Considering the article “Higher sugar intake is associated with periodontal disease in adolescents (Moreira et al., 2018)”, identify the aspects of...

Considering the article “Higher sugar intake is associated with periodontal disease in adolescents (Moreira et al., 2018)”, identify the aspects of the study related to causality (methodological strategies adopted to deal with causal inference and Hill's criteria).
The authors used the Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) to determine the minimum sufficient set of confounding adjustments to estimate the total effect of high added sugar intake on periodontal disease status, without over-adjustment.
The minimum adjustment established for confounding factors included socioeconomic determinants (family income, adolescent education, and “sociocultural and personality factors”) and sex.
As it was not possible to adjust for the unobserved variable “sociocultural and personality factors”, the adjustment set included alcohol and smoking, descendants of this variable.
To minimize the underreporting of alcohol-related problems, the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification (AUDIT), a validated instrument, was applied.
The memory bias can also arise when answering the food questionnaire, to minimize this bias, trained nutritionists were the interviewers and applied a validated questionnaire, thus, the consumption was recorded through the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), which demonstrates, through photos, the portion size of the foods.
Hill's criteria: Consistency, plausibility, and coherence.

1. Only items 1, 2, and 5 are correct.
2. Only items 2, 3, and 4 are correct.
3. All items are correct.
4. None of the items are correct.