FUNDAMENTOS CULTURAIS DA LITERATERATURA EM LÍNGUA INGLESA AULA 1

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1.
		The development of Roman Catholicism from the early catholic Christianity church depended on many historical factors. Check below the alternative that does not represent the historical factors related to Christianity.
	
	
	
	The first European universities emerged from the Middle Ages Christian Church.
	
	
	The authority of Peter among the 12 apostles.
	
	
	The decline of the Roman Empire and the influx of Germanic tribes as well as others tribes into Europe.
	
	
	The alignment of Peter with the Roman Church.
	
	
	In the 7th century Islam rose as a strong religious option.
	
Explicação: 
As a matter of fact, the development of Roman Catholicism from the early catholic Christianity church depended on many historical factors, among which two factors would be considered determinant: the authority of Peter among the 12 apostles and the alignment of Peter with the Roman Church.
	
	
	
	
		
	
		2.
		Choose the option which best completes the following statement: Augustine was sent to Canterbury in 597 to 
	
	
	
	meet the king´s wife 
	
	
	build a church 
	
	
	become a monk 
	
	
	visit monasteries 
	
	
	re-establish Christianity
	
Explicação: 
There aren't many people who've had such an impact on history as St Augustine of Canterbury.
Augustine of Canterbury was the man chosen by the Pope to convert the Britons to Christianity.
The Christian faith had already been introduced in the 3rd or 4th century, but the gradual collapse of Roman rule and the invasion of the Saxons and other Germanic tribes meant it fell into abeyance in parts of the country, while others became associated with Celtic Christianity.
Augustine was commissioned in AD 595. After a couple of false starts, he arrived in Kent in AD 597 and found a base at Canterbury. From here he undertook the evangelisation of England.
The King of Kent was converted along with many of his subjects. Although Augustine then died a few years later, in 604, the foundation he had built became the basis for the next 1,500 year of Christianity in the UK.
	
	
	
	
		
	
		3.
		Some historians believe that it is possible to talk about the development and spread of distinctive religious traditions in England. What was the basic difference between the interest of the Celtic Church and that of the Roman one in England? 
	
	
	
	The Celtic Church was interested in the ordinary people while the Roman Church was interested in authority and organization.
	
	
	Some bishops of the Roman Church denied the authority of the Pope and were interested in spreading reading and writing while the Celtic Church wanted to keep this knowledge to itself.
	
	
	The bishops from the Celtic Church lived at the courts with the kings and wanted to keep it that way so as to be able to maintain their privileges while the bishops of the Roman Church were more committed with their spiritual power over ordinary people.
	
	
	The two Churches seemed to get along well, until they reached a crisis as they disagreed over the date of Christmas. For the Roman Church it was more interesting to keep it on December 25th, while the Celtic one wanted to change the date of Christmas to January 15th. In both cases there were political interests involved.
	
	
	The Roman Church was more spiritual, friendlier to women, more connected with nature and wanted things to be like that. The Celtic one, on the other hand, was much interested in keeping authority to iself and men were the only ones who could rule with their help. 
	
Explicação: 
Christianity probably came to Britain with the Roman legions, the spread of the faith being certainly helped by the infrastructure of the Roman Empire, resulting in the gradual conversion of the various Celtic people to the Christian faith. Thus a strong and lively Celtic church existed in Britain and Ireland before the Germanic invasions took place.
The Celtic Christianity is the first form of Christianity that has been practiced in England and Ireland. (around 400 AD) In the 4th century, it really established itself by mixing the characteristic Celtic features with the religion.
The Celtic Church was interested in converting  ordinary people into the Christian faith while the Roman Church was more concerned with converting the King and was worried about authority and organization.
	
	Gabarito Coment.
	
	
	
	
		
	
		4.
		In the story of Beowulf, there is a noticeable struggle between Christianity and Paganism, and the characters personal battle between the two. Mark the option which expresses what Beowulf means to the people:
	
	
	
	the pagan leader for all mankind.
	
	
	the promoter of wars 
	
	
	the responsible for horrific events 
	
	
	the epitome of good and beneficent 
	
	
	the owner of vast lands 
	
Explicação: 
Beowulf exemplifies the traits of the perfect hero. The poem explores his heroism in two separate phases´youth and age´and through three separate and increasingly difficult conflicts with Grendel, Grendel´s mother, and the dragon. In all these moments the reader can feel that Beowulf is concerned with the ideals of personal conduct by defending the ones in need.
	
	
	
	
		
	
		5.
		Saxon Kings helped the Church to grow, but the Church increased the power of kings as well. How did it happen?
	
	
	
	The Kings were finantially supported by the Church, since the Church was a very powerful entity at the time.
	
	
	The Saxon Kings were very literarte and pious men  and understood the importance of establishing Christianity in their lands.
	
	
	Bishops supported their  kings, which made it harder for royal power to be questioned. Kings´ authority was guaranteed by ´God´s approval´.
	
	
	Since the monks had great influence on ordinary people besides being a  very wealthy entity,  it was interesting for the Kings to accept the Christian faith and its influence.
	
	
	The Kings were chosen by the Church, taking into account the Christian faith of the chosen ones.
	
Explicação: 
"Saxon kings helped the Church to grow, but the Church also increased the power of kings. Bishops gave kings their support, which made it harder for royal power to be questioned. Kings had ¿God¿s approval¿. The value of Church approval was all the greater because of the uncertainty of the royal succession. An eldest son did not automatically become king, as kings were chosen from among the members of the royal family, and any member who had enough soldiers might try for the throne. In addition, at a time when one king might try to conquer a neighbouring kingdom, he would probably have a son to whom he would wish to pass this enlarged kingdom when he died." (webclass)
	
	
	
	
		
	
		6.
		Around 700, why was it difficult to question royal power?
	
	
	
	Because, as the gentry supported the power of kings, it was very hard for the population to question the authority of the King. 
	
	
	Because ordinary people just counted on the help of French people to try to question royal power in England.
	
	
	Because Kings'  authority was guaranteed by God´s approval, that is to say, in order to question royal power people needed to face the Church as well. 
	
	
	Because the neighboring country of Scandinavia would defend royal power in England.
	
	
	Because as most of the ordinary people did not believe in just one God, they were not seen as reliable supporters. 
	
Explicação: 
The Church was powerful in this period of time and it was asserted that the King had his place as a result of God´s approval. So if people questioned the King, they would be questioning God as well.
	
	Gabarito Coment.7.
		Read the alternatives and choose the one that is correct in relation to the epic Beowulf:
	
	
	
	It was written by the monks who were interested in developing the pagan beliefs and vanishing the Christian ones. 
	
	
	In the battle against Grendel, Beowulf is able to win the fight by ripping Grendel's arm with a knife. 
	
	
	 Since it was the longest piece of literature to come down to us, it was regarded as the best chivalry poem to exemplify that period of time. 
	
	
	The characters in the poem are all people of noble birth, who came from France to try to defeat Grendel (the monster) who had been ruling the country for a few months. 
	
	
	Pagan elements as well as Christian ones can be found in the poem.  Beowulf is seen as a superhero who came to the country to try to save the people in danger from the ruling of Grendel. 
	
Explicação: 
Most Anglo-Saxons eventually converted to Christianity but the majority hung on to their love of heroics from the old tales, especially stories about knights and dragons. Beowulf is a good example of the blending of pagan and Christian themes. 
The epic reflects the philosophical beliefs and cultural values of the pagan Saxons, but by the time Beowulf was transcribed, most Anglo-Saxons had converted to Christianity. Consequently, essential elements of Christian theology and numerous biblical allusions were incorporated into the text, creating obvious contradictions within its content: God is supreme, but Wyrd (fate) rules men¿s lives; Grendel is a mythical monster with supernatural powers, but he is also ¿a fiend out of hell¿ who ¿[works] his evil in the world¿; and Grendel and his race of monsters are cast as the direct descendants of Cain, forever banished by the Creator for the original sin of murdering Abel. The Christian theology in Beowulf is present in the poem as well as mythical events which remain pagan in content and tone as the Heroic Code is embraced through the character of Beowulf. Additionally, the importance of revenge and the prevalence of blood feuds were central to the heroic culture and contrast completely with Christian values of peace and forgiveness.
	
	
	
	
		
	
		8.
		Think about the material you have studied and choose the alternative that cannot answer the following question: Why was it so important to be educated? 
	
	
	
	Peasants, who could not read or write, could lose their traditional rights over their land, because their rights were not accepted.
	
	
	The power of landlords, whose lands were given by the king, was increased because their names were officially registered. 
	
	
	Education is actually na obstacle to progress. 
	
	
	Laws were made on a large number of subjects during the following hundred years. 
	
	
	When the eleventh century comes, royal authority was wider and deeper in England than in any other European country. 
	
Explicação: 
It is a well known fact that Education is vital to the development of any country.