NARRATOLOGIA DAS LITERATURAS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA 7 PONTOS

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NARRATOLOGIA DAS LITERATURAS EM LÍNGUA INGLESA 
	1a Questão (Ref.: 202007754191)
	No texto a seguir um autor busca a origem de uma atividade lúdica e corriqueira: empinar papagaios:
 
As ruas também podem brincar com os céus. Digo isso porque, entre os saberes universais dos humanos - falo daqueles que não têm fronteiras -, está o de empinar papagaios; a arte de domar os ventos e rabiscar os céus. Há quem afirme que a invenção da pipa foi chinesa e tem para mais de 3 mil anos. Aulo Gélio, gramático latino, escreveu nas Noites áticas que Arquitas de Tarento, matemático amigo de Platão, inventou a primeira pipa. Há quem defenda que foram hindus, polinésios, fenícios ou egípcios os inventores. A conclusão a que chego é que diversas civilizações inventaram e empinaram papagaios. Ou deliro que as pipas são anteriores aos homens e foram elas que nos inventaram para que alguém as empinasse.
 
Adaptado de: SIMAS, Luiz Antonio. O corpo encantado das ruas. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2019.
Em relação às versões sobre a origem da pipa (ou papagaio), assinale a alternativa correta.
		
	
	É mais difícil identificar a origem de um objeto cultural quando ele não está descrito em estudos antropológicos.
	
	As narrativas diferentes a respeito de um mesmo objeto podem ser reveladoras sobre a dimensão estrutural e coletiva da cultura.
	
	Algumas atividades culturais são anteriores ao homem, o que demonstra a falta de vínculo entre o ser humano e a cultura.
	
	A impossibilidade de determinar a origem de uma prática cultural evidencia a falta de desenvolvimento da arte de contar histórias.
	
	As diversas narrativas sobre o mesmo objeto destacam ainda mais as nossas diferenças, principalmente de espaço e de tempo.
	
	
	 2a Questão (Ref.: 202007754268)
	Pode-se dizer que um sentimento positivo de etnicidade atravessa a textualidade afro-brasileira. Personagens são descritos sem a intenção de esconder uma identidade negra e, muitas vezes, são apresentados a partir de uma valorização da pele, dos traços físicos, das heranças culturais oriundas de povos africanos e da inserção/exclusão que os afrodescendentes sofrem na sociedade brasileira. Esses processos de construção de personagens e enredos destoam dos modos estereotipados ou da invisibilidade com que negros e mestiços são tratados pela literatura brasileira, em geral.
 
Adaptado de: EVARISTO, Conceição. Literatura negra: uma poética de nossa afro-brasilidade. Scripta, Belo Horizonte, v. 13, n. 25, p. 17-31, 2º sem. 2009.
 
Em sua defesa do conceito de "Literatura negra", no texto apresentado, Conceição Evaristo ressalta o seguinte tipo de construção da personagem:
		
	
	Personagem-tipo.
	
	Transgressora e complexa.
	
	Redonda ou esférica.
	
	Determinada ou sólida.
	
	Plana ou desenhada.
	
	
	 3a Questão (Ref.: 202007739719)
	Other worlds with strange inhabitants have been numerous in human mythologies and literatures. I'd speculate that, including all the fantasylands devised by children that never see publication, there are many more imaginary locations than there are real ones. Whether they are places we go after death "good or bad" or homes of the gods or supernatural, or lost civilizations, or planets in a galaxy far, far away, they all have this in common: they aren't here and now. (...) All myths are stories, but not all stories are myths: among stories, myths hold a special place. (ATWOOD, 2011, p. 27 & 47)
Source: ATWOOD, Margaret. In Other Worlds: SF and the Human Imagination. New York: Doubleday, 2011.According to Margaret Atwood, myths hold a special place among stories. That is because:
		
	
	... myths set a series of narrative rules that no story must disobey in order to be successful.
	
	... myths offer a catalog of variations that only the great storytellers of our times will have access to.
	
	... myths offer a foundation for repeating narrative structures that have prevailed across the centuries in various cultures.
	
	... myths work as narrative superstition across storytellers, retrieving something unknown every time we tell our stories.
	
	... myths have been studied by scholars more than any other narrative form and are thus more proper to tell stories.
	
	
	 4a Questão (Ref.: 202007739078)
	Allegory, a symbolic fictional narrative that conveys a meaning not explicitly set forth in the narrative. Allegory, which encompasses such forms as fable, parable, and apologue, may have meaning on two or more levels that the reader can understand only through an interpretive process.
Source: https://www.britannica.com/art/allegory-art-and-literature
 
Around the XIX century and towards the XX century, fables became once again a rather popular means of narrating stories. Their allegories, however, not always aged well. Choose the alternative that correctly explains why Rudyard Kipling's stories, for instance, may not suit contemporary readers:
		
	
	Talking animals became less and less popular with the advent of Artificial Intelligence.
	
	Because allegories do not allow for multiple interpretations.
	
	Allegories, due to their moral purposes, usually have religious undertones.
	
	Fables are genres that could not be revamped and eventually died out.
	
	Because of colonialist and racist worldviews.
	
	
	 5a Questão (Ref.: 202007739079)
	Fables and allegories are usually correlated. Read the statements below about the nature of allegories, then, choose the correct option:
I- An allegorical story demands no interpretative effort on the part of the reader.
II- An allegory brings a microcosm- macrocosm relationship.
III- An allegory usually has some moral significance.
		
	
	II and III are correct
	
	I and III are correct
	
	I, II and III are correct.
	
	Only I is correct
	
	Only II is correct
	
	
	 6a Questão (Ref.: 202007753752)
	Folktales can easily be compared to biological species which evolve through transformations leaving little evidence for posterior studies. Fossil records are inconsistent and insufficient, just as written folktales, so the reconstruction of history occurs, many times, without proper physical evidence.
Select the alternative which explains the claim above:
		
	
	Folktales, unlike biological species, will never be precisely understood due to the lack of evidence, destroyed by the passage of time. Interpreters must make their own reconstructions of the original stories, producing a great number of diverging materials.
	
	Folktales get told and retold with minor alterations, through oral tradition. These modifications sum up because every time they are passed on to the next generation without written documentation, they undergo changes, and their original form can end up being lost.
	
	The reconstruction of the original folktales is considered irrelevant because the important study comes from the forms they have taken after undergoing the alterations each generation has produced.
	
	Biologists should be utilized in the process of reconstructing original folktales due to their understanding of fossil records and ability to rebuild history without sufficient physical evidence.
	
	The evolution of folktales, like that of biological species, is a necessary process because it improves the stories first told making them develop into superior narratives.
	
	
	 7a Questão (Ref.: 202007757513)
	The folktale "The Tortoise and the Hare", attributed to Aesop portrays a hare who makes fun of a slow tortoise and decides to challenge him to a race. The hare rushes ahead, but, confident of his inevitable victory, takes a nap during the course and wakes up to find that his competitor, slowly and steadily, had won the dispute.
 
By defining the story of the hare and the tortoise as a folktale, and considering the characteristics of this genre, it is correct to affirm that there is a moral behind it.  However, its moral teaching is open to interpretation. Which of the following lessons cannot be considered adequate?Do not doubt your opponents.
	
	Be careful with over-confidence.
	
	Have enough rest to relinquish naps.
	
	Never compare yourself to others.
	
	Be slow and steady rather than quick and careless.
	
	
	 8a Questão (Ref.: 202007763315)
	The novel is a very flexible genre, encompassing within it other genres and materials, as poetry, news, essays and so on. The traditional novel, however, has conventions and a particular story-telling method. There are experimental works of fiction that break with those conventions. What do we call these works?
		
	
	novelettes
	
	flash fiction
	
	graphic novel
	
	antinovels
	
	micro fiction
	
	
	 9a Questão (Ref.: 202007763070)
	"Novella, short and well-structured narrative, often realistic and satiric in tone, that influenced the development of the short story and the novel throughout Europe"
Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/art/novella
 
What is the narrative focus in a novella? What type of narrator is found in this literary genre?
		
	
	A witness of the narrated events.
	
	A character who observes the whole story.
	
	A first-person narrator
	
	One character who takes part in the main events.
	
	A third-person narrator
	
	
	 10a Questão (Ref.: 202009442646)
	The work of Vladimir Propp, The Morphology of the Folktale (1928), was fundamental for the studies of fairy tales as a genre. He identified 31 functions that defined a paradigm for this kind of short fiction. How did he define `function¿ in his work?
		
	
	The acts of the characters.
	
	The relation between events.
	
	The mission designed for the hero.
	
	The magical elements in the story.
	
	The relationship of the characters.