B3metro%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=esfigmomanómetro&docid=sTmt2ffVUTa7AM&hl=es&ei=J4PiUYi1JofE4APAv4GwAg&ved=0CAQQsCU&biw=1366&bih=643
 
 
FONTE: Disponível em: 
http://www.google.es/search?newwindow=1&hl=es&biw=1366&bih=643&site=imghp&tbm=isch
&oq=aferindo+a+pressao+arterial+&gs_l=img.3...85499.85499.0.85730.1.1.0.0.0.0.222.222.2-
1.1.0...0.0.0..1c.1.17.img.YJsQ8cZgIKc&q=aferindo%20a%20pressao%20arterial#facrc=_&img
dii=_&imgrc=FLv4PlP-
Z_HZiM%3A%3BfcKTw6WGYs0oSM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.semdemora.com%252
Fwp-
content%252Fuploads%252F2011%252F01%252FComoMedirPresso.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252
F%252Fwww.semdemora.com%252Fcomo-medir-pressao.html%3B434%3B300 Acesso em 14 
jul. 2013 
 
1.5.5 Thermometer 
Electronic thermometers are the most recommended type. The temperature is 
seen on an easy-to-read display. A probe can be placed in the mouth, rectum, 
or armpit. The measurement of body temperature may be helpful for monitoring 
whether a person is ill, or whether the treatment is working. 
FIGURA 20 - THERMOMETER 
 
FONTE: Disponível em: http://www.chinawholesalegift.com/Health-Gifts/ear-
thermometer/Electronic-Digital-Clinical-Thermometer-095108699/ Acesso em 14 jul. 2013 
 
The average normal body temperature is 98.6°F (37°C). The normal 
temperature can vary by: 
1. Age (in children over 6 months, daily temperature can vary by 1 to 2 
degrees); 
2. Person; 
3. Time of day (often highest in the evening); 
4. Where on the body the temperature was taken. 
 
Vamos fazer uma pequena atividade? 
ACTIVITY 6: Choose the correct option for each medical tool. 
http://www.chinawholesalegift.com/Health-Gifts/ear-thermometer/Electronic-Digital-Clinical-Thermometer-095108699/
http://www.chinawholesalegift.com/Health-Gifts/ear-thermometer/Electronic-Digital-Clinical-Thermometer-095108699/
 
 
 
Instrument for measuring blood pressure, especially arterial blood pressure. 
Stethoscope 
Scale 
Sphygmomanometer 
Calipers 
 
Any of various measuring instruments having two usually adjustable arms, legs, 
or jaws used to measure thickness, diameter, and distance between surface. 
Thermometer 
Measuring Tape 
Scale 
Stethoscope 
 
Instrument used to detect and study sounds produced in the body that are 
conveyed to the ears of the listener through rubber tubing connected with a 
usually cup-shaped piece placed upon the area to be examined. 
Sphygmomanometer 
Scale 
Thermometer 
Stethoscope 
 
 
1.6 IMAGE EXAMS AND DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENTS 
 
Pedro está prestes a iniciar a disciplina de radiologia e durante esta 
aula conhecerá alguns dos mais importantes exames de imagem utilizados 
atualmente. Durante a exposição do professor, ele está ansioso para conhecer 
cada equipamento, os nomes dos tipos de exames de imagens e suas 
características principais. 
 
1.6.1 Computed Tomography, CT 
 
The computed tomography is the method of imaging a single plane, or slice, of 
an object resulting in a tomogram. There are several forms of tomography as 
the linear tomography, the most basic form of tomography, or the computed 
tomography scan, that is a helical tomography. 
 
FIGURA 21 – CT SCANNER/MACHINE 
 
 
 
FONTE: Disponível em: 
http://www.wired.com/gadgets/miscellaneous/news/2008/04/Toshiba_CTScanner Acesso 
em 15 jul. 2013 
 
FIGURA 22 – ANATOMY OF A TC MACHINE 
 
FONTE: Disponível em: http://decisaoclinica.com/?p=2822 Acesso em 15 jul. 2013 
 
 
http://www.wired.com/gadgets/miscellaneous/news/2008/04/Toshiba_CTScanner
http://decisaoclinica.com/?p=2822
 
 
1.6.2 Ultrasound 
 
This method of diagnostic equipment uses high frequency broadband sound 
waves in the megahertz range that are reflected by tissue to varying degrees to 
produce (up to 3D) images. The real time moving image obtained can be used 
to guide drainage and biopsy procedures and it is strongly use for pregnancy 
monitoring. Doppler capabilities on modern scanners allow the blood flow in 
arteries and veins to be assessed. 
 
FIGURA 23 – ULTRASOUND MACHINE 
 
1: High resolution monitor; 2: Control panel; 3: High resolution printer; 4: 
Wheels for mobility. 
FONTE: Disponível em: http://www.dchft.nhs.uk/patients/wards-depts/radiology/ultrasound.html 
Acesso em 15 jul. 2013 
 
FIGURA 24 – ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCERS 
 
http://www.dchft.nhs.uk/patients/wards-depts/radiology/ultrasound.html
 
 
FONTE: Disponível em: http://www.mybloggerspalace.com/the-prime-features-of-high-end-
ultrasound-transducers/ Acesso em 15 jul. 2013 
 
 
 
1.6.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI 
 
This equipment uses powerful magnets to polarize and excite hydrogen nuclei 
(single proton) in water molecules in human tissue, producing a detectable 
signal which is spatially encoded, resulting in images of the body. Its 
mechanism of producing images allows an excellent soft-tissue contrast 
achievable. 
FIGURA 25 – MRI PARTS 
 
1: Radio Frequency Coil; 2: Gradient Coils; 3: Magnet; 4: Scanner; 5: Patient 
Table; 6: Patient. 
FONTE: Disponível em: 
http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/magnetacademy/mri/fullarticle.html Acesso em 15 
jul. 2013 
 
DID YOU KNOW? Coil significa bobina. Então, na legenda, temos Radio 
Frequency Coil, significando bobina de rádio frequência, e em Gradient Coils, 
bobinas de inclinação. 
 
 
 
 
 
FIGURA 26 – MRI BRAIN 
http://www.mybloggerspalace.com/the-prime-features-of-high-end-ultrasound-transducers/
http://www.mybloggerspalace.com/the-prime-features-of-high-end-ultrasound-transducers/
http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/magnetacademy/mri/fullarticle.html
 
 
 
FONTE: Disponível em: http://emedtravel.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/brain-mris-can-lead-to-
secondary-answers-part-1-of-3/ Acesso em 15 jul. 2013 
 
1.6.4 X-Ray 
 
The X-ray or radiography. This imaging modality utilizes a wide beam of x-rays 
for image acquisition and it was the first imaging technique available in modern 
medicine. 
FIGURA 27 – X RAY MACHINE COMPONENTS 
 
 
1: The Tube; 2: The Grid Cabinet or Table. 
FONTE: Disponível em: http://www.micro-epsilon.co.uk/news/2011/UK_143-
draw_wire_digital_X-ray_machines/index.html Acesso em 15 jul. 2013 
 
1.6.5 Angiography 
 
An angiogram is an X-ray test that uses a special dye and camera (fluoroscopy) 
to take pictures of the blood flow in an artery or a vein. An angiogram can be 
http://emedtravel.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/brain-mris-can-lead-to-secondary-answers-part-1-of-3/
http://emedtravel.wordpress.com/2012/04/25/brain-mris-can-lead-to-secondary-answers-part-1-of-3/
http://www.micro-epsilon.co.uk/news/2011/UK_143-draw_wire_digital_X-ray_machines/index.html
http://www.micro-epsilon.co.uk/news/2011/UK_143-draw_wire_digital_X-ray_machines/index.html
 
 
used to look at the arteries or veins in the head, arms, legs, chest, back, or 
belly. 
 
FIGURA 28 – CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY 
 
 
FONTE: Disponível em: 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cerebral_angiography,_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection.JP
G Acesso em 13 jul. 2013 
 
 
FIGURA 29 - CATHETERIZATION LAB 
 
 
FONTE: Disponível em http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herzkatheterlabor_modern.jpeg Acesso 
em 13 jul. 2013 
 
1.6.6 Mammography 
 
A mammography is based on the process of using low-energy X-rays to 
examine the human breast and is used as a diagnostic and a screening tool. 
The goal of mammography isthe early detection of breast cancer, typically 
through detection of characteristic masses and/or micro calcifications. 
 
 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cerebral_angiography,_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection.JPG
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cerebral_angiography,_arteria_vertebralis_sinister_injection.JPG
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herzkatheterlabor_modern.jpeg
 
 
 
FIGURA 30 - MAMMOGRAPHY 
 
FONTE: Disponível em http://www.healthcentral.com/breast-cancer/h/3d-mammography-
disadvantages.html Acesso em 15 jul. 2013 
 
FIGURA 31 - MAMMOGRAPHY 
 
FONTE:Disponível em http://www.mchospital.org/cr-digital-mammography Acesso em 15 jul. 
2013 
 
1.6.7 Echocardiography 
 
Echocardiogram, often referred to cardiac echo or simply an echo, is a 
sonogram of the heart. (It is not abbreviated as ECG, which usually refers to an 
electrocardiogram.) It allows the cardiologist to see heart structures in detail, as 
chamber size, heart function, its valves, etc. There are several types of 
echocardiography: transthoracic echocardiography, stress echocardiography, 
transesophageal echocardiography, fetal echocardiography and three-
dimensional echocardiography. 
 
http://www.healthcentral.com/breast-cancer/h/3d-mammography-disadvantages.html
http://www.healthcentral.com/breast-cancer/h/3d-mammography-disadvantages.html
http://www.mchospital.org/cr-digital-mammography
 
 
FIGURA 32 – ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 
 
FONTE: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/echo/printall-index.html Acesso em 
16 jul. 2013 
 
 
Que tal fazer uma pequena e rápida revisão? 
 
ACTIVITY 7: Identify the exam equipment below. 
 
 
Ultrasonography 
X Ray 
Computed tomography 
Mammography 
Angiography 
 
X Ray 
Computed tomography 
MRI 
Angiography 
Ultrasonography 
 
Mammography 
MRI 
Computed tomography 
Angiography 
X Ray 
 
 
FIM DO MÓDULO I 
 
 
 
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/echo/printall-index.html