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The Use of Verb Tenses in Abstracts of 
Journal Articles
Dr. Simão Elias Luís
Email: luissimao1985@gmail.com
Contact/WhatsApp: +258841987958
Today’s Plan
1. The components of a journal article 
3. The components of an abstract
4. The use of present simple in an abstract
5. The use of past simple in an abstract
6. The use of present perfect in an abstract
Why should you read journal articles in English?
1) Most scientific studies are published in
the English language.
2) You need to follow the development of
knowledge in your area of specialization.
3) You will need English for your
dissertation.
4) There are many scholarship
opportunities in English-speaking
countries.
1) A maioria dos estudos científicos são
publicados na língua inglesa.
2) Você precisa acompanhar o
desenvolvimento do conhecimento na sua
área de especialização.
3) Você precisará do inglês para a sua
dissertação.
4) Existem muitas oportunidades de bolsas de
estudos em países de língua inglesa.
Elements of a journal article
Elementos de um artigo científico
1) Title
2) Abstract
3) Introduction
4) Literature Review
5) Research Methods
6) Results
7) Discussion
8) Conclusion
9) References
1) Título
2) Resumo
3) Introdução
4) Revisão da Literatura
5) Métodos de Pesquisa
6) Resultados
7) Discussão
8) Conclusão
9) Referências
Title and Abstract
Introduction and Literature Review
Research 
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion 
and 
References
Why an abstract is important? 
An abstract:
1) A summary of the whole research
project.
2) Can be found in journal articles.
3) Can be found in dissertations.
4) Can be found in monographs and
theses.
Um resumo:
1) É a súmula de todo o projeto de pesquisa.
2) Pode ser encontrado em artigos científicos.
3) Pode ser encontrado em dissertações.
4) Pode ser encontrado em monografias e
teses.
Elements of an Abstract
Elementos de um Resumo
1) The Research Problem
2) Purpose Statement
3) Research Methods
4) Results
5) Research Implications 
1) O Problema de Pesquisa
2) Propósito da Pesquisa
3) Métodos de Pesquisa
4) Resultados
5) Implicações da Pesquisa
Elements of an Abstract
Verb Tenses in an Abstract (Tempos Verbais num Resumo)
Conjugation of the Verbs
Conjugação dos Verbos
1. Present Simple: remain, is, and offer.
►I, you, we, they – remain/offer.
►He, she, it – remains/offers
2. Present Perfect: have evaluated
►I, you, we, they – have evaluated
►He, she, it – has evaluated
3. Past Simple: evaluated, determined, were,
extracted, had, led, and mediated.
►I, you he, she, it, we, they - evaluated,
determined, extracted, had, led, mediated.
►You, we, they – were.►I, she, it – was.
I-eu, you-tu/você, he-ele, she-ela, it-isto, we-nós, 
they-eles/elas
Conjugation of the Verbs
Conjugação dos Verbos
Passive Voice: were extracted, were applied,
was used, and was associated.
►You, we, they - were extracted, were applied
►I, he, she, it - was used, and was negatively
associated.
Modal Verbs: may, might, can could, should,
must, and ought.
►I, you, he, she, it, we, they – may lead
I-eu, you-tu/você, he-ele, she-ela, it-isto, we-
nós, they-eles/elas
The Next Topic: Verb Tenses in an Introduction
Thank you for your attention
Muito Obrigado
Mwaita Bassa
Assante Sana