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English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 i 
 
ENGLISH FOR 
MEDICINE 
(Part Two) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dr. Choudhary Zahid Javid 
 Department of Foreign Languages, 
 College of Arts, Taif University 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 ii 
ENGLISH 
FOR MEDICINE (Part Two) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
An Intermediate ESP Course for 
Students of Medicine 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dr. Choudhary Zahid Javid 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 iii 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Table of contents - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - iii 
 Preface - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - vi 
 Acknowledgements - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xii 
 
 Unit# 1: The Respiratory System - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 
Vocabulary Preview: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 
 Pronunciation Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 
 Listening Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 
 Medical Terminology: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 
 Grammar Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 
 Speaking Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17 
 
 Unit# 2: The Circulatory System - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 
Vocabulary Preview: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22 
 Pronunciation Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24 
 Listening Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 
 Medical Terminology: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 
 Grammar Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 33 
 Speaking Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 36 
 
 Unit# 3: The Digestive System - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 38 
Vocabulary Preview: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40 
 Pronunciation Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 43 
 Listening Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47 
 Medical Terminology: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47 
 Grammar Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 49 
 Speaking Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 53 
 
 Unit# 4: The Urinary System - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - 56 
Vocabulary Preview: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58 
 Pronunciation Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 60 
 Listening Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 65 
 Medical Terminology: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 66 
 Grammar Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 69 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
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 Speaking Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 73 
 
 Unit# 5: The Nervous System - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 75 
Vocabulary Preview: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 77 
 Pronunciation Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80 
 Listening Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 84 
 Medical Terminology: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 85 
 Grammar Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 88 
 Speaking Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 91 
 
 Unit# 6: The Endocrine System - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 94 
Vocabulary Preview: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 96 
 Pronunciation Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 99 
 Listening Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 103 
 Medical Terminology: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 104 
 Grammar Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 106 
 Speaking Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 110 
 
 Unit# 7: The Immune System - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 112 
Vocabulary Preview: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 114 
 Pronunciation Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 117 
 Listening Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 121 
 Medical Terminology: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 122 
 Grammar Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 124 
 Speaking Focus: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 127 
 
 Appendix 1a: Pronunciation Guide - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 129 
 Appendix 1b: Pronunciation Guide - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 130 
 Appendix 1c: Final –s and –ed endings - - - - - - - - - - - 131 
 Appendix 2a: Present Progressive Tense - - - - - - - - - - 132 
 Appendix 2b: Present Progressive Tense; 
 negative / question - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 133 
 Appendix 2c: Non-Progressive verbs - - - - - - - - - - - - - 134 
 Appendix 2d: Prepositions of Time - - - - - - - -- - - - - - 135 
 Appendix 2e: Count / Non-count nouns 
 Using a, an and x - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 136 
 Appendix 2f: Be going to / will - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 137 
 Appendix 2g: Definite article: The - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 138 
 Appendix 2h: Present Perfect Tense - - - - - - - - - - - - - 139 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
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 Appendix 2i: Present Perfect Tense: Passive Voice - - - - 140 
 Appendix 2j: Conditional Sentences - - - - - - - - - - - - - 141 
 
 Appendix 3a: Listening Passage: Unit# 1 - - - - - - - - - - 142 
 Appendix 3b: Listening Passage: Unit# 2 - - - - - - - - - - 143 
 Appendix 3c: Listening Passage: Unit# 3 - - - - - - - - - - 144 
 Appendix 3d: Listening Passage: Unit# 4 - - - - - - - - - - 145 
 Appendix 3e: Listening Passage: Unit# 5 - - - - - - - - - - 146 
 Appendix 3f: Listening Passage: Unit# 6 - - - - - - - - - - 147 
 Appendix 3g: Listening Passage: Unit# 7 - - - - - - - - - - 148 
 
 References - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 149 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
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PREFACE 
 
 This is the second part of the course contents that were developed after a 
comprehensive needs analysis project carried out at the College of Medicine 
and Medical Sciences(CMMS) by the author of this textbook during 2008 to 
determine the students’ linguistic and non-linguistic needs, the academic 
level and the preferred learning styles. This textbook is designed to cater for 
their specific linguistic needs as well as their non-linguistic needs: the 
culturally driven preferred learning styles. The purpose of this book is not to 
teach medicine but its aim is to enhance the students’ linguistic ability to 
effectively handle a textbook, a journal or a reference book, an oral 
presentation or a classroom lecture, an interactive academic session, an 
online resources, a medical topic. 
 
 Like the first part of English for Medicine, this textbook also ensures an 
integrated practice in all language skills along with emphasizingthe other 
important language areas of vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and 
medical terminology. Reading passages of moderate about different human 
body systems have been selected and paraphrased to suit the level and 
requirement of the students of medicine. These passages are exploited for 
achieving the above-mentioned goals. This textbook comprises of seven 
units. All language areas follow a logical academic progression to achieve 
optimum results. Different medical concepts, vocabulary items, medical 
terms, etc. are presented repeatedly in various contexts to strengthen 
students’ language command. A considerable variety of exercises is 
employed in all the units to familiarize the students with different learning 
situations and promote students’ interest and motivation. They include: 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
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question/answer, identifying the reference, fill in the blanks, solving 
crossword puzzles, word search, matching words with their meanings, 
synonyms or antonyms, multiple-choice questions, extracting specific items 
of information, matching ideas with paragraphs, true/false, correcting false 
statements, completing diagrams, labeling pictures, ordering sentences, 
joining ideas/sentences, circling correct information, writing sentences by 
using clues, completing outlines, splitting medical terms in their word parts, 
matching words parts, writing phonetic transcription, definitions and 
examples of medical terms, using appropriate verb forms, making questions 
and negatives, punctuation, error analysis, pronunciation practice, 
identifying and pronouncing past and plural endings, listening exercises, a 
variety of speaking exercises like dialogues, responding to the prompts, oral 
presentations etc. 
 
 Intensive reading skill provides the back bone for this textbook and other 
language areas are woven around it. Reading passages are adapted from 
encyclopedia Encarta so that there should not be any chance of mistakes as 
for as the medical information are concerned. All the passages are meant to 
be read silently. The students need to scan, skim and read intensively to 
solve a wide variety of exercises. They need to read the passages 
individually, in pairs or in groups. Students of medicine need to read a lot of 
reading materials, i.e. textbooks, reference books, articles, journals, online 
resources etc. This textbook provides the students with the skills to 
effectively deal with the daunting job of reading different kinds of reading 
materials. This enables them to become efficient readers which is a sine qua 
non to continue their studies successfully. 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
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 The vocabulary load is another challenge in the field of medicine and the 
students not only have to cope with the general English vocabulary but also 
they face an uphill task of learning the medical terminology. The 
unfamiliarity and complexity of these compound words make them extremely 
difficult to handle. A systematic approach is adopted to familiarize the 
students with their constituent word parts; roots, suffixes and prefixes, and 
their meanings. A variety of exercises require the students to separate these 
terms into their constituent word parts and to assemble word parts to 
formulate medical terms. Important terms are chosen to be taught in a 
logical progression. Each unit starts with a variety of vocabulary exercises 
that encourages the students to use diagrammatic and contextual clues to 
guess the meaning. Important expressions and words are repeatedly used in 
different contexts so that they should become part of the students’ active 
vocabulary which they may use comfortably and accurately in their oral and 
written communication. 
 
 Pronunciation of complex medical terms poses a serious challenge for 
Arab students of medicine. Majority of these terms is derived from 
unfamiliar Latin and Greek terminology that makes it extremely hard to 
pronounce them correctly. Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary, an 
authority in the field of medicine, is selected to address this complex 
problem. The students are given practice in phonetic transcription as well as 
in primary and secondary stress that enables the students to become self-
sufficient in pronunciation. The students are encouraged to divide these 
complex terms into syllables so that they can be pronounced correctly with 
ease. Repeated oral demonstrations by the teachers and then the students 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
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guarantees effective pronunciation acquisition. The pronunciation key is 
given in the appendices for the students to consult it any time they need. 
 
 Listening focus, a separate section, is dedicated to address their listening 
skills needs. A range of listening activities familiarizes the students with the 
skills of listening for specific purposes. These exercises are developed to 
prepare the students to listen to long passages. These exercises are meant to 
develop their skill of listening for specific purposes. The same listening 
passage is used for different exercises in each unit and this repeated 
listening of the same material will strengthen the pronunciation even of the 
unfamiliar medical terms. 
 
 Writing skills, though not needed much for their academic needs, is also 
integrated with other language skills. It is ensured that they proceed from 
controlled to guided writing. The students are required to write simple 
sentences in the beginning and then gradually proceed to use complex 
sentences. It is tried that the students should be able to write paragraphs of 
moderate length by the end of this level. 
 
 The importance of explaining various grammatical points is advocated 
especially for adult learners. A vast variety of grammar exercises are 
provided that enables the students to have practice in grammatical 
structures of common use. Each unit carries an error analysis exercise that 
requires the students to correct wrong sentences. Common mistakes are 
highlighted in these exercises so that the students should be able to avoid 
those common mistakes in their oral and written communication. Inductive 
way of grammar teaching is followed to discourage the students from simply 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
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memorizing the grammar rules. Grammar exercises are presented in such a 
manner that links these structures with real life situations instead. To 
discourage the tendency of simply cramming these grammatical rules, these 
are explained in the appendices instead of presenting them with the 
exercises. 
 
 Each unit ends with specific speaking activities which are based on the 
unit contents and the grammatical points covered in that unit. These 
speaking exercises provide the students with the opportunity to use various 
language structures in real life context. The rationale behind these exercises 
is to acquaint and familiarize the students with the practical application of 
different grammatical structures so that they may get prepared to effectively 
handle different real life situations. 
 
 Group / pair work, an effective pedagogical technique, is used extensively 
to improve students’ speaking time. If it is employed effectively, it not only 
enhances students’ oral competence but also encourages them to actively 
involve themselves in all exercises because it helps them overcome their 
shyness and cultural inhibitions. Group / pair work is suggested for certain 
other exercises as well but it is left to the teacher to employ them 
considering his/her specific academicsituation and his students’ needs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
 
 I wish to acknowledge my sincere indebtedness to Dr. Farid Hashim Al-
Flimban, Vice Presidident;Taif University, to promote a research oriented 
atmosphere at the university that encouraged me to complete this textbook. I 
gratefully acknowledge the unstinting and unconditional support of Dr. Turkey 
Saleem Al-Thubaiti; Chairman, Department of Foreign Languages/Secretary, 
Research & Development, for all the activities that help achieve academic 
excellence and professional development at the department. There is no denying of 
the fact that without his facilitation this would not have been possible for me. I 
wish to express my great appreciation to Dr. Abdul Rehman Al-Asmari, Dean, 
Preparatory Year Deanship for his constant reassurance and support. 
 
 My special gratitude is due to Dr. Hasan Banna El-Gabbala, Professor of 
Applied and Theoretical Linguistics, who provided me with valuable suggestions 
for the improvement of this textbook. I am extremely thankful to my respectable 
colleague Dr. Moyn Ali, Director Medical Education for their professional 
guidance. I want to express my thanks and appreciation to Mr. Wasim Khan, 
Head, Computer Section at CMMS, and Mr. Moayad Alshara, English Language 
Instructor at Department of Foreign Languages, for extending their valuable 
computing expertise. 
 
 Last but far from the least, my sincere thanks go to all my colleagues at 
Department of Foreign Languages for their valuable support and persistent 
encouragement. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 1 
UNIT # 1: The Respiratory System 
 
 
The Respiratory System is made up of organs that are responsible for 1 
delivering oxygen to the Cardiovascular System that transport it to the body 2 
cells. Oxygen is an important element for cells; the vital substance used to 3 
provide the energy which is required for cellular activities. In addition to this 4 
vital task, the Respiratory System helps remove carbon dioxide: thus, 5 
preventing the harmful accumulation of this waste product in body tissues. 6 
The Respiratory System functions its vital activities uninterrupted, which is 7 
necessary for life. A short interruption, even for a few minutes, of its vital 8 
tasks can cause an irreparable damage to body tissues. This damage results 9 
in the failure of all body systems and ultimately death. 10 
 11 
There are many important functions of the Respiratory System along with its 12 
basic functions of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide. It aids in 13 
regulating the balance of acid and base in the body tissues: an activity that is 14 
critical for the normal function of the body tissues. This system guards the 15 
body against disease-causing microorganisms and lethal substances that 16 
entered in the body during inhalation. Smell-detecting cells are also housed 17 
in the respiratory system and that help in the production of speech sounds. 18 
 19 
The Respiratory System works with the Cardiovascular System to exhale 20 
carbon dioxide and provide oxygen to the body cells. This two-phase 21 
process is called respiration. Inhalation is the first phase of respiration in 22 
which air is breathed into the lungs. Oxygen present in the air is transported 23 
to the heart through the veins. The heart pumps the oxygenated blood to the 24 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 2 
whole body. The first phase of respiration completes when the oxygen is 25 
transported into the cells from the blood stream. Cellular respiration, an 26 
independent energy-producing function, consumes this oxygen and this 27 
process produces a byproduct carbon dioxide. The completion of the first 28 
phase initiates the second phase of respiration and carbon dioxide moves to 29 
the blood stream from the body cells. Carbon dioxide-laden blood moves to 30 
the heart, which pumps this waste product into the lungs. The process of 31 
exhalation cleans the blood by removing carbon dioxide. The respiration 32 
cycle completes with this breathing-out. 33 
 34 
The respiratory system is comprised of the organs that start from the nose 35 
and end at the lungs. These organs constitute lower respiratory tract; the 36 
larynx or the voice box and the trachea, and the upper respiratory tract; the 37 
nose and the pharynx or throat. The trachea is also called the windpipe, 38 
which further splits into two branches which are known as bronchi, and a 39 
pair of saclike spongy organs called lungs. Bronchi are divided into tiny 40 
branches called bronchioles. Different organs of the Respiratory System like 41 
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles play their role to 42 
facilitate inhalation and exhalation process. The lungs are the most important 43 
organs of the Respiratory System, which work with the circulatory system to 44 
provide oxygen to the body and cleanse the body of the byproduct carbon 45 
dioxide. 46 
 
I. Pre-reading questions: 
 
 1. How do human beings breathe? 
 2. How do the animals who live in water breathe? 
 3. What organs are used in breathing? 
 
II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to: 
 
 1. Line # 2 it: __________________________ 
 2. Line # 3 this vital substance: __________________________ 
 3. Line # 6 this waste product: __________________________ 
 4. Line # 13 the basic function: __________________________ 
 5. Line # 13 it: __________________________ 
 6. Line # 21 a two-phase process: __________________________ 
 7. Line # 27 this process: __________________________ 
 8. Line # 35 that: __________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
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 9. Line # 44 which: __________________________ 
III. Vocabulary Preview 
 Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the 
 reading passage. Make necessary grammatical changes. 
 Then go back and write their meaning in the right column. 
 (pair work) 
 
Expressions Meanings 
in addition to 
aid in 
lethal 
critical for 
guard against 
disease-causing 
energy-producing 
byproduct 
carbon dioxide-laden 
split into 
 
 
1. The respiratory system works day-in and day-out to fight against the 
__________________ substances. 
2. Tar is a _________________ of oil refining process. 
3. ____________________________ blood is carried back to the lungs 
for cleaning. 
4. Human beings need various vitamins _______________________ 
other nutrients to carry out their daily routine. 
5. Carbohydrate is a major _____________________ source in our daily 
diet. 
6. Drinking sufficient amount of water _________________ keeping 
human kidneys healthy. 
7. Healthy eating habit is _____________________ maintaining long-
lasting health. 
8. Major blood vessels _________________ numerous minor ones to 
provide oxygenated blood to all organs. 
9. ___________________ bacteria are killed by the white blood cells. 
10. Human immunity system _______________________ the attacks of 
disease-causing microorganisms. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 4 
 
 
IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions / 
words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking) 
V. Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of given clues. 
 
Across 
1. divide 
3. present 
5. related to the cells 
9. gas necessaryfor human beings 
11. use 
12. made up of 
13. lethal 
14. harm 
15. breathing out 
18. small 
Down 
2. breathing in 
4. moved 
6. paired organs for breathing 
7. finally 
8. essential 
9. carrying oxygen 
10. another name for the windpipe 
16. buildup 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
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17. start 
 
VI. Read the following words and then read the relevant 
paragraphs to find their antonyms. 
 
 word antonym from passage 
 
a. healthy (paragraph# 1) ________________________ 
b. continued (paragraph# 1) ________________________ 
c. amendable (paragraph# 1) ________________________ 
 
d. salutary (paragraph# 2) ________________________ 
e. exhalation (paragraph# 2) ________________________ 
f. destruction (paragraph# 2) ________________________ 
 
h. initiate (paragraph# 3) _________________________ 
i. dependent (paragraph# 3) _________________________ 
j. produce (paragraph# 3) _________________________ 
 
k. join (paragraph# 4) _________________________ 
l. insignificant (paragraph# 4) _________________________ 
m. collect (paragraph# 4) _________________________ 
 PRONUNCIATION FOCUS: 
 
VII. These are the medical terms used in the reading passage. Say 
these words aloud and memorize their meaning. 
 
Term Pronunciation Meaning 
 
Respiratory 
cardiovascular 
la-rynx 
pha-rynx 
tra-che-a 
bron-chi 
respiration 
inhalation 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
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exhalation 
bron-chi-ole 
cap-i-llar-y 
vein 
 
VIII. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. Circle 
a, b, c, or d. (group work) 
 
1. The respiratory system _______________ oxygen to all body cells. 
 a. intimates b. removes c. supplies d. prohibits 
 
2. Oxygen is a(n) ________________ substance for cellular activities. 
 a. secondary b. important c. unimportant d. insignificant 
 
3. The respiratory system ________________ accumulation of carbon 
dioxide in body tissues. 
 a. increases b. decreases c. ensures d. hinders 
 
4. The primary function of the respiratory system is _________________. 
 a. exhaling carbon dioxide b. inhaling oxygen 
 c. both a & b d. neither a nor b 
 
5. Toxic substances and disease-causing organisms come from _________. 
 a. the blood b. the air c. the cells d. the lungs 
 
6. Oxygen moves into the cells _______ its movement into the blood stream. 
 a. after b. before c. simultaneously d. prior to 
 
7. Carbon dioxide is produced in the ________________. 
 a. lungs b. blood stream c. heart d. cells 
 
8. Oxygenation of blood occurs in the ______________________. 
 a. heart b. blood stream c. lungs d. cells 
 
9. The bronchioles are ________________ (than) the bronchi. 
 a. bigger b. of the same size of c. smaller d. same as 
 
10. The lungs work ______________ the circulatory system to deliver 
oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
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 a. in coordination with b. independent of 
 c. separately from d. after 
IX. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned words in your own 
sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking) 
 
X. Read the last paragraph and complete the following diagram. 
 
 
 
Respiratory 
system 
Upper 
respiratory 
tract 
trachea 
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XI. Read the passage and decide which words act as nouns or 
verbs in this reading passage. These words are boldfaced in the 
reading passage. ( pair work) 
 
transport start task damage balance 
function cause help sound work 
air process pump 
nouns Verbs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
XII. Read the passage and write “T” for true statement and “F” 
for false statement. Correct the false statements and write them 
again on the lines given below. 
 
1. The respiratory system organs transport oxygen to all body cells. ( ) 
2. Cells use oxygen to liberate the energy needed for cellular 
 activities. ( ) 
3. The respiratory system removes carbon dioxide. ( ) 
4. The respiratory system carries out its life-sustaining activities during 
the day light. ( ) 
5. Intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide is crucial for the 
normal cellular functioning. ( ) 
6. The smell-detecting cells house the respiratory system. ( ) 
7. Respiration is a two-phase process. ( ) 
8. Inhalation brings air into the lungs. ( ) 
9. The first phase of respiration completes with moving oxygen into the 
bloodstream. ( ) 
10. The larynx divides into further two main branches. ( ) 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 9 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
 
XIII. Read the passage carefully and write down all the vital 
activities of the respiratory system. (pair work) 
a._________________________________________ 
b._________________________________________ 
c._________________________________________ 
d._________________________________________ 
e._________________________________________ 
f._________________________________________ 
g._________________________________________ 
h._________________________________________ 
i._________________________________________ 
 
XIV. Work in small groups and find out the three most important 
activities of the respiratory system. Give reasons for your 
preference. (pair work) 
 
a._________________________________________ 
b._________________________________________ 
c._________________________________________ 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 10 
Reasons: 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
 
 
 
 LISTENING FOCUS: 
 
XV. Listen to the passage and write down the relative paragraph 
number in front of the title. 
 
title Paragraph number 
Viral Infections 
Allergic Reactions 
Infection of Bronchus and Larynx 
 
XVI. Listen to the passage and match the diseases with their 
symptoms. 
 
 disease symptoms 
 
 1. pneumonia _____ stuffy nose, colds, membrane swelling 
 2. asthma _____ watery eyes, sneezing, runny nose 
 3. laryngitis _____ breathing difficulty 
 4. hay fever _____ hoarseness, voice deformity 
 5. viral infection _____ inflammation and fluid buildup 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 11 
 Medical Terminology: 
 
XVII. REVIW: Book one 
Match the following roots with their meanings. 
 
 1. garant/o _____enzyme 
 2. hemat/o _____ death 
 3. oste/o _____ stone 
 4. path/o _____ bone 
 5. dermat/o _____ aged 
 6. ase _____surgical removal 
 7. algia _____ written record 
 8. ose _____ water 
 9. necr/o _____ surgical repair 
 10. lith/o _____ disease 
11. hydr/o _____ gas 
 12. aer/o _____ skin 
 13. lip/o _____ incision 
 14. ectomy _____ blood 
 15. gram _____ sugar 
 16. tomy _____ pain 
 17. plasty _____ fat 
 
Common roots related to the respiratory system: 
 
 bronchi/o refers to the bronchus 
 laryng/o refers to the larynx 
 nas/o refers to the nose 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
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 rhin/o refers to the nose 
 pharyng/o refers to the pharynx 
 phren/o refers to the diaphragm 
 pneum/o refers to the lungs 
 pneumon/o refers to the lungs 
 pulmon/o refers to the lungs 
 sinus/o refers to the sinus cavity 
 trache/o refers to the trachea 
 
XVIII. Write one example each for the following roots and 
suffixes. Write their transcription and definitions as well. 
 
Root / 
Suffix 
Example 
transcription 
definition 
bronchi/o 
 
 
 
laryng/o 
 
 
 
nas/o 
 
 
 
 
 
rhin/o 
 
 
pharyng/o 
 
 
 
phren/o 
 
 
 
 
 
pneum/o 
 
 
 
pneumon/o 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 13 
pulmon/o 
 
 
 
sinus/o 
 
 
 
trache/o 
 
 
 
 
 GRAMMAR FOCUS: 
 Present Continuous Tense 
 
 
A: Complete the following sentences with the appropriate forms of 
the verbs given in the parentheses. 
 
Example. They are studying biology now. 
 
1. Dr. Salah (go) ________________ to the operation theatre now. 
2. His colleague (operate on) _____________ an acute carditis. 
3. The students (write) __________________ the weekly report. 
4. I (teach) ______________ medical terminology to the students now. 
5. All the faculty members (work) ________________ hard this term. 
6. Dr. Majid (write) ________________ an interesting article on acute 
headache these days. 
7. The patient (get) ________________ better with the new treatment. 
8. His blood pressure (fluctuate) __________________ very quickly 
these days. 
9. She (wave) ________________ to her friend now. 
10. The students (live) ________________ in the furnished apartments. 
 
 
B. Change the sentences in exercise A into negatives and 
questions. Change the underlined words with the words given 
below. (group work) 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 14 
Example: physics 
Are they studying physics now? 
 No, they are not studying physics now. 
 
1. Dr. Fahd 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
2. appendicitis 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
3. the teachers 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
4. speaking skills 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
5. this year 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
6. Dr. Sami 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
 
7. new diet plan 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 15 
8. slowly 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
9. sister 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
10. villas 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
Non-action Verbs: The following verbs are not used in progressive form. 
 
 hear believe own 
 see think have 
 sound understand possess 
 be know belong 
 exist forget need 
 like remember want 
 love prefer 
 hate 
 
C. Complete the following sentences with appropriate form of the 
verbs given in parentheses. 
 
1. I am hungry now. I (want) _______________ to eat lunch. 
2. Dr. Saleh (operate) ______________ the patient right now. He 
(believe) ______________ that the operation will be successful. 
3. While the teacher (deliver) _______________ the lecture, I (hear) 
_______________ some students talking loudly. 
4. He (run) _______________ very fast and (sweat) _______________ 
bitterly at the moment. 
5. I (think) _________________ about the last quiz. 
6. I (see) ________________ Ali walking through the corridor. 
7. I can not live without you. I (love) __________ you very much. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 16 
8. What is this? I (think) _______________ it is new equipment. 
9. Dr. Ahmed is speaking now. He (sound) ________________ very 
friendly. 
10. We (watch) ___________________ an interesting movie now. 
Everybody (have) _________________ a good time. 
11. Nowadays I (have) ___________________ two cars. 
 
D. Put the appropriate preposition of time; in, on, or at, in the 
following sentences. ( pair work) 
 
1. He arrived _________ 8 o’clock. 
2. All students started their studies _________ September. 
3. Medical students have to study ______ weekends. 
4. The new professor joined CMMS _______ 2005. 
5. The faculty members attend a seminar _______ Saturday mornings. 
6. Dr. Taha is operating _______ the moment. 
7. Most doctors don’t like to be on call _______ night. 
8. The nurse reported all emergency cases ______ the morning. 
9. He will be operated upon ______ October 9
th
. 
10. The teacher forbade the students to speak ______ the same time. 
11. _____ the end of the second term, the students will get summer vacation. 
12. Fatima will go home ______ summer. 
 
E. Correct the following sentences. (pair work) 
 
1. The students are usually study hard. 
________________________________________________________ 
2. My all friends enjoy the party last week. 
________________________________________________________ 
3. He don’t need to wake up early. 
________________________________________________________ 
4. Abdullah comes usually late. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 17 
5. You are not understand the consequences. 
________________________________________________________ 
6. He tries to call his friend at the moment? 
________________________________________________________ 
7. He is never believing in false stories. 
________________________________________________________ 
8. He seldom sleeps well in night. 
________________________________________________________ 
9. Good students try to reach school on the morning. 
________________________________________________________ 
10. Does the children need good nutrition? 
________________________________________________________ 
11. Does he went home before his father? 
________________________________________________________ 
12. Doeshe likes to play football? 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 Speaking Focus 
 
Activity: A 
 
Work in small groups (three students in each group ). 
Look at the picture of different people busy in different activities. 
Discuss what is happening in the picture. 
One student from each group will stand up and explain the picture using 
present progressive tense. 
* Ask questions using present progressive tense. 
( group work) 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 18 
Activity: B 
 
Work in two groups: A & B. 
One student from Group # A will stand and does some actions. (miming) 
One student from Group # B will stand up and describe the actions of that 
student using present progressive tense. 
Two students from Group # A will stand and ask and answer questions 
regarding that action. 
Switch the roles after each performance. 
*Try to do something interesting and unusual. 
( group / pair work) 
 
Examples: 
 
He is standing on one leg. 
1. Is he standing on one leg? 
 2. Yes, he is. 
 
He is waiting for somebody. 
1. Is he writing on the board? 
2. No, he isn’t. 
 
He is reading a book. 
 1. -------------------------------------- 
 2. -------------------------------------- 
He is wearing his shoes. 
 1. -------------------------------------- 
 2. -------------------------------------- 
He is biting his fingernails. 
 1. -------------------------------------- 
 2. -------------------------------------- 
 
Activity C: 
Work in small groups (4/5 students in each group). 
Discuss and decide what may happen to various human organs if respiratory 
system interrupts for some time. 
Note down the agreed upon points. 
One student from each group will stand and share the finding with the class. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 19 
* Any student from the group will answer any questions asked by other 
students. 
( group work) 
 
Assignment 
 
Search online resources and prepare a 5-minute presentation about the 
various functions of Respiratory System other than its vital activities. 
(individual presentations) 
 
Recommended Online Resources: 
 
1. http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/respiratorysystem/menu/menu.html 
2. http://bogglesworldesl.com/respiratorysystem.htm 
3. http://www.helpteaching.com/tests/197241/respiratory-system 
4. http://www.helpteaching.com/search/respiratory 
5. http://www.livescience.com/22616-respiratory-system.html 
6. http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/foxhumphys/student/olc/res-
reading2.html 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/respiratorysystem/menu/menu.html
http://bogglesworldesl.com/respiratorysystem.htm
http://www.helpteaching.com/tests/197241/respiratory-system
http://www.helpteaching.com/search/respiratory
http://www.livescience.com/22616-respiratory-system.html
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/foxhumphys/student/olc/res-reading2.html
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/foxhumphys/student/olc/res-reading2.html
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 20 
UNIT # 2: The Circulatory System 
 
The heart, blood, and blood vessels work together in close coordination to 1 
constitute the Circulatory System, also known as Cardiovascular System, 2 
which is responsible for providing oxygen and other important nutrients to 3 
all body cells. Carbon dioxide and other waste products are also carried 4 
away by the Circulatory System. The human body requires enhanced blood 5 
flow to satisfy its increased energy needs during exercise. In addition, the 6 
Respiratory System maintains body temperature as well. This vital system 7 
prevents the body from foreign invading elements. Swift messages are sent 8 
to the disease-fighting white blood cells and antibodies to fight the foreign 9 
microorganisms at the affected part of the body. The Cardiovascular System 10 
transports the blood-clotting cells and proteins to the injured part of the 11 
human body to promote healing by stopping bleeding. 12 
The heart is the most important organ of the three basic structural organs: the 13 
heart, blood and blood vessels. The walls of the four chambers of the heart, 14 
the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle, are 15 
made up of the myocardium, which pumps the blood to provide oxygen to 16 
all the organs of the body. A two stage process, systole and diastole, 17 
completes one heart beat. During systole, heart contracts to pump oxygen-18 
carrying blood to all body cells whereas the deoxygenated blood is pumped 19 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 21 
into the lungs. The resting stage of the heart is called diastole. The heart 20 
pumps approximately 60 to 90 ml (2 to 3 oz) of blood during each heart 21 
beat. 22 
The plasma, a yellowish liquid, constitutes the main part of the blood which 23 
carries three types of blood cells: the platelets which help clot the blood, the 24 
red blood cells which bear oxygen, and the white blood cells which fight 25 
disease-causing foreign organisms or substances. Plasma is made of water, 26 
salts, proteins, vitamins, minerals, hormones, dissolved gases, and fats. The 27 
Circulatory System consists of complicated network of three kinds of blood 28 
vessels. The blood is pumped out of the heart and transported to the body 29 
cells through the arteries. The veins bear it back towards the heart. The 30 
capillaries are extremely thin tubes that link the arteries and veins. The 31 
endothelial cells form the inner layer of the blood vessels which allow the 32 
blood run smoothly and uninterruptedly through these tube-like structures. A 33 
thin sheet of the connective tissues and smooth muscles surrounds the layer 34 
of the endothelial cells which equip the blood vessels with the necessary 35 
elasticity. 36 
The blood is pumped into the arteries with great pressure. The artery walls 37 
are thicker than those of veins to bear this pressure. On the contrary, the 38 
veins have one-way valves to ensure smooth flow of the blood towards the 39 
heart. The capillaries are the tiniest blood vessels of all the three types of 40 
blood vessels (a human hair is thicker than ten capillaries put together side 41 
by side) and cannot be seen except through a microscope. The total length of 42 
all the blood vessels in a human body exceeds 100,000 kilometers which is 43 
sufficient to stretch around the earth for more than two times.44 
I. Pre-reading questions: 
 
 1. How does the blood move in the human body? 
 2. What are various blood vessels in human body? 
 3. What is the main organ in the circulatory system? 
 
II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to: 
 
 1. Line # 3 which: __________________________ 
 2. Line # 6 its: __________________________ 
 3. Line # 7 this vital system: __________________________ 
 4. Line # 14 four chambers: __________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 22 
 5. Line # 16 which: __________________________ 
 6. Line # 24 three types of 
 blood vessels: __________________________ 
 7. Line # 30 it: __________________________ 
 8. Line # 31 thin tubes: __________________________ 
 9. Line # 32 which: __________________________ 
 10. Line # 38 those of: __________________________ 
 
III. Vocabulary Preview 
 Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the 
 readingpassage. Make necessary grammatical changes. Then 
 go back and write their meaning in the right column. 
 (pair work) 
 
Expressions Meanings 
(be) carried away 
disease-fighting 
network 
(be) pumped out of 
blood-clotting 
disease-causing 
ensure 
one-way 
side by side 
stretch around 
 
1. The kidneys contain a complicated _____________ the nephrons. 
2. The ______________ cells are responsible to stop blood flow in case 
of an injury. 
3. The waste products such as urea and uric acid __________________ 
by the urinary system. 
4. The white blood cells constantly fight the ________________ 
microorganisms. 
5. The _________________ cells quickly accumulate in the affected area 
to fight foreign organisms. 
6. The human skin __________________ human body to save its vital 
organs. 
7. The epidermis and dermis lie _______________ in the human skin. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 23 
8. Intensive treatment _______________ a quick cure for the patient. 
9. Deoxygenated blood ___________________ the heart into the lungs 
for cleaning. 
10. The appendix contains a _____________ valve at its joining point. 
 
IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions / 
words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking) 
 
V. Find the words given in the box. 
 BASIC, CAPILLARY, CARDIOVASCULAR, CHAMBER 
 CONTRACT, ELASTICITY, MAINTAIN, MINERAL 
 ORGAN, PLASMA, PLATELETS, PRESSURE 
 SATISFY, SUBSTANCE, SWIFT, THIN 
 TRANSPORT, VITAL, WASTE 
 
S S Z A O H P U W S O K I O F E S M F V A C E Q N 
N T W K Z S N V N R Q F N O C O Q T E L I A C I E 
G N E I Y U B H G B K N G N Q K P T A M R R R L Q 
J K I L F E R A B N Y E A G H C S Z O N E D N S V 
D L Z H E T N B Q P Z T N T T A G A V M P I M A F 
S O Y E Q T N A I L S W A H W U B A Y D I O O S X 
Y A P A U E A C Q B X I R F L C H T A D E V H Z P 
Z Y T H Z B V L U I M C I D E W T Y T J X A U J C 
B R O W S C Z S P C U D K M W F F C Z J Z S S W T 
M A C F M J U L Z P Z D H T P Q G V Q U A C A Z F 
T L G D I U F M F T L M I F X P N I T Y M U Y Z M 
E L S Z P X X U K B W V X U D X C H V J E L V B O 
L I M A I N T A I N S O O Z S A C X O E B A U S S 
X P N Z Q B H E A L Z V F O R Y J Y L E P R F E N 
X A P L P O C B W R E B M A H C T A S U X Z G A C 
X C R C A S R T I Z F K V N Q Z S R J E R A M R Q 
U G E H J R D P S D F T C V P T Y P H J C W U J Y 
D T S G D Z E A V I T A L O I Z S P L N A R G D U 
Z L S M Y B T N P A Q G R C N G T V L M M P W R C 
K X U N Y I U A I N E U I G K T A X C N S D P J E 
Y T R G S Q M U R M X T D Q X D R B F G A C O B G 
X R E F B B E J Y U Y T R O P S N A R T L B N H Q 
A L Y L S J Q G O M R F O X L A X Y C Q P A O J I 
D S O C D F R A W P C J A W K D W E F T A P B M R 
P O A D Z C J O U X P B U O V B C W N I H T M R T 
B V H K M C D C C N J D R V L Z G Z M U G J F E Y 
A C B T C E G W T N V V B F U Y C E G C L F A C L 
S F H Y M V L P N A K P Z G A T T Q W S S O A M Y 
I I K P Z I F U P C P Z E B Q H L B M L D S W P C 
C E W W R E R X G L A Y E W L Q P R D T B C T O X 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 24 
VI. Read the following words and then read the relevant 
paragraphs to find their synonyms. 
 word synonym from passage 
 
a. make (paragraph# 1) ________________________ 
b. increase (paragraph# 1) ________________________ 
c. balance (paragraph# 1) ________________________ 
 
d. fundamental (paragraph# 2) ________________________ 
e. rooms (paragraph# 2) ________________________ 
f. nearly (paragraph# 2) ________________________ 
 
g. material (paragraph# 3) ________________________ 
h. highly (paragraph# 3) _________________________ 
i. easily (paragraph# 3) _________________________ 
j. encircle (paragraph# 3) _________________________ 
 
k. make sure (paragraph# 4) _________________________ 
l. movement (paragraph# 4) _________________________ 
 
 PRONUNCIATION FOCUS 
 
VII. These are the medical terms used in the reading passage. Say 
these words aloud and memorize their meaning. 
 
Term Pronunciation Meaning 
 
circulatory 
cardiovescular 
vessel 
atrium 
ventricle 
systole 
diastole 
plasma 
endothelial 
capillary 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 25 
artery 
vein 
 
VIII. Write the correct final sound of the plural form (-s) for these 
nouns. Write s, z, or iz. Say them aloud. 
 
1. tissues / / 2. phases / / 
3. streams / / 4. cycles / / 
5. bronchioles / / 6. nutrients / / 
7. massages / / 8. antibodies / / 
9. chambers / / 10. atriums / / 
11. beats / / 12. minerals / / 
13. hormones / / 14. processes / / 
 
IX. Read the main ideas and write down the correct paragraph 
number in the column next to it. 
 
No Main idea Paragraph 
number 
1 the role of the blood and blood vessels in the 
circulatory system 
 
2 anatomy and functions of the vital organ of the 
circulatory system 
 
3 The capillaries are the thinnest blood vessels in 
the circulatory system. 
 
4 vital functions of the circulatory system 
 
X. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. Circle a, 
b, c, or d. (group work) 
 
1. The circulatory system and the cardiovascular system are ___________. 
 a. complementary b. different 
c. same d. nearly same 
 
2. Transporting oxygen and nutrients are _______________ functions of the 
circulatory system. 
 a. basic b. secondary 
 c. additional d. not important 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 26 
3. Exercise _________________ the blood flow. 
 a. regulates b. increases 
 c. decreases d. doesn’t effect 
 
4. Attack of foreign organisms activates ________________. 
 a. only white blood cells b. only antibodies 
 c. both a & b d. the immune system 
 
5. The ________________ is (are) the most important structural element of 
 the circulatory system. 
 a. heart b. blood 
 c. blood vessels d. none 
 
6. __________________ ounces of blood is pumped out of the heart in each 
 heart beat. 
 a. 60-90 b. 2-3 
 c. 2 d. 3 
 
7. ________________ are found in the bloodstream. 
 a. The red blood cells b. The white blood cells 
 c. The platelets d. a, b & c 
 
8. The blood is pumped out of the heart through the __________________. 
 a. arteries b. veins 
 c. capillaries d. body tissues 
 
9. The veins have _________________ blood pressure as compared to the 
arteries. 
 a. more b. low 
 c. same d. unknown 
 
10. A human hair is _________________ than a capillary. 
 a. longer b. thinner 
 c. thicker d. weaker 
 
XI. Read the passage and put the following words in the right 
column. 
circulatory nutrient ventricle special 
smoothly smooth diastole deoxygenated 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 27 
pumping usually connective chamber 
 
Nouns adjectives adverbs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
XII. Use the above-mentioned words in your own sentences. Say 
these sentences aloud. (speaking) 
 
XIII. Read the second paragraph and write the missing names of 
different parts of the heart. ( pair work) 
 
XIV. Read the second and third paragraphs and complete the 
following table. 
 
 
------------------------- 
 
heart 
 
Blood 
 
--------------------------------------------------------
---------------------- 
 
-----------------------------
------------------------- 
 
----------------------------
oxygen-bearing 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 28 
veins 
----------------------------
------------------------ 
 
-----------------------------
------------------------- 
 
------------------------------
-------------------------- 
 
 
--------------------------
tiny links between the 
arteries and veins 
 
-----------------------------
------------------------- 
platelets 
---------------------------- 
XXXXXX 
XXXX 
XXXXXX 
 
-----------------------------
------------------------- 
 
a yellowish liquid 
 
XV. Read the passage and answer the following questions. (pair 
work) 
 
1. What is the function of the cardiovascular system? 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
 
2. How does the circulatory system act in case of foreign organisms’ 
invasion? 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
 
3. How is bleeding stopped in case of an injury? 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
 
4. What is the myocardium and what is its function? 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
 
 
5. What are two stages of a heartbeat? 
___________________________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 29 
___________________________________________ 
 
6. What is the plasma made up of? 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
 
7. What is the function of the endothelial cells? 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
 
 
 LISTENING FOCUS: 
 
XVI. Listen to the passage and match the diseases with their 
effects. 
 
 disease effects 
 
 1. hypertension _____ narrowing of the blood vessels 
 2. arteriosclerosis _____ reduced flow of the blood 
 3. atherosclerosis _____ stiffness of the blood vessels 
 
XVII. Listen to the passage and write “T” for true statement and 
“F” for false statement. 
 
1. Hypertension, arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis are most 
 important heart diseases. ( ) 
2. Increased blood pressure is called hypertension. ( ) 
3. Untreated hypertension may cause blood vessel enlargement. ( ) 
4. Hypertension can be cured by adopting healthy lifestyle. ( ) 
5. Arteriosclerosis causes restricted blood supply to all body parts. ( ) 
6. The causes of arteriosclerosis are very well known. ( ) 
7. Arthrosclerosis is an advanced form of arteriosclerosis. ( ) 
8. Reduction in blood flow may damage the organs. ( ) 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 30 
XVIII. Listen to the passage again and correct the false 
statements. Write them on the lines given below. 
 
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________ 
 
 Medical Terminology: 
 
Suffixes that are related to medical conditions 
 
Suffix meaning Example Definition 
-cele referring to 
hernia 
hematocele blood cyst 
-ectasia referring to 
dilation 
cardioectasia dilation of the heart 
-malacia referring to 
softening 
osteomalacia softening of the skin 
-dynia referring to pain cardiodynia pain in the heart 
-oma referring to 
tumor 
neuroma nerve tumor 
-osis referring to 
abnormal 
condition 
phychosis mental illness 
 
 
XIX. Split the following terms into their different words parts: i.e. 
roots and suffixes. Write the meaning for the word parts. 
 (pair work) 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 31 
Term Root Suffix 
 (meaning) (meaning) 
 
osteoma ----------------------------- -------------------------------- 
 ----------------------------- -------------------------------- 
cardiocele ----------------------------- -------------------------------- 
 ----------------------------- -------------------------------- 
neurectasia ----------------------------- -------------------------------- 
 ----------------------------- -------------------------------- 
cardiomalasia ----------------------------- -------------------------------- 
 ----------------------------- -------------------------------- 
osteosis ----------------------------- -------------------------------- 
 ----------------------------- -------------------------------- 
osteodynia ----------------------------- -------------------------------- 
 ----------------------------- -------------------------------- 
dermatosis ----------------------------- -------------------------------- 
 ----------------------------- -------------------------------- 
hematosis ----------------------------- -------------------------------- 
 ----------------------------- -------------------------------- 
Common roots related to the circulatory system: 
 
 angi/o refers to the vessels 
 arteri/o refers to the arteries 
 ather/o refers to gruel-like 
 hem/o; hemat/o refers to the blood 
 phleb/o refers to the veins 
 thromb/o refers to clots 
 varic/o refers to dilation 
 vas/o refers to the vessels 
 vascul/o refers to the vessels 
 ven/o refers to the veins 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 32 
XX. Write one example each for the following roots and suffixes. 
Write their transcription and definitions as well. 
 
Root / 
Suffix 
Example 
transcription 
Definition 
ang/i/o 
 
 
 
arteri/o 
 
 
 
ather/o 
 
 
 
hem/o; 
 
hemat/o 
 
 
 
 
 
phleb/o 
 
 
 
thromb/o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
varic/o 
 
 
 
vas/o 
 
 
 
vascul/o 
 
 
 
ven/o 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 33 
 GRAMMAR FOCUS: 
 
A: Complete the following passage with the appropriate forms of 
the verbs given in the parentheses. (Use simple past or past 
continuous tense.) 
 
 Last week the students of CMMS (visit) _______________ Al-Hada 
Military Hospital. While the teacher (tell) ________________ about the trip, 
the students (be) _____________ very excited. They (start) _____________ 
their journey at 8:00. They (talk) _______________ to each other when the 
bus (stop) ____________ at the hospital gate. They (begin) _____________ 
their tour from the cardiac ward. The doctor (explain) _______________ 
about cardiac diseases while they (listen) ________________ attentively. He 
(give) _______________ them very interesting information. Then they (go) 
______________ to the surgical ward. When they (reach) ______________ 
there, the doctor (talk) _______________ to the patients. They (visit) 
________________ different sections of the hospital.Their teacher (explain) 
_________________ various hospital protocols while they (visit) 
_________________ various wards. They (conclude) __________________ 
their trip at 11:30. While they (return) ________________ to the college 
campus, they (think) ________________ about their wonderful educational 
trip. 
 
B. Change the following sentences into passive voice. 
 (group work) 
 
Example: The masons are building my house nowadays. 
 My house is being built by the masons nowadays. 
 
1. The doctor was doing the operation at 4:00 yesterday. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
2. The nurse was helping the doctor. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
3. Fahd is writing a letter. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 34 
4. The chemist is filling a bottle. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
5. I am cooking soup. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
6. They were fixing the tube lights. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
7. The students are washing clothes. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
8. A watchman is taking care of this building. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
9. My sister was reading an interesting article. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
10. The villagers were reaping the wheat crop. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
C. Read the given countable and uncountable nouns. Write “a” or 
“an” with countable nouns and “X” with uncountable nouns. 
 
_______ advice _______ chair _______ behaviour 
_______ apple _______ bread _______ hour 
_______ computer _______ article _______ boy 
_______ chaos _______ teacher _______ baggage 
_______ furniture _______ student _______ car 
_______ umbrella _______ information _______ news 
_______ Australian _______ mobile _______ permission 
_______ progress _______ sock _______ pencil 
_______ orange _______ historian _______ tent 
_______ scenery _______ tube _______ traffic 
_______ weather _______ whistle _______ elephant 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 35 
D. Put the appropriate preposition of time; for, while, during, by 
or until, in the following sentences. ( pair work) 
 
1. Let’s wait ____________ the patient gets better. 
2. You have to take this medicine ___________ two weeks. 
3. The nurse fell asleep _____________ the operation. 
4. The patient will be discharged from the hospital _________ next month. 
5. The teacher was delivering lecture _________ the students were listening 
attentively. 
6. You can not smoke _____________ you finish this treatment. 
7. The patient remained senseless ___________ the operation was going on. 
8. I will not be free _____________ the summer vacation. 
9. Dr. Nasir will finish his article ____________ the end of June. 
10. The students will take three quizzes ____________ the first term. 
 
E. Correct the following sentences. ( pair work) 
 
1. I need to report to the director during the end of this week. 
 ___________________________________________________________ 
2. I was graduating in 2001. 
 ___________________________________________________________ 
3. Was the doctor being punish for his negligence. 
 ___________________________________________________________ 
4. The students cannot leave during they finish their examination. 
 ___________________________________________________________ 
5. The doctor was operating while the patient cried. 
 ___________________________________________________________ 
6. You do not need a permission for a short leave. 
 ___________________________________________________________ 
7. Anatomy is taught to us nowadays. 
 ___________________________________________________________ 
8. The seminar arranged for the first year students. 
 ___________________________________________________________ 
9. The bell was ranging when they entered the classroom. 
 ___________________________________________________________ 
10. Fatima have to buy computer for her studies. 
 ___________________________________________________________ 
11. The antibiotics did not cured the disease. 
 ___________________________________________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 36 
12. The final exam sheets were correct by Dr. Fahad. 
 ___________________________________________________________ 
 
 Speaking Focus 
Activity A: 
Work in small groups (three students in each group). 
Each group will have a picture of different people busy in different 
activities. 
Discuss what was happening in the picture assuming some time in 
the past. 
One student from each group will stand up and explain the picture 
using past progressive tense. (group work) 
 
Examples: 
 
* It was five o’clock in the afternoon and Shahris’ were in a park. They were 
doing different things. Ali was preparing food while his brother Ahmed was 
helping him. ------------------ 
 
Activity B: 
Work in two groups: A & B. 
One student from Group # A will stand and give one prompt. One student 
from Group # B will stand up and make a statement using past progressive 
tense. 
Both students will do at least five prompts before the second pair starts. 
Switch the roles after each performance. 
 (group / pair work) 
 
Examples: 
 
Sleep / phone ring 
While I was sleeping, the phone rang. 
 
Email / reading 
Ali was sending email to his friend while his sister was talking on phone. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 37 
Activity C: 
Whole class activity 
Discuss and make a list of the symptoms of a typical cardiac patient 
Role Play Activity 
Have a dialogue between a patient and a doctor. The patient tells some 
symptoms and the doctors ask several other questions to verify his disease. 
The doctor prescribes certain tests and gives advice 
 
Assignment 
 
Search online resources and prepare a 5-minute presentation about the 
causes of cardiac diseases and lifestyle changes to avoid heart problems. 
(individual presentations) 
 
Recommended Online Resources: 
 
1. http://www.innerbody.com/image/cardov.html 
2. http://bogglesworldesl.com/circulatorysystem.htm 
3. http://www.neok12.com/Circulatory-System.htm 
4. http://www.livescience.com/22486-circulatory-system.html 
5. http://www.newhealthguide.org/Circulatory-System-Diseases.html 
6. http://www.quibblo.com/quiz/bIUxttK/Cardiovascular-Diseases 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
http://www.innerbody.com/image/cardov.html
http://bogglesworldesl.com/circulatorysystem.htm
http://www.neok12.com/Circulatory-System.htm
http://www.livescience.com/22486-circulatory-system.html
http://www.newhealthguide.org/Circulatory-System-Diseases.html
http://www.quibblo.com/quiz/bIUxttK/Cardiovascular-Diseases
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 38 
UNIT # 3: The Digestive System 
 
The Digestive System breaks down and digests the food to provide energy 1 
necessary to sustain life. It consists of a chain of well-connected organs. The 2 
process of digestion starts in the mouth where food is ground into smaller 3 
pieces and transferred to other digestive organs that break apart the complex 4 
molecules into simple ones so that they may be properly absorbed into the 5 
bloodstream. These nutrients then move through the bloodstreamthat 6 
transports them to the body cells where they are processed to provide the 7 
body with energy needed for repair and growth. The Digestive System 8 
distinguishes animals from plants, which do not have such system. Plants do 9 
not take in food from foreign sources like animals do. Rather they utilize 10 
sunlight to make simple sugar by converting carbon dioxide and water 11 
through the process of photosynthesis. On the contrary, animals have to eat 12 
organic food from plant or animal sources to meet their energy requirements. 13 
The digestive system has two phases of digestion known as the mechanical 14 
phase and chemical phase. The tongue, teeth and other structures in the 15 
mouth grind the large chunks of food into smaller pieces. This phase is 16 
called the mechanical phase. The food is then pushed towards the stomach 17 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 39 
where most of the chemical phase takes place. During this phase, the 18 
complex molecules of the food are broken down into simple ones with the 19 
help of certain enzymes. There are special glands in the body that secrete 20 
these enzymes. The digestive tract or the alimentary canal is a long tube-like 21 
structure that constitutes the Digestive System. The mouth is the starting 22 
point of this tract through which food is eaten up and the anus is the 23 
culminating point which excretes the waste products. The walls of this 24 
alimentary canal are lined with muscles that help the food move along the 25 
tract. Majority of the organs that take part in digestion are part of the 26 
digestive tract except for the liver and pancreas. These organs secrete certain 27 
juices which play an important role in the chemical digestion. As these 28 
organs are not located inside the alimentary canal, they are linked with this 29 
tract through tube-like structures called ducts. The total length of a stretched-30 
out alimentary tract of an adult human being is nearly 20 to 30 feet (6 - 9 m). 31 
Both the chemical and mechanical digestions start in the mouth of human 32 
beings. The teeth cut and grind the food into small pieces with the help of 33 
the tongue. The inner walls of the cheeks are lined with special glands that 34 
produce mucus, which lubricates the food. This whole process changes the 35 
food into a wet, soft mass. There are several ducts that drain saliva that is 36 
secreted by three pairs of salivary glands. The enzymes present in the saliva 37 
called ptyalin hydrolyze starch; kind of a carbohydrate produced by plants. 38 
This soft, ground mass known as bolus is pushed down into the pharynx. 39 
The pharynx serves as a passage that allows food as well as air to pass 40 
through. When food is eaten up, the epiglottis covers the trachea which 41 
prohibits the food from entering the windpipe. Numerous gastric glands 42 
present in the stomach secrete pepsin, mucin and hydrochloric acid that help 43 
digest the food in the stomach. Most of the digestion takes place in the small 44 
intestine. The necessary elements are absorbed whereas the indigestible food 45 
pass through the large intestine to be excreted through the anus.46 
I. Pre-reading questions: 
 
 1. How do human beings get energy? 
 2. What happens to food in the human body? 
 3. What are the main organs of the digestive system? 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 40 
II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to: 
 
 1. Line # 2 it: __________________________ 
 2. Line # 5 simple ones: __________________________ 
 3. Line # 7 them: __________________________ 
 4. Line # 9 which: __________________________ 
 5. Line # 20 that: __________________________ 
 6. Line # 23 this tract: __________________________ 
 7. Line # 28 these organs: __________________________ 
 8. Line # 35 which: __________________________ 
 9. Line # 36 that: __________________________ 
 10. Line # 39 bolus: __________________________ 
 
III. Vocabulary Preview 
 Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the 
 reading passage. Make necessary grammatical changes. Then 
 go back and write their meaning in the right column. 
 (pair work) 
 
Expressions Meanings 
(be) absorbed into 
move through 
push towards 
Enzyme 
take in 
break apart 
Secrete 
move along 
(be) lined with 
pass through 
 
1. The blood ___________________ the human body to provide oxygen 
to all organs. 
2. The tongue _________ the food _____________ the teeth for grinding. 
3. During the process of oxygenation, the blood ___________________ 
the lungs. 
4. Carbohydrates ________________ the body very quickly. 
5. Certain ______________ are needed to digest food. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 41 
6. The human stomach ______________ pepsin to digest food. 
7. Food _________________ the walls of the esophagus and enters the 
stomach for digestion. 
8. The human tongue ____________________ the taste cells. 
9. Chemical reactions _______________ complex molecules into simple 
ones. 
10. Human beings have to __________________ food to get energy. 
 
IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions / 
words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking) 
V. Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of given clues. 
 
Across 
1. complete 
5. quantity of something 
7. a kind of carbohydrate 
8. form 
9. produce 
10. enzyme present in the saliva 
11. formed by living things 
13. final 
16. to give something 
Down 
2. make wet 
3. ground mass 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 42 
4. restore something 
6. grown up 
8. compound 
9. light provided by the sun 
12. things provide nourishment 
14. most of 
15. cut into small pieces 
 
VI. Read the following words and then read the relevant 
paragraphs to find their synonyms. 
 
 word synonym from passage 
 
a. linked (paragraph# 1) ________________________ 
b. divide (paragraph# 1) ________________________ 
c. important (paragraph# 1) ________________________ 
d. changing (paragraph# 1) ________________________ 
e. needs (paragraph# 1) ________________________ 
 
f. occur (paragraph# 2) ________________________ 
g. canal (paragraph# 2) ________________________ 
h. other than(paragraph# 2) _________________________ 
i. grown up (paragraph# 2) _________________________ 
 
j. secrete (paragraph# 3) _________________________ 
k. procedure (paragraph# 3) _________________________ 
l. way (paragraph# 3) _________________________ 
 
VII. Complete the following table with appropriate part of speech 
of the given word. 
 
verb noun adjective adverbs 
 connected 
 digestion 
 energy 
 necessity 
 product 
 culminating 
locate 
grind 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 43 
VIII. Use the above-mentioned words in your own sentences. Say 
them aloud. (speaking) 
 
 PRONUNCIATION FOCUS 
 
IX. These are the medical terms used in the reading passage. Say 
these words aloud and memorize their meaning. 
Term Pronunciation Meaning 
 
digestive 
molecule 
bloodstream 
enzyme 
glands 
pancreas 
alimentary canal 
mucus 
salivary glands 
ptyalin 
epiglottis 
 
X. Write the correct final sound of the past form (-ed) for these 
regular verbs. Write t, d, or id. Say them aloud. 
 
1. housed / / 2. satisfied / / 
3. pumped / / 4. facilitated/ / 
5. constituted / / 6. equipped / / 
7. sustained / / 8. transferred / / 
9. distinguished / / 10. pushed / / 
11. secreted / / 12. excreted / / 
13. linked / / 14. stretched / / 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 44 
XI. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. Circle a, 
b, c, or d. (group work) 
 
1. _____________ molecules are broken down to be absorbed into the blood 
stream. 
 a. Simple b. Small c. Large d. All a, b, & c 
 
2. The body cells use simple molecules for __________________. 
 a. growth b. energy c. repair d. all a, b, & c 
 
3. Plants ______________ the digestive system. 
 a. may have b. have c. don’t have d. should have 
 
4. _____________ animals, plants produce their own food by 
photosynthesis. 
 a. Like b. Unlike c. Similar to d. In addition to 
 
5. The mechanical phase ______________ the chemical phase. 
 a. alters b. completes c. follows d. precedes 
 
6. Digestion is a __________________ process. 
 a. single-phased b. bi-phased c. tri-phased d. multi-phased 
 
7. Ptyalin means ___________________. 
 a. saliva b. hydrolyze c. starch d. enzyme 
 
8. The liver and pancreas are ________________ digestive organs. 
 a. supporting b. not important c. the most important d. basic 
 
9. The chemical and mechanical digestion ____________ occur(s) in mouth. 
 a. only b. does not c. also d. may 
 
10. The windpipe is situated next to the ________________. 
 a. epiglottis b. bolus c. mouth d. pharynx 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 45 
XII. Read the passage and write “T” for true statements and “F” 
for false statement. Correct the false statements and write them 
again on the lines given below. ( pair work) 
 
1. The Digestive system digests a series of connected organs. ( ) 
2. The blood stream uses the simple molecules for growth, 
repair and energy. ( ) 
3. Plants use photosynthesis in which they convert energy 
 into simple sugar. ( ) 
4. Enzymes are used in the chemical phase of digestion. ( ) 
5. The Digestive tract is situated next to the alimentary canal. ( ) 
6. The muscles of the digestive tract push the food forward. ( ) 
7. The total length of the stretched alimentary canal of an 
adult is between 6 to 9 meters. ( ) 
8. The teeth and tongue convert the food into a soft mass. ( ) 
9. Hydrolyze is a carbohydrate manufactured by green plants. ( ) 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
 
XIII. Read the passage and complete the following outline about 
the digestion. 
 
Definition: ____________________________________________________ 
 ____________________________________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 46 
Organs: ____________________________________________________ 
 ____________________________________________________ 
Phases: ____________________________________________________ 
 ____________________________________________________ 
Size: ____________________________________________________ 
 ____________________________________________________ 
 
XIV. Read the second paragraph and complete the diagram. 
 
 
 
chemical 
------------- 
 
 digestion 
Special glands 
 
Other structures 
_________________ 
_________________ 
_________________ 
___________________ 
grind -------------------------
--------------------------------
------------------------------- 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 47 
 
 LISTENING FOCUS: 
 
XV. Listen to the passage and write down suitable titles for the 
paragraphs. 
 
Paragraph # 1: ____________________________________ 
 
Paragraph # 2: ____________________________________ 
 
XVI. Listen to the passage and complete the following table. 
 
disease symptom Reason 
stomach flu and 
traveler’s diarrhea 
 Infected slivery glands 
 inflammation of the 
appendix 
diarrhea 
 hard dry feces 
anorexia nervosa disruption of functioning 
of the digestive system 
 
 
 Medical Terminology: 
 
Adjectives that tell about the different positions of the body 
 
anterior toward the front of the body 
cranial toward the head 
distal away from the point of attachment of a limb 
dorsal toward the back of the body 
inferior away from the dead 
lateral toward the sides and away the middle of the body 
medial toward the middle of the body 
posterior toward the back of the body 
proximal toward the point of attachment of a limb 
superior towards the head 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 48 
ventral toward the front of the body 
 
Common word elements related to the digestive system: 
 
 cholecyst/o refers to the gallbladder 
 colon/o refers to the colon 
 duoden/o refers to the duodenum 
 enter/o refers to the small intestine 
 esophag/o refers to the esophagus 
 gastr/o refers to the stomach 
 hepat/o refers to the liver 
 ile/o refers to the ileum 
jejun/o refers to the jejunum 
 pancreat/o refers to the pancreas 
 ile/o refers to the ileum 
 sial/o refers to the salivary glands 
 
XVII. Write one example each for the following roots and suffixes. 
Write their transcription and definitions as well. 
 
Root / 
Suffix 
Example 
transcription 
definition 
cholecyst/o 
 
 
 
colon/o 
 
 
 
duoden/o 
 
 
 
enter/o 
 
 
 
esophag/o 
 
 
 
gastr/o 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 49 
 
hepat/o 
 
 
 
ile/o 
 
 
 
jejun/o 
 
 
 
pancreat/o 
 
 
 
sial/o 
 
 
 
 
 GRAMMAR FOCUS: Future Tese 
 Using will / be going to 
A: Complete the following sentences with appropriate form of the 
verbs in parentheses. (use will or be going to) 
 
Examples: I am going to deliver a lecture on bradycardia tomorrow. 
 Wait a minute. I will bring you a glass of water. 
 
1. I (attend) ____________________ the 20th International conference of 
cardiology next month. 
2. Don’t worry. I (help) _____________________ you in moving 
furniture in your new apartment. 
3. Medicine (be) ______________________ very advanced in a 
hundred year time. 
4. We (attend) _______________________ the CT course this summer. 
5. I (bring) _______________________ your mail myself. I am going to 
the post office. 
6. I (build) ________________________ a bookcase with this wood. 
7. I (attend, probably) ______________________________ the 
forthcoming seminar. 
8. I (buy) _________________________ a notebook tomorrow. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 50 
9. I think he (reach) ____________________ home by now. 
10. I guess we (see) ______________________ each other in the next 
annual meeting. 
 
B. Change the sentences inexercise A into negatives and 
questions. Change the underlined words with the words given 
below. (group work) 
 
Example: headache 
Are you going to deliver a lecture on headache tomorrow? 
 No, I am not going to deliver a lecture on headache tomorrow. 
 
 milk 
Will you bring me a glass of milk? 
 No, I will not bring you a glass of milk. 
 
1. 21
st
 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
2. old 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
3. fifty 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
4. winter 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
5. books 
________________________________________________________ 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 51 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
6. bookshelf 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
7. conference 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
8. book 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
9. office 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
10. quarterly 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
C. Read the given countable and uncountable nouns. Write “the” 
where necessary. 
_______ police _______ lunch 
 _______ British _______ sky 
 _______ English language _______ Asia 
_______ Pacific ocean _______ dentist 
 _______ Sweden _______ home 
 _______ Taif University _______ rich 
_______ doctors _______ blind 
 _______ Netherlands _______ Atlantic 
 _______ Lake Windermere _______ 15
th
 Avenue 
_______ White House _______ Jeddah Airport 
 _______ Tower of London 
_______ Great Wall of China 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 52 
 
D. Put the appropriate preposition of place; in, at or on, in the 
following sentences. ( pair work) 
 
1. The patients were waiting _____________ a row. 
2. The book was there _____________ the floor. 
3. Birds were playing ___________ water. 
4. The airplane is landing _________ the airport. 
5. A lot of beautiful pictures are hanging _________ the walls of the 
children ward. 
6. Ali drew a diagram ___________ the top of the page. 
7. The faculty members are drinking tea _________ a room. 
8. The students have to wait long ________ the bus stop. 
9. Nobody likes disturbance ___________ work. 
10. Everybody stopped talking when they saw their teacher ________ the 
door. 
 
E: Correct the following sentences. (group work) 
 
1. The chandelier is hanging on the ceiling . 
________________________________________________________ 
2. Dr. Nasir was sleeping when the phone was ringing? 
________________________________________________________ 
3. Everybody spent a hour in the super market. 
________________________________________________________ 
4. Many people were standing on the bus stop. 
________________________________________________________ 
5. Don’t worry. I am going to help you finish this article 
________________________________________________________ 
6. The ship is moving slow into the ocean. 
________________________________________________________ 
7. Dr. Sameer probably will read an article in the seminar. 
________________________________________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 53 
8. He visited the hospital every week. 
________________________________________________________ 
9. They have called the police when they saw the thief. 
________________________________________________________ 
10. Will the chairman going to deliver his speech. 
________________________________________________________ 
11. My brother live in the Europe. 
________________________________________________________ 
12. Has he went to the hospital? 
________________________________________________________ 
 Speaking Focus 
 
Activity A: 
Work in two groups: A & B. 
One student from Group A will stand a give a prompt and another student 
from Group B will offer his service using will. 
Examples: 
 
St A: I am thirsty 
St B: I will get you glass of water. 
 
St A: This chapter is very difficult. 
St B: I will explain this to you. 
 
Activity B: 
Work in two groups: A & B. 
One student from Group # A will stand and ask one question using the 
following prompts like the example. One student from Group # B will 
answer his question using “be going to”. 
Practice at least five prompts before the second pair starts. 
Switch the roles after each performance. (group / pair work) 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 54 
Examples: 
 
tomorrow 
St A: What are you going to do tomorrow? 
St B: I am going to prepare for the forthcoming quiz. 
 
- 7:00 a.m. - 9:00 p.m. 
- next morning - next week 
- at night - 3:00 p.m. 
- next lecture - summer vacation 
- the day after tomorrow - next term 
- this weekend - later today 
- 11: a.m. - tonight 
- after two hours - today 
 
Activity C: 
Work in small groups (4/5 students in each group). 
Discuss and decide what are the differences between chemical digestion and 
mechanical digestion. 
Note down the agreed upon points. 
One student from each group will stand and share the finding with the class. 
* Any student from the group will answer any questions asked by other 
students. 
( group work) 
 
Assignment 
 
Search online resources and prepare a 5-minute presentation about the foods 
that help digestive system by increasing bowl movements. 
(individual presentation) 
 
Recommended Online Resources: 
 
1. http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-system 
2. http://www.innerbody.com/image/digeov.html 
3. http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/science/digestive_system/quiz75
1.html 
http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-system
http://www.innerbody.com/image/digeov.html
http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/science/digestive_system/quiz751.html
http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/science/digestive_system/quiz751.html
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 55 
4. http://www.gotoquiz.com/digestive_system_quiz 
5. http://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/digestive_disorders/ 
6. http://voices.yahoo.com/how-improve-digestive-system-health-
naturally-7042646.html 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
http://www.gotoquiz.com/digestive_system_quiz
http://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/digestive_disorders/
http://voices.yahoo.com/how-improve-digestive-system-health-naturally-7042646.html
http://voices.yahoo.com/how-improve-digestive-system-health-naturally-7042646.html
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 56 
UNIT # 4: The Urinary System 
 
 
 
The kidneys are bean-shapedorgans which are the major organs of the 1 
Urinary System that work day-in and day-out to filter waste materials from 2 
the blood which are flushed out of the body through urine. The kidneys are 3 
situated on both sides of the backbone and lie embedded in a protective layer 4 
of fat tissues. The ureters, two cylindrical long tubes, help flow the urine 5 
from the kidneys. The urine is transported to the bladder with the help of 6 
wave like contractions and the gravitational force. 7 
The inner side of each kidney has a depression which is known as the hilum. 8 
This is the junction where all three major urinary tract vessels; the ureter, 9 
renal vein and renal artery, connect with the kidneys. Seventeen hundred 10 
liters of blood is transported to the kidneys through the renal artery for 11 
filtration each day. This filtered blood is carried back to the heart through the 12 
renal vein. This filtration is done by the nephrons which are extremely thin 13 
coiled vessels. Approximately one million nephrons are present in each 14 
human kidney. 15 
Each nephron has a bulblike structure that filters the waste products like 16 
urea, water, nitrogen-containing proteins and salts. These structures are 17 
present on the upper side of the nephrons and other products like amino 18 
acids, yellowish bile compounds, glucose and traces of several other waste 19 
materials are also filtered by them. All these filtered substances move 20 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 57 
through the loop of henle and a major portion of these substances is 21 
reabsorbed again into the blood stream. After the re-absorption process, 22 
approximately one percent of these materials is left behind that is excreted in 23 
the urine. 24 
These remaining waste substances then trickle out of the nephrons and enter 25 
the renal pelvis, a funnel like organ, which moves them into a 25-30 cm long 26 
and 0.5 cm wide tube like organ called the ureter. The urine then enters into 27 
the urinary bladder. Backward flow of the urine that is accumulated into the 28 
bladder is prevented by a valve like structure. The walls of the urinary 29 
bladder are composed of stretchable tissues and it has the capacity to hold 30 
half liter of urine. 31 
A healthy human being needs to excrete minimum half liter (1 pint) of urine 32 
in a day to get rid of its harmful waste materials but a healthy adult usually 33 
produces about 1.5 liters of urine daily. Excessive or less than this amount 34 
of urine production signals illness in a human body and diagnostic 35 
procedures such as urinanalysis i.e. the pathological examination of urine are 36 
frequently recommended to detect certain diseases. The presence of bacteria 37 
in urine indicates that the patient is suffering from urinary tract infection. 38 
Excessive amount of glucose in urine is a symptom of diabetes mellitus. 39 
I. Pre-reading questions: 
 
 1. In what different ways water is excreted from human body? 
 2. What is the main system responsible for liquid excretion? 
 3. What waste materials are excreted through urine? 
 
II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to: 
 
 1. Line # 2 that: __________________________ 
 2. Line # 3 which: __________________________ 
 3. Line # 5 long tubes: __________________________ 
 4. Line # 9 this: __________________________ 
 5. Line # 17 these structures: __________________________ 
 6. Line # 21 these substances: __________________________ 
 7. Line # 26 which: __________________________ 
 8. Line # 28 that: __________________________ 
 9. Line # 30 it: __________________________ 
 10. Line # 34 this amount: __________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 58 
III. Vocabulary Preview 
 Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the 
 reading passage. Make necessary grammatical changes. Then 
 go back and write their meaning in the right column. 
 (pair work) 
 
Expressions Meanings 
flow from 
transport to 
produce about of 
get rid of 
lie embedded in 
nitrogen-containing 
move through 
(be) reabsorbed into 
trickle out of 
stretchable 
 
1. The oxygenated blood ___________________ the arteries with great 
pressure. 
2. The human heart ____________________ the chest cavity between 
the lungs. 
3. Hundreds of liters of the blood __________________ the blood 
vessels daily. 
4. Certain waste products ____________________ the human body 
through perspiration. 
5. Saudi companies ____________________ 50% _______ the total 
national demand of medicines. 
6. Al-Harthi company ________________ diary products ______ the 
whole Western region. 
7. ____________________ rain water causes various skin diseases. 
8. The elasticity of the human skin is due to its ______________ 
muscles. 
9. Human body __________________ its wastes through the urinary 
system. 
10. Oxygen __________________ the body cells. 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 59 
IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions / 
words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking) 
V. Find the words given in the box. 
kidneys, layer, transported, contraction, 
depression, junction, nephron, million 
product, approximately, excrete, backward 
substance, funnel, bladder, capacity 
signal, diagnostic, frequently, bacteria 
infection, symptom 
 
Y B A C T E R I A S D C B B U L G F D B 
K L F K L X X L Z A M I G N F A A R R Q 
Q I E N O I T C E F N I A E D Y H E A N 
Q J D T M B N Q C C V M J G M E Y Q W E 
M I Y N A D E P R E S S I O N R F U K P 
V Z A Y E M E S V X I B T K N O P E C H 
I S O U C Y I T P Q D P E S F O S N A R 
I Z X K D D S X P Y M R U E D Q N T B O 
R X X X E R G X O Y C B W L Z O X L I N 
E G Y Z T V B N S R S F L Z I H M Y S C 
D C N Q R I J O O T P F P T U Z A H S J 
D O X O O C A W A I T P C G L F F V B G 
A P I Y P W H N E Y T A A M O H X Y S K 
L N I G S M C J Y M R C I F J O T A Q H 
B L M X N E K J X T F L N A E I E W B H 
E C M K A Y L T N V L D L U C D U H I Z 
A T S G R W N O U I L F Z A J B P Z G T 
S M E Y T Z C H O W T T P F U N N E L O 
R I V R I U I N X D H A K J B X N H M D 
O I G M C H W F J Y C D E O O B A I Q S 
T L S N S X M I X Y N A P P O F L C J K 
M N O K A R E K U H N M X F D V R T H I 
N L A H Q L L E T P J M G B I R J W Q X 
U P W D L X H U T C U D O R P V Y A Q N 
M R U W B I E D M P W Q J C F I K A S N 
 
VI. Read the following pair of words. Circle “S” if they are 
synonyms and circle “A” if they are antonyms. 
 
 word synonym from passage 
 1. produce consume S A 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 60 
 2. major minor S A 
 3. contraction dilation S A 
 4. excessive more S A 
 5. disease health S A 
 6. infection inflammation S A 
 7. indicate point S A 
 8. depression raised S A 
 9. coiled straight S A 
 10. critical insignificant S A 
 11. looped coiled S A 
 12. approximately exactly S A 
 13. hollow full S A 
 14. structure organ S A 
 
VII. Complete the following table with appropriate part of speech 
of the given word. 
 
verb noun adjective adverbs 
produce 
 continuously 
transport 
 need 
waste 
 depressed 
 microscope 
 frequentremain 
 urine 
 
VIII. Use the above-mentioned words in your own sentences. Say 
them aloud. (speaking) 
 
 PRONUNCIATION FOCUS 
 
IX. These are the medical terms used in the reading passage. Say 
these words aloud and memorize their meaning. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 61 
Term Pronunciation Meaning 
 
ureter 
bladder 
hilum 
urinary tract 
renal vein 
renal artery 
nephron 
renal pelvis 
diagnostic 
pathological 
urinanalysis 
 
X. Write the correct final sound of the plural form (-s) for these 
nouns. Write s, z, or iz. Say them aloud. 
 
1. pieces / / 2. nutrients / / 
3. plants / / 4. diseases / / 
5. enzymes / / 6. phases / / 
7. cheeks / / 8. passages / / 
9. kidneys / / 10. layers / / 
11. forces / / 12. junctions / / 
13. hearts / / 14. traces / / 
 
XI. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. Circle a, 
b, c, or d. (group work) 
 
1. The kidneys are ______________ important organs of the urinary system. 
 a. more b. less c. the most d. the least 
 
2. The kidneys _____________ substances and produce urine. 
 a. extract b. dilute c. release d. concentrate 
 
3. The bladder is a muscular _________________. 
 a. pipe b. opening c. valve d. container 
 
4. Human body excretes ______________ urine than its production. 
 a. less b. more c. both a & b d. neither a, b nor c 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 62 
 
5. Glucose and blood sugar are __________________. 
 a. complimentary b. compulsory c. the same d. nearly the same 
 
6. The hilum is a _________________ surface. 
 a. smooth b. rough c. concave d. convex 
 
7. Each kidney filters about ________________ of blood in 24 hours. 
 a. 450 gallons b. 1700 gallons c. 1700 liters d. 850 liters 
 
8. Nearly __________ million(s) nephrons are present in the human kidneys. 
 a. several b. one c. two d. half 
 
9. __________________ are reused by the body. 
 a. Salts b. Glucose c. Amino acids d. All a, b, & c 
 
10. The renel pelvis is a(n) _____________ area. 
 a. O-shaped b. U-shaped c. S-shaped d. V-shaped 
 
XII. Read the passage and write down the correct number of 
paragraph in front of its main idea. 
 
main idea paragraph 
number 
The kidneys are the most important organs of the 
urinary system. 
 
Absorption of different compounds in the blood. 
The kidneys, ureters and bladder are the main organs of 
the urinary system. 
 
Urine is excreted from the body through the bladder. 
Urine analysis helps in diagnosis of the urinary system. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 63 
XIII. Read paragraph three and write down the missing names. 
 
XIV. Read the passage and answer the following questions. 
 (pair work) 
 
1. How do the ureters transport urine to the bladder? 
________________________________________________________
_______________________________________ 
2. Why do doctors recommend “urinalysis”? 
________________________________________________________
_______________________________________ 
3. What materials are reabsorbed into the blood? 
________________________________________________________
_______________________________________ 
4. How much waste materials are excreted in urine? 
________________________________________________________
_______________________________________ 
5. What prevents backward flow of urine into the ureter? 
________________________________________________________ 
_______________________________________ 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 64 
XV. Read the passage and complete the following outline about the 
kidneys. 
 
A: Shape: 
 ___________________________________________________ 
 ___________________________________________________ 
B: Location: 
 ___________________________________________________ 
 ___________________________________________________ 
C: Main Functions: 
 ___________________________________________________ 
 ___________________________________________________ 
 ___________________________________________________ 
D: Parts of the kidney: 
 a: 
 nephrons 
 i: Function: 
 ___________________________________________________ 
 ___________________________________________________ 
 b: 
 ___________________________________________________ 
 i: Function: 
 ___________________________________________________ 
 ___________________________________________________ 
 c: 
 ___________________________________________________ 
 i: Function: 
 ___________________________________________________ 
 ___________________________________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 65 
 
 LISTENING FOCUS: 
 
XVI. Listen to the passage and write down suitable titles for the 
paragraphs. 
 
* kidney function impairment 
 * diseases caused by minerals 
 * kidney failure 
 
Paragraph # 1: ____________________________________ 
 
Paragraph # 2: ____________________________________ 
 
Paragraph # 3: ____________________________________ 
 
XVII. Listen to the passage and write “T” for true statements and 
“F” for false statements. 
 
1. Renal failure causes toxic products in the blood. ( ) 
2. Acute renal failure is caused by viral infections. ( ) 
3. Hypertension may cause AIDS. ( ) 
4. AIDS can cause chronic renal failure. ( ) 
5. Early diagnosis of chronic renal failure can make up for 
 the damage done. ( ) 
6. Kidney stones cause continuous pain. ( ) 
7. The stones usually pass out without any treatment. ( ) 
 
 
XVIII. Listen to the passage again and correct the false 
statements. 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 66 
 Medical Terminology: 
 
Prefixes of time, speed and direction: 
 
Prefix meaning Example Definition 
ante- before ant-e-na-tal 
/ant΄΄e-na΄təl/ 
occurring before death 
pre- before pre-na-tal 
/pre-na΄təl/ 
occurring before death 
brady- abnormally 
slow speed 
brad-y-car-dia 
/brad΄΄e-kahr΄de-ə/ 
abnormally slow rate of 
heart speed 
neo- new ne-o-blas-tic 
/ne΄΄o-blas΄tik/ 
originating a new tissue 
post- after post-na-tal 
/pōst-na΄təl/ 
occurring after death 
tachy- abnormally 
high speed 
tach-y-car-dia 
/tak΄΄ĭ-kahr΄de-ə/ 
excessive rapid speed of 
heart 
ab- away from, 
beyond 
ab-nor-mal 
/ab΄΄nor΄-məl/ 
not normal 
ad- towards, next 
to 
ad-duct 
/ad-dək΄t/ 
to draw towards medial 
plan 
con- with con-cen-tric 
/kən-sen΄trik/ 
having a common centre 
sym- with sym-pa-thet-ic 
/sim΄΄pə-thet΄ik/ 
with sympathy 
syn- with syn-the-sis 
/sin΄thə-sis/ 
creation of whole by 
comparing parts 
contra- against con-tra-lat-er-ial 
/kon΄΄trə-lat΄ər-əl/ 
affecting the opposite side 
dia- across, 
through 
di-a-gram 
di΄ə-gram/ 
a graphic representation 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 67 
XIX. Match the following prefixes and roots to make medical 
terms. 
 
 
Column A Column B 
 
 1. ante ______ oral 
 2. pre ______ cave 
 3. brady ______ axial4. neo ______ chrony 
 5. post ______ brachium 
 6. tachy ______ perception 
 7. ab ______ ceptive 
 8. ad ______ kinetic 
 9. con ______ classical 
 10. sym ______ meter 
 11. syn ______ gastria 
12. contra ______ operative 
 13. dia ______ metry 
 
XX. Write down the medical terms from XVIII with their 
definitions in the following table. 
 
NO MEDICAL TERM/ 
transcription 
DEFINITION 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common word elements related to the urinary system: 
 
 lith/o refers to the stone 
 nephr/o refers to the kidney 
 ren/o refers to the kidney 
 pyel/o refers to the pelvis 
 py/o refers to the pus 
 poly- refers to much or many 
 urin/o refers to the urine 
 urethr/o refers to the urethra 
 ureter/o refers to the ureter 
 
XXI. Write one example each for the following roots and prefixes. 
Write their transcription and definitions as well. 
 
Root / 
Suffix 
Example 
transcription 
definition 
cyst/o 
 
 
 
lith/o 
 
 
 
nephr/o, 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 69 
 
ren/o 
 
 
 
pyel/o 
 
 
 
py/o 
 
 
 
poly- 
 
 
 
Urin/o 
 
 
 
urethr/o 
 
 
 
 
 
ureter/o 
 
 
 
 
 GRAMMAR FOCUS: Present Perfect Tense 
 
 
A: Complete the following sentences with the appropriate forms of 
the verbs given in the parentheses. 
 
Example. This is the first time that I have attended an international 
 conference. 
 
1. Dr. Sultan (just, write) _____________________ a medical report. 
2. The students (already, take) __________________ the monthly quiz. 
3. I (never, visit) ___________________ Scandinavian countries. 
4. All our teachers (always, work) _____________________ very hard. 
5. Dr. Asam (receive) ________________ his Ph.D from Oxford 
University. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 70 
6. The Students (attend) ____________________ many international 
conferences at CMMS. 
7. I (just, finish) __________________ my lunch. 
8. The patient (already, deposit) ___________________ his fee. 
9. It is the most difficult operation I (ever, do) __________________. 
10. Ahmed (never, score) ________________ less than 95%marks in 
any exam. 
 
B. Change the sentences in exercise A into negatives and 
questions. Change the underlined words with the words given 
below. (group work) 
 
Example: workshop 
 Is this the first time that you have attended an international 
 workshop? 
 No, This is not the first time that I have attended an international 
 Workshop. 
 
1. an attendance 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
2. final exam 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
3. European 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
 
4. colleagues 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 71 
5. MA 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
6. Taif University 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
7. dinner 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
8. doctor 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
9. least 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
10. 90 % 
________________________________________________________ 
 
 ________________________________________________________ 
 
C. Put the appropriate prepositions in the following sentences. 
( pair work) 
 
1. I am studying ________ CMMS __________ present. 
2. I come to the college ______ 7:00 ______ the morning. 
3. I visited European countries _________ the summer vacation. 
4. He landed ________ the airport _____ Taif. 
5. Fish are swimming __________ water. 
6. I got admission _______ Tiaf University ________ July 2006. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 72 
7. Salim had to wait ________ the bus station ________ two hours. 
8. We were talking _________ Ali was working on computer. 
9. You have to write page numbers _______ the bottom. 
10. Nobody knows what will happen ________ the future. 
11. We can not leave the classroom ________ we finish the lecture. 
12. Our chemistry exam will be _______ February 5th. 
13. The train will arrive ________ the railway station _____ the evening. 
14. You can submit your assignment __________ the next weekend. 
15. The painters are working _________ the ceiling. 
 
D: Correct the following sentences. (group work) 
 
1. All students in this college are believing in hard work. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
2. When we entered the classroom the students listened to the lecture. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
3. A: I don’t know this word. 
B: I am going to show you the meaning in the dictionary. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
4. Everybody were answering the question at 4:00. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
5. He was used to study very hard when he was young. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
6. I am knowing this student very well. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
7. He wakes up early yesterday. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
8. We will take our final exam on 18th February. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
9. The faculty members use to gave a lot of assignments last term. 
________________________________________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 73 
 
10. Did you forgot to ask the professor about the assignment. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
11. Dr. Raid deliver an interesting lecture presently. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
12. Dr. Ali is around today. This is wonderful news. I am going to ask 
him about my marks. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
13. My brother is possessing a good job in a private company. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
14. Everybody knews the pattern of the exam. 
________________________________________________________ 
 Speaking Focus 
Activity A: 
 
work in two groups: G# A and G# B 
One student from G#A will stand up and ask a question using the 
following clues. He will ask five questions from five different 
students of G#B. 
Try to ask questions other than the given clues as well. 
Like wise, each student will take his turn. 
Switch the roles after each performance.* Have you ever ------------- 
 
- play football - swim in the ocean 
- eat roasted fish - cook food at home 
- read an English novel - celebrate your birthday 
- speak French - be in Canada 
- sleep before 9:00 - stay awake at night 
- eat sweat rice - write letter 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 74 
- tell a lie - visit any European country 
 
Activity B: 
 
Work in pairs. 
Recall any patient who was suffering from renal failure or diabetes among 
your relatives or acquaintances. 
Recall the symptoms of the disease he/she was suffering from. 
Recall how his/her personal life or his/her family’s life got affected due to 
that disease. 
Each student will come and describe the above-mentioned points in 10-15 
sentences. 
Answer the questions asked by other students. 
 (pair work) 
 
Assignment 
 
Search online resources and prepare a 5-minute presentation about the 
causes of renal failure and the lifestyle changes that help prevent kidney 
diseases. 
(individual presentation) 
 
Recommended Online Resources: 
 
1. http://www.innerbody.com/image/urinov.html 
2. http://www.neok12.com/Urinary-System.htm 
3. http://www.biologycorner.com/quiz/quiz_kidney.html 
4. http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/science/urinary_system/quiz1784
.html 
5. http://www.medicinenet.com/kidney_failure/article.htm 
6. http://nkdep.nih.gov/living/diet-lifestyle-changes.shtml 
 
 
http://www.innerbody.com/image/urinov.html
http://www.neok12.com/Urinary-System.htm
http://www.biologycorner.com/quiz/quiz_kidney.html
http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/science/urinary_system/quiz1784.html
http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/science/urinary_system/quiz1784.html
http://www.medicinenet.com/kidney_failure/article.htm
http://nkdep.nih.gov/living/diet-lifestyle-changes.shtml
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 75 
UNIT # 5: The Nervous System 
 
 
 The Nervous System is comprised of the organs that are responsible for 1 
maintaining various muscle mechanisms by receiving the stimuli and 2 
transmitting nerve impulses. This system houses the sensory cells that are 3 
capable of receiving the stimuli. The neurons are special nervous system 4 
cells that control not only the normal slow activities of the body but are also 5 
sensitive to the impulses that require extremely efficient and rapid response. 6 
These cells act as receiving and transmitting units that transmit messages 7 
from one organ of the body to others when they are stimulated by internal or 8 
external stimuli. 9 
 A nerve cell looks like a wire with a rounded central part that encloses 10 
the nucleus. This part is called the cell body. The axons and dendrites are 11 
the other important parts of these cells. The dendrites are short extensions 12 
which are responsible for receiving stimuli whereas the axons are extended 13 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 76 
string-like structures that transfer impulses from one part of the body to 14 
another. 15 
 Some sort of nervous system is present in all animals other than single-16 
celled ones. The degree of complexity of this system differs in different 17 
animal species. The Nervous System in jellyfish is an example of a simple 18 
one that consists of the nerve cells that can transmit only certain stereotyped 19 
impulses and stimuli. The complexity of this system increases in the animals 20 
that are more complicated. Several neurons are organized in groups that 21 
form clusters known as the ganglia. The ganglionated chains are formed 22 
when groups of neuron cells are interconnected by the neuronal pattern. The 23 
Nervous System of all complex vertebrates houses these ganglionated chains 24 
that help regulate the functions of certain human organs like the heart, 25 
involuntary muscles and glands. 26 
 In vertebrate animals, the Nervous System is further divided into two 27 
parts referred to as the Central and Peripheral Nervous System. The Central 28 
Nervous System is situated in the spine and the skull of the animals. The part 29 
that is situated in the skull is known as the brain whereas the part housed in 30 
the spine is termed as the spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord are mutually 31 
interconnected. This central part connects the other body parts by means of 32 
the nerves that extend throughout the body and forms the peripheral nervous 33 
system. Separate terms assigned to the two parts of the nervous system are 34 
due to the fact that these are housed in different parts of the body. The 35 
neurons regulate the normal activities of the body on one hand and 36 
efficiently respond to certain quick reflexes caused by pain on the other. 37 
 The skin of vertebrate animals has different kinds of cells that are called 38 
the receptors. Each one of these is responsible for receiving certain stimuli. 39 
Pain activates free nerve endings of these receptors that transmit these 40 
impulses to the Central Nervous System. These impulses are then carried 41 
from the Central Nervous System to the axons that extend back to the 42 
periphery where motor endings exist. These endings cause the muscles to do 43 
appropriate movements. This whole process is completed in a two-way 44 
neuron arc. The action starts with the feeling of stimuli and then ends at the 45 
same point with the commands to bring about right action to be performed. 46 
I. Pre-reading questions: 
 
 1. What happens if we accidentally touch some hot object? 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 77 
 2. What happens if something is brought very near to our eyes? 
 3. Are these reactions intentional? 
 
II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to: 
 
 1. Line # 3 this system: __________________________ 
 2. Line # 7 these cells: __________________________ 
 3. Line # 8 others: __________________________ 
 4. Line # 11 this part: __________________________ 
 5. Line # 18 simple ones: __________________________ 
 6. Line # 22 clusters: __________________________ 
 7. Line # 25 that: __________________________ 
 8. Line # 35 these: __________________________ 
 9. Line # 39 each one: __________________________ 
 10. Line # 43 these endings: __________________________ 
 
III. Vocabulary Preview 
 Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the 
 reading passage. Make necessary grammatical changes. Then 
 go back and write their meaning in the right column. 
 (pair work) 
 
Expressions Meanings 
(be) capable of 
(be) organized in 
(be) interconnected by 
extend throughout 
referred to 
periphery 
(be) based in 
(be) sensitive to 
(be) carried from 
bring about 
 
1. Weather changes __________________ various changes in the 
chemistry of human body. 
2. The sensory cells _____________ all external stimuli. 
3. Gamdi Pharmaceuticals _____________________ Riyadh. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 78 
4. A lot of small town are there in the ______________ of Taif. 
5. The human kidneys __________________ filtering hundreds of litres 
of blood in a day. 
6. All university computers _____________________ a central 
networking. 
7. The process of blood supply in the human beings is also 
___________________ as the circulatory system. 
8. The nephrons ______________________ a radiating fashion in the 
human kidneys. 
9. The oxygenated blood ___________________ the heart by the 
arteries. 
10. The blood vessels _________________the human body to provide 
oxygen. 
 
IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions / 
words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking) 
V. Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of given clues. 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 79 
Across 
2. action 
4. complex 
6. A fundamental category of taxonomic classification 
8. a cord made of fiber 
10. different 
12. the outer edge of an area 
14. order 
15. related to senses 
16. suitable 
18. circular 
 
Down 
1. something that causes growth or activity 
3. not done by choice 
5. based 
7. a group of similar things that are close together 
9. fast 
11. A motivating force or tendency 
13. houses 
17. working or operating quickly and effectively in an organized way 
 
VI. Read the following words and then match them with their 
definitions. 
 
 word definition 
 
1. stimuli ______ action of receiving 
 2. mechanism ______ ability to hold or contain sth 
 3. reception ______ boundary of a surface 
 4. periphery ______ things that encourage or excite 
 5. capacity ______ things grouped closely together 
 6. network ______ procedure for getting things done 
 7. complicated ______ closely linked group 
 8. cluster ______ difficult to explain or understand 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 80 
VII. Underline adjectives and adverbs in paragraph three. Write 
them in the given columns. Then change the adjectives into 
adverbs or vice versa. ( pair work) 
 
Adjective Adverb 
several ------ 
especial especially 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
VIII. Use the above-mentioned words in your own sentences. Say 
them aloud. (speaking) 
 
 PRONUNCIATION FOCUS 
 
IX. These are the medical terms used in the reading passage. Say 
these words aloud and memorize their meaning. 
Term Pronunciation Meaning 
 
stimuli 
sensory cells 
impulse 
axons 
dendrites 
ganglia 
ganglionated chains 
neuronal pattern 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 81 
spinal cord 
neuron 
receptor 
X. Write the correct final sound of the past form (-ed) for these 
regular verbs. Write t, d, or id. Say them aloud. 
 
1. flushed / / 2. embedded / / 
3. coiled / / 4. reabsorbed / / 
5. excreted / / 6. recommended / / 
7. indicated / / 8. received / / 
9. stimulated / / 10. looked / / 
11. stereotyped / / 12. regulated / / 
13. extended / / 
 
XI. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. Circle a, 
b, c, or d. (group work) 
 
1. Special sensory cells are called (the) ________________________. 
 a. stimuli b. nervous system c. nerves d. neither a, b, nor c. 
 
2. _________________ the neurons have the ability of transferring 
 information from one part of the body to another. 
 a. None of b. Some of c. Majority of d. All 
 
3. ______________ many-celled animals have complex nervous system. 
 a. Nearly no b. Some c. No d. All 
 
4. All animals have __________________ nervous systems. 
 a. uniform b. different c. same d. complex 
 
5. The ganglionated chains are formed by the interconnection of the clusters 
 of the _______________________. 
 a. cell bodies b. neurons c. ganglia d. nervous system 
 
6. Regulation of the activities of the ____________________ are done by 
 the ganglionated chain. 
 a. heart b. glands c. involuntary muscles d. all a,b, & c 
 
7. The brain and spinal cord are _________________ organs. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 82 
 a. the same b. apposing c. associating d. uniform 
 
8. The skin houses ________________ type(s) of cells called the receptors. 
 1. same b. several c. unlimited d. numberless 
 
9. Mediation of the nerve impulse _________________ in the periphery. 
 a. terminates b. initiates c. both a & b d. neither a nor b 
 
10. The central nervous system is present in _________________. 
 a. the skull b. the spine c. both a & b d. neither a nor b 
 
XII. Read paragraph two and write down the missing names of the 
different parts of a nerve cell. 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 83 
XIII. Read the passage and write “T” for true statements and “F” 
for false statement. Correct the false statements and write them 
again on the lines given below. ( pair work) 
 
1. Reception of impulses and transmission of stimuli are the 
major functions of the nervous system. ( ) 
2. Special sensory cells are called the neurons. ( ) 
3. The neurons are receiving and transmitting units. ( ) 
4. The axons and dendrites form the central portion of a 
 nerve cell. ( ) 
5. Reception of stimuli is a major function of the axon. ( ) 
6. All complex animals have some kind of nervous system. ( ) 
7. Neuron clusters are known as the ganglia. ( ) 
8. The brain present in the spine is called the spinal cord. ( ) 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
 
XIV. Read the last paragraph and explain the function of stimuli 
receptors in your own words. 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 84 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
 
 LISTENING FOCUS: 
 
XV. Listen to the passage and circle the right word. 
---------------------------------------------- nervous system whereas behavioral 
disturbances/disorders are dealt with in psychiatry. ---------------------------
----------- Genetic malformations, poisonings, metabolic effects/defects, 
vascular disorders, degeneration, ----------------------------------------------------
-----------------------The nervous system has diseases that are 
geographic/biological and age specific. Sclerosis is a wide spread disease in 
temperate regions whereas its persistence/presence in the tropical zones is 
extremely rare. 
---------------------------------------- Meningitis is a kind of fever/fear that 
damages the brain ------------------------------- Rabies is the result of the 
attack of a special/specific kind of virus. --------------------- 
Most of the diseases of the nervous systems are named according to the 
organs that are effected/infected. ------------------------------ But there are 
certain nervous system disorders like margarine/migraine, epilepsy and 
neuralgia that/which do not include any damage of any organ of this 
system. ------------------------------- 
XVI. Listen to the passage and match the diseases with their 
symptoms. 
 
 DISEASE SYMPTOM 
 
1. cerebral hemorrhage _____ inflammation of the spinal cord 
2. meningitis _____ birth defect 
English for Medicine Part 2Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 85 
3. poliomyelitis _____ paralysis 
4. encephalitis _____ inflammation of a nerve 
5. myelitis _____ infection of the brain 
6. neuritis _____ infection of the spinal cord 
7. cerebral palsy _____ infection of the brain and spinal cord 
 
 
 Medical Terminology: 
 
Prefixes of position: Group # 1 
 
Prefix meaning Example Definition 
ec- outside ectal /ek΄təl/ 
/ant΄΄e-na΄təl/ 
outward 
ecto- outside ectoblast 
/ek΄΄to-blast/ 
an external membrane 
en- inside enarthritis 
/en΄΄ahr-thri΄tis/ 
inflammation of arthrosis 
endo- within endocarditis 
/ endo-kahr-di΄tis/ 
inflammation of 
endocardium 
epi- upon epidural 
/ep΄΄ ĭ -doo΄΄rəl/ 
outside the dura meter 
ex- outside exanthropic 
/ek΄΄san-throp΄ik/ 
source of disease not 
situated within the body 
exo- outside excocarp 
/ek΄so-kahrp/ 
the outer layer of the 
pericarp of a flower 
extra- beyond extra-cellular 
/eks΄΄trə-sel΄u-lər/ 
outside a cell 
hyper- above, beyond 
normal 
hyperbaric 
/hi΄΄pər-bar΄ik/ 
having greater than normal 
weight 
hypo- below, below 
normal 
hypofertile 
/hi΄΄po-fr΄til/ 
sub-fertility 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 86 
XVII. Write one example each for the following prefixes. Write 
their transcription and definitions as well. 
 
Root / 
Suffix 
Example 
transcription 
definition 
ec- 
 
 
 
ecto- 
 
 
 
en- 
 
 
 
endo- 
 
 
 
epi- 
 
 
 
ex- 
 
 
 
exo- 
 
 
 
extra- 
 
 
 
hyper- 
 
 
 
hypo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 87 
Common word elements related to the nervous system: 
 
 -phobia refers to suffix: unrealistic fear 
 -mania refers to suffix: impulse towards 
 spin/o refers to the spinal cord 
 psych/o refers to the mind 
 neur/o refers to the nervous system 
 mening/o refers to the membrane 
 gangli/o refers to the ganglia 
 cortic/o refers to the outer layer 
cerebr/o refers to the cerebrum 
 cerebell/o refers to the cerebellum 
 encephal/o refers to the brain 
 cephal/o refers to the brain 
XVIII. Write one example each for the following roots and 
suffixes. Write their transcription and definitions as well. 
 
Root / 
Suffix 
Example 
transcription 
definition 
-phobia 
 
 
 
-mania 
 
 
 
spin/o 
 
 
 
psych/o 
 
 
 
neur/o 
 
 
 
mening/o 
 
 
 
gangli/o 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 88 
 
cortic/o 
 
 
 
cerebr/o 
 
 
 
cerebell/o 
 
 
 
encephal/o 
 
 
 
cephal/o 
 
 
 
 
 GRAMMAR FOCUS: Conditional sentences: 
 True situation 
 
A: Make conditional sentences with the help of the given clues. 
Look at the example. Answers may vary. 
 
Examples: work hard / win the scholarship 
 If you work hard, you will win the scholarship. 
 
1. timely operation / get well soon 
________________________________________________________ 
 
2. eat more / put on weight 
________________________________________________________ 
 
3. attend regularly / score high 
________________________________________________________ 
 
4. smoke / breathing problems 
________________________________________________________ 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 89 
5. run fast / breathless 
________________________________________________________ 
 
6. overcook vegetables / burn vitamins 
________________________________________________________ 
 
7. read more / better reader 
________________________________________________________ 
 
8. not, take care / spoil car 
________________________________________________________ 
 
9. regular exercise / in shape 
________________________________________________________ 
 
10. heavy object / pull muscle 
________________________________________________________ 
 
11. use a computer / work faster 
________________________________________________________ 
 
12. O and CO2 / water 
________________________________________________________ 
 
B. Change the following sentences into passive voice. 
 
1. Dr. Saloomi has written many research articles. 
________________________________________________________ 
2. The teacher will send us an email this afternoon. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
3. All the senior doctors have joined the new hospital. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
4. The Utaibis are going to spend holidays in their village. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
5. Fahad will join us for lunch. 
________________________________________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 90 
6. The patient has finished the antibiotic course. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
7. The nurses have submitted their weekly reports. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
8. I will help you in shifting the apartment. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
9. He has won many trophies since 2008. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
10. Sara is going to visit her parents next week. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
11. The students are going to send emails to their friends. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
C. Write “since” or “for” in the spaces provided. 
 
We have been studying medicine --------------------------- 
 
1. ________ one month 2. ________ the start of this semester 
3. ________ I came to Taif 4. ________ almost four months 
5. ________ the beginning of 2009 6. ________ January, last year 
7. ________ several months 8. ________ about two years 
9. ________ last June 10. ________ the 15
th
 of January 
11. ________ many weeks 12. ________ 2008 
 
D: Correct the following sentences. (group work) 
 
1. The instructor is being delivering a lecture at the moment. 
________________________________________________________ 
2. Do they continued living in the same city after the accident? 
________________________________________________________ 
3. The doctor recommend ECG when he saw the patient. 
________________________________________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 91 
4. The teachers were extend many facilities. 
________________________________________________________ 
5. The department has arranged many conferences since last two years. 
________________________________________________________ 
6. The test reports were read by Dr. Sami that are delivered yesterday. 
________________________________________________________ 
7. The cardiology department is situated in the third floor. 
________________________________________________________ 
8. Everybody have to report about his research project. 
________________________________________________________ 
9. The patient operated by a panel of surgeons. 
________________________________________________________ 
10. Smoking is cause fatal lung diseases. 
________________________________________________________ 
11. Annual Prize Distribution will held next month. 
________________________________________________________ 
12.A lot of research work has done in the field of medicine. 
________________________________________________________ 
 Speaking Focus 
 
Activity A: 
Work in pairs. Discuss and make ten sentences using never, since, or for. 
One student from each group will stand up and read those ten sentences to 
the class. 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 92 
Examples: 
 
I have never smoked in my life. 
I have studied English for ten years. 
I have joined this college since 2008. 
 
Activity # 2: 
 
Work in small groups. 
Discuss and write as many responses for the following clues as possible. 
One student from first group stands and gives the clue. 
Any student from any other group stands and completes the prompt. 
Try to give maximum possible responses. 
Try to think of more prompts other than the ones given below. 
Look at the examples. 
 ( group work) 
 
Example: 
 
If you study a lot of reference books, you will become better reader. 
 , you will score more marks. 
 , you will learn more about medicine. 
 
1. If you review your lessons regularly, 
2. If you use a lot of internet, 
3. If you eat lots of junk food, 
4. If go to the gym regularly, 
5. If you drink a lot of coffee, 
6. If you attend classes regularly, 
7. If you discuss with your teachers, 
8. If you buy a good dictionary, 
9. If you watch English movies, 
10. If you wear tight shoes, 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 93 
Assignment 
 
Search online resources and prepare a 5-minute presentation about reflexive 
system, how it works and what are its benefits for our safety. 
 (individual presentation) 
 
Recommended Online Resources: 
1. http://www.innerbody.com/image/nervov.html 
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Human_body/Nervous_System 
3. http://www.funtrivia.com/quizzes/sci__tech/human_body/nervous_sys
tem_and_the_senses.html 
4. http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Quiz_
do_you_understand_your_nervous_system 
5. http://thumbiology.blogspot.com/2011/03/voluntary-and-involuntary-
actions.html 
6. http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100619114339A
AtOfwf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
http://www.innerbody.com/image/nervov.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Human_body/Nervous_System
http://www.funtrivia.com/quizzes/sci__tech/human_body/nervous_system_and_the_senses.html
http://www.funtrivia.com/quizzes/sci__tech/human_body/nervous_system_and_the_senses.html
http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Quiz_do_you_understand_your_nervous_system
http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Quiz_do_you_understand_your_nervous_system
http://thumbiology.blogspot.com/2011/03/voluntary-and-involuntary-actions.html
http://thumbiology.blogspot.com/2011/03/voluntary-and-involuntary-actions.html
http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100619114339AAtOfwf
http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100619114339AAtOfwf
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 94 
UNIT # 6: The Endocrine System 
 
 
 
The Endocrine System consists of unique organs and body tissues which 1 
secrete and store hormones that are special chemical materials needed for 2 
different body functions. These hormones are responsible for transferring a 3 
great deal of information from one body part to another. These endocrine 4 
organs play an important role in human body because they secrete several 5 
hormones that regulate the growth of the body, control the functions of 6 
different tissues, assist pregnancy, regulate the process of metabolism and 7 
support the reproductive system as a whole. The endocrine glands are also 8 
described as ductless glands because they are not directly connected to any 9 
specific organ of the body through some ducts. They produce hormones that 10 
are released directly into the blood to be carried to different body parts. 11 
The Endocrine System in humans is comprised of the hypothalamus, 12 
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal body. The ovary and testis 13 
are other important glands that are specialized for regulating human 14 
reproductive system. The pancreas is also known to play an important role in 15 
human Endocrine System. Even some organs that are not directly related to 16 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 95 
this system, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, liver, thymus, skin and 17 
placenta, also secrete certain hormones. Almost all human cells take part in 18 
this extremely important system by secreting or converting certain 19 
hormones. Increased energy needs of the human body are satisfied by a 20 
hormone called glucagon that increases blood sugar levels. This is basically 21 
produced by the pancreas but gastrointestinal tract walls also secrete this 22 
hormone to meet the excessive energy needs. There is no denying of the fact 23 
that among all the body parts, the endocrine glands are the major hormone-24 
producing organs. 25 
The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus, also known as the 26 
coordinator of this system, which is located in the brain and acts as a liaison 27 
between the pituitary gland and the brain. The nerve cells present in this 28 
gland produce certain chemicals that increase or suppress the production of 29 
pituitary gland hormones according to the body needs. 30 
The pituitary gland is the most important organ of the Endocrine System and 31 
it is situated in a protective bony cavity beneath the brain. It produces certain 32 
hormones that help regulate other glands of this system. Both lobes, the 33 
posterior and anterior, of the pituitary gland serve specific functions. The 34 
regulation of the thyroid and adrenal glands’ activities as well as the body’s 35 
growth is done by the anterior lobe. It also stimulates the reproductive 36 
glands and milk producing glands in breast-feeding women. The posterior 37 
lobe controls the body’s water balance and the uterus’ muscle contractions. 38 
 The adrenal glands are situated above the kidneys and are divided into two 39 
parts: the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. Catecholamine is secreted 40 
by the adrenal medulla, the inner part, which satisfies body’s needs by 41 
increasing the heart rate and blood pressure during exercise or stress. 42 
Whereas the outer part of the adrenal glands, the adrenal cortex, secretes 43 
corticosteroids to maintain the balance of salt and water and regulates 44 
metabolism in human body. There are certain other important functions done 45 
by corticosteroids such as preparing the body to manage stress and 46 
influencing sexual activities.47 
 
I. Pre-reading questions: 
 
 1. What is diabetes mellitus? 
 2. How are hormones produced? 
 3. What are the different functions of various hormones? 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 96 
II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to: 
 
 1. Line # 2 that: __________________________ 
 2. Line # 4 another: __________________________ 
 3. Line # 5 they: __________________________ 
 4. Line # 21 that: __________________________ 
 5. Line # 22 this hormone: __________________________ 
 6. Line # 29 this gland: __________________________ 
 7. Line # 32 it: __________________________ 
 8. Line # 33 this system: __________________________ 
 9. Line # 36 it: __________________________ 
 10. Line # 41 which: __________________________ 
 
III. Vocabulary Preview 
 Completethe sentences with these expressions/words from the 
 reading passage. Make necessary grammatical changes. Then 
 go back and write their meaning in the right column. 
 (pair work) 
 
Expressions Meanings 
a great deal of 
described as 
(be) known 
almost all 
(be) specialized for 
(be) released into 
hormones 
liaison 
as well as 
breast-feeding 
 
1. Several ________________ help regulate various functions of human 
body. 
2. The human lungs ____________________ cleaning the blood. 
3. The human life is ___________________ dependent on water. 
4. The respiratory system is also ________________ the circulatory 
system. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 97 
5. ____________________ mothers need to take a lot of nourishing 
food. 
6. The capillaries act as a ____________________ between the veins 
and the arteries. 
7. The human heart ______________________ the lungs are mainly 
responsible for the oxygenation of the blood. 
8. Several hormones are directly _____________ the blood by the 
various organs of the endocrine system. 
9. ___________________ human skin contains sweat glands. 
10. Endocrine organs ________ also _____________ as ductless glands. 
 
IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions / 
words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking) 
V. Find the words given in the box. 
BRAIN CAVITY COORDINATOR 
DUCTLESS ENDOCRINE EXCESSIVE 
EXERCISE GASTROINTESTINAL GLAND 
LOCATED METABOLISM PITUITARY 
PLACENTA PROTECTIVE SECRETE 
STRESS THYMUS THYROID 
 
X D E T A C O L Z T G I E N B B 
C U V K V L V F H U M P E A M H 
S R I D Y S V Y N Z R O U H E P 
A N S B C X R M E O D V U P T C 
G A S T R O I N T E S T I N A L 
I K E Q I R O E B A O U B C B I 
X U C D X J C R Q H S G L W O F 
C V X U H T S T D F S X M X L O 
I X E X I B O E D I J U S D I F 
Y B S V Y P Z D M A N S M S S X 
J R E N I R C O D N E A C Y M U 
P L A C E N T A E L S B T L H Y 
Y O F T I Q Y B T X S D R O O T 
S K R W I T A C I F E T G A R F 
E F V S I U U U S A R R H Z I W 
C S J V S D T A K V T Q C G Y N 
R Z A K N N Y I P L S H G I D S 
E C G L A N D U P B B D F E S A 
T O N V L J D G S G K O L J T E 
E A Y H Q I H X I G D V G N H R 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 98 
VI. Read first and second paragraphs and write down the words 
which are used as verbs as well as nouns. Use these words into two 
sentences to show the difference in their meaning and usage. 
 
1. __________ 
 (n) _________________________________________________________ 
 (v) _________________________________________________________ 
2. __________ 
 (n) _________________________________________________________ 
 (v) _________________________________________________________ 
3. __________ 
 (n) _________________________________________________________ 
 (v) _________________________________________________________ 
4. __________ 
 (n) _________________________________________________________ 
 (v) _________________________________________________________ 
5. __________ 
 (n) _________________________________________________________ 
 (v) _________________________________________________________ 
6. __________ 
 (n) _________________________________________________________ 
 (v) _________________________________________________________ 
7. __________ 
 (n) _________________________________________________________ 
 (v) _________________________________________________________ 
8. __________ 
 (n) _________________________________________________________ 
 (v) _________________________________________________________ 
9. __________ 
 (n) _________________________________________________________ 
 (v) _________________________________________________________ 
10. __________ 
 (n) _________________________________________________________ 
 (v) _________________________________________________________ 
 
VII. Read the words and than decide which are their synonyms 
and antonyms. Write “S” for synonym and “A” for antonym. 
 
Example: specialized particular (S) ordinary (A) 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 99 
 
1. development regression ( ) progress ( ) 
2. specific definite ( ) common ( ) 
3. associated affiliated ( ) detached ( ) 
4. manufacture disintegrate ( ) produce ( ) 
5. stimulate unexciting ( ) arouse ( ) 
6. separate disconnect ( ) merge ( ) 
7. variety similarity ( ) diversity ( ) 
8. stress relax ( ) anxiety ( ) 
 
VIII. Use the above-mentioned words in your own sentences. Say 
them aloud. (speaking) 
 
 PRONUNCIATION FOCUS 
 
IX. These are the medical terms used in the reading passage. Say 
these words aloud and memorize their meaning. 
Term Pronunciation Meaning 
 
ductless glands 
hypothalamus 
pituitary 
thyroid 
parathyroid 
pineal body 
pancreas 
glucagons 
adrenal cortex 
adrenal medulla 
corticosteroid 
 
X. Write the correct final sound of the plural form (-s) for these 
nouns. Write s, z, or iz. Say them aloud. 
 
1. houses / / 2. muscles / / 
3. wires / / 4. mechanisms / / 
5. extensions / / 6. impulses / / 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 100 
7. groups / / 8. reflexes / / 
9. points / / 10. hormones / / 
11. pregnancies / / 12. ovaries / / 
13. levels / / 14. cavities / / 
 
XI. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. Circle a, 
b, c, or d. (group work) 
 
1. The hormones are ________________ by the endocrine system. 
 a. secreted b. produced c. stored d. all a, b, & c 
 
2. Regulating metabolism and reproductive functions are ______________ 
functions of endocrine organs. 
 a. the major b. some c. all d. the minor 
 
3. Another _______________ name of the endocrine organs is ductless 
glands. 
 a. rare b. unusual c. common d. uncommon 
 
4. The pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid, ovary, testis etc. are 
____________ important glands of the human endocrine system. 
 a. less b. more c. the least d. the most 
 
5. ________________ non endocrine organs also secrete hormones. 
 a. A few b. No c. All d. Almost all 
 
6. The glucagons are produced in the _____________________. 
 a. pancreas b. gastrointestinal tract c. both a & b d. neither a nor b 
 
7. The coordinator of the endocrine system is ______________________. 
 a. the hypothalamus b. the brain 
 c. the pituitary gland d. neither a, b nor c 
 
8. The pituitary gland’s hormones are stimulated or suppressed by 
 _______________________. 
 a. the brain b. the body c. the nerve cells d. the body chemicals 
 
9. The pituitary gland is situated ___________________ the brain. 
 a. above b. next to c. under d. beside 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 101 
 
10. ______________ stimulates milk production in breast-feeding mothers. 
 a. The anterior lobe b. The thyroid 
 c. The adrenal glands d. The reproductive glands 
 
XII. Read the passage and match the sentence part in column A 
with its related sentence part from column B. 
 
Column A Column B 
 
1. The body is greatly influenced ____ for hormone production. 
2. Theendocrine organs secrete ____ produces corticosteroids. 
3. The ovary and testis ____ hormones directly into 
 the bloodstream. 
4. The brain, heart, liver, ____ is met by a hormone called 
 kidneys etc. glycogen. 
5. Human body’s need for ____ between the brain and the 
 extra energy pituitary glands. 
6. The endocrine glands are ____ by the endocrine glands. 
 specialized 
7. The hypothalamus act as a liaison ____ are some non-endocrine glands. 
8. The pituitary gland is divided into ____ are the reproductive glands. 
9. The outer part of the adrenal glands ____ the anterior and posterior lobes. 
 
XIV. Read the passage and answer the following questions. 
 (pair work) 
 
1. What are the various functions of the endocrine system? 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
2. Why are the endocrine glands called the ductless glands? 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
3. What is the main function of the hypothalamus? 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 102 
4. What is the name of the body’s master gland? 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
5. What is the function of the adrenal medulla? 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
6. What are the main functions of hormones created by the adrenal cortex? 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
XV. Read third and fourth paragraphs and write about the 
location and function of the pituitary glands in your own words. 
 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 103 
 
 LISTENING FOCUS: 
 
XV. Listen to the passage and complete the following figure. 
 
 
XVI. Listen to the passage and write “T” for true statements and 
“F” for false statements. 
 
1. The endocrine system occurs in two forms. ( ) 
2. D M Type 1 and 2 have similar symptoms. ( ) 
3. Diabetes can cause many complications. ( ) 
4. Recent studies have reduced diabetes complications. ( ) 
5. Increased thirst and urination cause diabetes insipidus. ( ) 
6. Hyperfunction of adrenal cortex causes Addison’s disease. ( ) 
Diabetes Mellitus 
D.M. _________ _________ type 2 
Excessive thirst, _______________, 
urination 
Kidney problems, pain, __________, 
coronary _______________, 
_____________________ 
_______
_______
_______ 
of 
insuline 
Diet, 
________, 
or 
_______ 
Inadequate 
secretion of _____ 
__________ to 
respond to insuline 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 104 
7. Dietary salt helps cure Addison disease. ( ) 
 
XVII. Listen to the passage again and correct the false statements. 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
 
 
 Medical Terminology: 
 
Prefixes of position: Group # 2 
 
prefix meaning example definition 
infra- between infracolic 
/in΄΄frakol΄ik/ 
inferior to the colon 
inter- between internasal 
/in΄΄tər-naz΄əl/ 
situated between the nasal 
bones 
intra- inside intraarterial 
/in΄΄trə-ahr-ter΄e-əl/ 
within an artery 
meso- middle mesocardia 
/mez΄΄o-kahr΄de-ə/ 
position of the heart in the 
middle of the thorax 
meta- beyond metachrosis 
/met΄΄ə-kro΄sis/ 
change of color in animals 
pan- all or 
everywhere 
pandemic 
/pan-dem΄ik/ 
epidemic 
para- alongside paraaortic 
/par΄΄ə-a-or΄tik/ 
situated near the aorta 
retro- backward retroaction 
/ret΄΄ro-ak΄shən/ 
action in a reversed 
direction 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 105 
XVII. Write one example each for the following prefixes. Write 
their transcription and definitions as well. 
 
prefix example 
transcription 
definition 
infra- 
 
 
 
inter- 
 
 
 
intra- 
 
 
 
meso- 
 
 
 
meta- 
 
 
 
pan- 
 
 
 
para- 
 
 
 
retro- 
 
 
 
 
Common word elements related to the urinary system: 
 
 aden/o refers to the gland 
 adrenal/o refers to the adrenal gland 
 endocrin/o refers to the endocrine 
 hypophys/o refers to the pituitary gland 
 parathyroid/o refers to the parathyroid gland 
 thyroid/o refers to the thyroid gland 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 106 
XVIII. Write one example each for the following roots. Write their 
transcription and definitions as well. 
 
Root Example 
transcription 
definition 
aden/o 
 
 
 
adrenal/o 
 
 
 
endocrin/o 
 
 
 
hypophys/o 
 
 
 
parathyroid/o 
 
 
 
thyroid/o 
 
 
 
 
 GRAMMAR FOCUS: Conditional sentences: 
 Contrary-to-fact situation, present or future 
 
A: Make conditional sentences with the help of the given clues. 
Look at the example. Answers will vary. 
 
Example. joined earlier / get annual increment 
 If Ahmed joined earlier, he would get the annual increment. 
 
1. regular medication / get well quickly 
________________________________________________________ 
 
2. come on time / attend the conference 
________________________________________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 107 
 
3. have enough money / buy a house 
________________________________________________________ 
 
4. sleep early / feel fresh during the day 
________________________________________________________ 
 
5. have leisure time / go swimming 
________________________________________________________ 
 
6. ask me / teach the children 
________________________________________________________ 
 
7. do regular workout / lose weight 
________________________________________________________ 
 
8. go to Jeddah / buy a computer 
________________________________________________________ 
 
9. reach the hospital early / save the patient 
________________________________________________________ 
 
10. attend classes regularly / score better 
________________________________________________________ 
 
11. eat healthy diet / avoid heart diseases 
________________________________________________________12. read advertisement / get admission 
________________________________________________________ 
 
B. Make questions for the underlined words. Use when, how, who, 
how long, how often how much etc. 
 
Examples: Dr. Muhammad has been in the operation theatre for three hours. 
 How long has he been in the operation theatre? 
 
1. The nurses are taking patients’ temperature. 
________________________________________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 108 
 
2. I used to visit my relatives frequently. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
3. Human skin saves the vital organs. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
4. King Abdul Aziz hospital was built on the ring road. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
5. The doctor was operating the patient at 8:00. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
6. Professor Rakan has studied medicine in America. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
7. The patient felt much better after the treatment. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
8. The blood is cleaned by the lungs. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
9. All the students felt relaxed after the examination. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
10. I will call you in the afternoon. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
11. They have been swimming since morning. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
12. Ali has nominated Majid for the scholarship. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
13. The girls have been listening to the music for two hours. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
14. A healthy human heart beats 72 times in a minute. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 109 
15. Jeddah is 80 Km from Makkah Mukarrama. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
C: Correct the following sentences. (group work) 
 
1. The students attend the classes regularly last week. 
________________________________________________________ 
2. Dr. Faris comes late never. 
________________________________________________________ 
3. If they gone late to classes, they would be punished. 
________________________________________________________ 
4. The humidity was infected the wound. 
________________________________________________________ 
5. The student was thinking that the answer was correct. 
________________________________________________________ 
6. Did he used to play football when they have been young? 
________________________________________________________ 
7. Salim is sitting beside to Abdullah. 
________________________________________________________ 
8. The doctor advised the patient did not to scratch his skin. 
________________________________________________________ 
9. Dr. Wajid will go swimming if the weather will be good. 
________________________________________________________ 
10. One kilometer is equal to one thousands meters. 
________________________________________________________ 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 110 
 Speaking Focus 
 
Activity A: 
Work in small groups. 
Discuss and write as many imaginary situations as possible. 
One student from first group stands and gives the clue. 
Any student from any other group stands and completes the prompts. 
Try to give maximum possible options. 
Look at the examples. 
 ( group work) 
 
Examples: 
 
If I were a teacher, I would not give any quizzes. 
 I would make easy exams. 
 I would teach in a funny way. 
 I would make things easier for you. 
If I were very hungry, I would eat a basket full of rice. 
 I would eat anything I find. 
 I would eat stones. 
 I would two big pizzas. 
 
1. a bird 2. the dean of the college 
3. the president of the university 4. an artist 
5. a doctor 6. a good cook 
7. a police officer 8. a camal 
9. a lion 10. a car dealer 
11. a businessman 12. a magician 
13. a sportsman 14. a billionaire 
15. a parrot 
 
Activity # 2: 
Work in small groups and prepare your future plans for the next academic 
year. 
Compare your this year actions with those of the next year. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 111 
Each student will come and tell other students about this year as 
well as his plan and determinations for the next year. 
Make a comparison like the examples given below. 
Encourage other students to ask questions about his talk. 
( group work) 
 
Examples: 
 
 I didn’t study well this year but I am going to study very hard the next 
year. 
 I didn’t read reference books this year but I am going to read many 
reference books the next year. 
 I sometimes came late to classes this year but I am going to come to 
all classes on time the next year. 
 I got very good marks this year and I am going to get rather higher 
marks the next year. 
Assignment 
 
Search online resources and prepare a 5-minute presentation about 
importance of Thyroid glands for human health and list the diseases that are 
caused by thyroid gland disorder. 
(individual presentation) 
 
Recommended Online Resources: 
 
1. http://www.innerbody.com/image/endoov.html 
2. http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=endocrine-
system-quiz_3 
3. http://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/endocrine/quiz.html 
4. http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=endocrine-
disorders 
5. http://www.checkyourneck.com/about-thyroid-cancer/about-the-
thyroid-gland 
6. http://www.thyroid.ca/thyroid_questionnaire.php 
http://www.innerbody.com/image/endoov.html
http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=endocrine-system-quiz_3
http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=endocrine-system-quiz_3
http://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/endocrine/quiz.html
http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=endocrine-disorders
http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=endocrine-disorders
http://www.checkyourneck.com/about-thyroid-cancer/about-the-thyroid-gland
http://www.checkyourneck.com/about-thyroid-cancer/about-the-thyroid-gland
http://www.thyroid.ca/thyroid_questionnaire.php
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 112 
UNIT # 7: The Immune System 
 
Many disease-causing foreign invaders such as viruses, bacteria and fungi 1 
continuously attack human body which is defended by the Immune System. 2 
Many cells, molecules and special body organs work in close coordination to 3 
form this vital system. An effective Immune System plays a pivotal role to 4 
keep good health. 5 
The ability to resist diseases is called the immunity and majority of animals 6 
have this system to fight diseases. Immunity can be divided into two types: 7 
the adaptive immunity and innate immunity. The innate immunity forms 8 
body’s primary defense line to fight against the foreign invaders. The skin, 9 
tears, saliva, mucus and the redness of tissues caused by infections are all 10 
form the first line of defense of the body’s immunity. This initial mechanism 11 
of immunity resists the invasion of these foreign invaders but it does not 12 
have the ability to cure the disease completely. 13 
The adaptive immunity is the second line of defensethat has an advanced 14 
and effective defense mechanism to fight diseases. The special immunity 15 
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Neutrophil_with_anthrax_copy.jpg
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 113 
organs, molecules and cells evolve specific defenses against specific 16 
invaders. These specific defenses, also termed as the specific immunity, 17 
remain at the disposal of the Immunity System that can call them whenever 18 
the body is invaded by these particular invaders. 19 
There are four features that distinguish the adaptive immunity from the 20 
innate immunity. Its first feature is that it activates itself after the attack of 21 
the foreign invaders. Secondly, it develops tailor-made specific responses for 22 
the specific invading elements. Another distinguishing feature is that it keeps 23 
the evolved mechanism in its stored memory and fights backs rather more 24 
effectively in case of the second or third attack even if this occurs after 25 
years. Its last feature is that it does not respond against the usual components 26 
of the body but it is a foreign-elements specific defense mechanism. 27 
The humoral and cell-mediated responses are two kinds of this adaptive 28 
immunity which are used against the antigens: invading organisms’ 29 
structures. The humoral responses produce specific kinds of proteins known 30 
as the antibodies that have the ability to physically stick to the disease-31 
causing antigens present in the body fluids and kill them. The basic 32 
responsibility of the humoral immunity responses is to resist the entrance of 33 
the invading elements, such as viruses, bacteria or toxins, into the cells by 34 
fighting them outside the cells. 35 
In cell-mediated immunity responses, those cells get activated that can 36 
destroy infected cells or those cells which have got the ability to produce 37 
disease-causing antigens. These responses are basically against those 38 
foreign bodies like viruses which have the ability to reproduce themselves 39 
inside the body cells. 40 
I. Pre-reading questions: 
 
 1. What happen when disease-causing microorganisms attack human body? 
 2. What are the different microorganisms that cause diseases? 
 3. What system protects human body from these disease-causing 
 microorganisms? 
 
II. Read the passage and write what these words refer to: 
 
 1. Line # 2 which: __________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 114 
 2. Line # 7 this system: __________________________ 
 3. Line # 7 two types: __________________________ 
 4. Line # 14 that: __________________________ 
 5. Line # 18 them: __________________________ 
 6. Line # 21 it: __________________________ 
 7. Line # 25 second: __________________________ 
 8. Line # 25 this: __________________________ 
 9. Line # 32 them: __________________________ 
 10. Line # 38 these responses: __________________________ 
 
III. Vocabulary Preview 
 Complete the sentences with these expressions/words from the 
 reading passage. Make necessary grammatical changes. Then 
 go back and write their meaning in the right column. 
 (pair work) 
 
Expressions Meanings 
(be) defended by 
in close coordination 
pivotal role 
(be) divided into 
fight against 
termed as 
immunity 
fight back 
in case of 
components 
 
1. The president has _______________ against any criminal 
proceedings. 
2. Oxygen and hydrogen are the basic _________________ of water. 
3. The human heart _________________ four chambers. 
4. You can call Dr. Fatima _________________ any emergency. 
5. The white blood cells ________________ the disease-causing 
microorganisms. 
6. Initially the army retreated but then _____________ and won the 
battle. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 115 
7. The countries _________________ the armies and the nations 
together. 
8. The hypothalamus is also ____________ the coordinator of the 
endocrine system. 
9. Nobody can deny parents’ _______________ in the upbringing of the 
children. 
10. The faculty members need to work _____________ for better results. 
 
IV. Work in pairs and use the above-mentioned expressions / 
words in your own sentences. Say them aloud. (speaking) 
V. Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of given clues. 
 
Across 
3. normal 
6. attack 
9. quality 
11. thoroughly 
12. when you are protected against disease 
15. belonging or connected to a country which is not your own 
16. attacker 
17. kill 
18. bring out 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 116 
Down 
1. which causes illness 
2. primary 
4. such as 
5. a door, gate, etc. by which you can enter a building or place 
7. important 
8. a way of doing something which is planned or part of a system 
10. particular 
13. elements 
14. inflammation 
 
VI. Read the following words and then match them with their 
synonyms. 
 word synonym 
 
1. defend ______ immunity 
 2. invaders ______ infection 
 3. repel ______ show 
 4. resistance ______ save 
 5. particular ______ stop 
 6. generalized ______ attackers 
 7. inflammation ______ common 
 8. hinder ______ specific 
 9. specifically ______ push away 
 10. display ______ particularly 
 
VII. Complete the following table with appropriate part of speech 
of the given word. (group work) 
verb noun adjective adverbs 
continue 
 immunity 
 effective 
 primarily 
 invasion 
distinguish 
 activation 
 responsible 
infect 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 117 
VIII. Use the above-mentioned words in your own sentences. Say 
them aloud. (speaking) 
 
 PRONUNCIATION FOCUS 
 
IX. These are the medical terms used in the reading passage. Say 
these words aloud and memorize their meaning. 
Term Pronunciation Meaning 
 
immune system 
fungi 
adaptive immunity 
innate immunity 
humoral 
cell-mediated 
antigens 
toxins 
antibodies 
protein 
 
X. Write the correct final sound of the past form (-ed) for these 
regular verbs. Write t, d, or id. Say them aloud. 
 
1. secreted / / 2. described / / 
3. produced / / 4. increased / / 
5. converted / / 6. suppressed / / 
7. balanced / / 8. attacked / / 
9. defended / / 10. resisted / / 
11. evolved / / 12. distinguished / / 
13. killed / / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 118 
XI. Read the passage and circle the appropriate answer. Circle a, 
b, c, or d. (group work) 
 
1. The defense of the body is _____________ done by the immune system, 
 group of cells, molecules etc. 
 a. separately b. continually c. collectively d. individually 
 
2. The immune system is _________________ the body’s health. 
 a. secondary to b. important for c. not important for d. irrelevant to 
 
3. ______________ the animals have the immune system. 
 a. All b. Minority of c. Some of d. Majority of 
 
4. The innate immunity is body’s _____________ defense. 
 a. initial b. secondary c. final d. least important 
 
5. The innate immunity provides a(n) ____________ prevention of diseases. 
 a. partial b. secondary c. complete d. final 
 
6. Specifically tailored defenses are known as the ___________ immunity. 
 a. adaptive b. specific c. neither a nor b d. botha & b 
 
7. The antigens are also known as (the) ______________________. 
 a. adaptive immunity b. immune system 
 c. structures d. invading organisms 
 
8. The antibodies are produced in (the) ___________________. 
 1. blood b. other body fluids c. both a & b d. neither a nor b 
 
9. The cell-mediated responses ______ the cells that can destroy other cells. 
 a. accelerate b. activate c. deactivate d. slow down 
 
10. _________________ have the ability to reproduce within the body cells. 
 a. Antigens b. Toxins c. Viruses d. All a, b & c 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 119 
XII. Read paragraph two and three and complete the following 
diagrams. 
Immunity 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Its properties 
 Its first line of defense 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
XIII. Read the passage and write “T” for true statements and “F” 
for false statement. Correct the false statements and write them 
again on the lines given below. ( pair work) 
 
1. Bacteria, viruses and fungi cause diseases in 
 human beings. ( ) 
2. Resistance system in the animals is called the immunity. ( ) 
3. There are two types of immunity: innate and non-specific. ( ) 
4. The invading microorganisms cannot cross the first 
 line of defense. ( ) 
5. The specific immunity has four distinguishing properties. ( ) 
6. The adaptive immunity responds better in case of 
 invaders’ second exposure. ( ) 
7. All proteins are called antibodies. ( ) 
8. Bacteria and toxins are found inside the cells. ( ) 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 120 
__________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
 
XIV. Read the passage and write short notes on the following. 
 
a. the immune system 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
b. the innate immunity 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
c. the adaptive immunity 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
d. the antibodies 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 121 
e. the invaders 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
___________________________________________ 
 
 
 LISTENING FOCUS: 
XV. Listen to the passage and circle the right word. 
 
1. immune / immunity 2. relative / related 
3. human / humoral 4. nets / pets 
5. mast / moist 6. runny / funny 
7. tongues / lungs 8. hypersensitivity / hyposensitivity 
9. oak / soak 10. destroy / destruct 
11. T cells / D cells 12. typical / critical 
 
XVI. Listen to the passage and answer the following questions. 
 
1. Why are the antigens called the allergens? 
 ________________________________________ 
2. What are the various kinds of allergic reactions? 
 ________________________________________ 
3. What are the examples of the rapid allergic responses? 
 ________________________________________ 
4. What causes the production of IgE? 
 ________________________________________ 
5. What are the various severe allergic reactions? 
 ________________________________________ 
6. What are the examples of the delayed allergic responses? 
 ________________________________________ 
7. What causes inflammation in the body tissues? 
 ________________________________________ 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 122 
 Medical Terminology: 
 
XVII. REVIW: Book two 
Match the following roots/suffixes/prefixes with their meanings. 
 
 1. exo - _____middle 
 2. lith/o _____ kidney 
 3. hyper- _____ much or many 
 4. -emia _____ nose 
 5. -pnea _____ clot 
 6. intra- _____ swallowing 
 7. meso- _____ inside 
 8. thromb/o _____ beyond 
 9. poly _____ small intestine 
 10. enter/o _____ beyond normal 
11. meta- _____ unrealistic fear 
 12. ren/o _____ liver 
 13. rhin/o _____ backward 
 14. phag/o _____ vein 
 15. retro- _____ gland 
 16. phleb/o _____ lung 
 17. pulmon/o _____ blood 
 18. hepat/o _____ breathing 
 19. aden/o _____ outside 
 20. -phobia _____ stone 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 123 
XVIII. Divide the following terms into their words parts and write 
down the meaning of these word parts. 
 
1. hyperparasite 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
2. epidermis 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
3. extracorporal 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
4. ectodermal 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
5. exocardia 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
6. ectocardia 
 ___________________________________________________________ 
7. exchange 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
8. endoabdominal 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
9. exoskeleton 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
10. endocellular 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
11. hyperalkalinity 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
12. encapsulated 
 ____________________________________________________________ 
 
 
Common word elements related to the immune system: 
 lymph/o refers to the lymph or lymphatic system 
 lymphat/o refers to the lymph or lymphatic system 
 lymphangi/o refers to the lymph vessels 
 immun/o refers to the immune system 
 lymphaden/o refers to the lymph nodes 
 splen/o refers to the spleen 
 tonsill/o refers to the lymph node 
 thym/o refers to the thymus 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 124 
XIX. Write one example each for the following roots and suffixes. 
Write their transcription and definitions as well. 
 
Root / 
Suffix 
Example 
transcription 
definition 
lymph/o 
 
 
 
lymphat/o 
 
 
 
lymphangi/o 
 
 
 
immun/o 
 
 
 
lymphaden/o 
 
 
 
splen/o 
 
 
 
tonsill/o 
 
 
 
thym/o 
 
 
 
 
 GRAMMAR FOCUS: Conditional Sentences: 
 (contrary-to-fact in the past) 
 
A: Make contrary to fact conditional sentences with the help of the 
following clues. 
 
Examples: work hard / higher grade 
 If he had worked hard, he would have scored higher grades. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 125 
1. weather good / go to the beach 
___________________________________________________________ 
 
2. receive his salary / lend me money 
___________________________________________________________3. drink cold water / suffer sore throat 
___________________________________________________________ 
 
4. not drive carefully / have an accident 
___________________________________________________________ 
 
5. weather clear / the plane – reach on time 
___________________________________________________________ 
 
6. study more books / write a better article 
___________________________________________________________ 
 
7. read newspaper daily / efficient reader 
___________________________________________________________ 
 
8. eat fresh fruits / escape heart attack 
___________________________________________________________ 
 
9. ask me / help you 
___________________________________________________________ 
 
10. give us more homework / write correct English 
___________________________________________________________ 
 
11. buy a laptop / work more efficiently 
___________________________________________________________ 
 
B. Circle the correct word. (group work) 
 
1. I saw he/him waving to them/they. 
2. He’s/His ECG is quite normal. 
3. The doctor signed his/him discharge slip. 
4. I/Me attempted our/my exam according to its/it’s instructions. 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 126 
5. This is I/me. 
6. The teacher asked they/them to stand up. 
7. The pigeon cleaned it’s/its feathers with it’s/its beak. 
8. Our/Ours book has five units whereas their/theirs has six. 
9. I like my/mine book. 
10. This pen was gifted by my/mine uncle. 
11. They’re/Their TV is new but your/yours is old. 
 
E: Correct the following sentences. (group work) 
 
1. Water boil on 100 c. 
________________________________________________________ 
2. The water level was rose after the rain. 
________________________________________________________ 
3. If they have studied well, they could have found a nice job. 
________________________________________________________ 
4. Everybody was hearing the birds. 
________________________________________________________ 
5. Self-medication should not allowed for common people. 
________________________________________________________ 
6. The teacher asked us to write the numbers on the top of the page. 
________________________________________________________ 
7. The girls are usually study better than the boys do. 
________________________________________________________ 
8. Have you saw that accident yesterday. 
________________________________________________________ 
9. Who did come to the class late today. 
________________________________________________________ 
10. The doctor was operating when the nurse was monitoring the pulse. 
________________________________________________________ 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 127 
 Speaking Focus 
 
Activity A: 
Work in small groups. 
Discuss and write as many responses for the following clues as possible. 
One student from first group stands and gives the clue. 
Any student from any other group stands and completes the prompt. 
Try to give maximum possible responses. 
Try to think of more prompts other than the ones given below. 
Look at the examples. 
 ( group work) 
 
Example: 
 
If I had driven slowly, I could have escaped the accident. 
 
11. If I had not smoked, 
12. If I had called my father on time, 
13. If I had bought the ticket, 
14. If I had saved enough money, 
15. If I had taken TOEFL test, 
16. If I had not played football, 
17. If I had married earlier, 
18. If I had booked a table, 
19. If I had read this book, 
20. If I had learned how to swim, 
21. If I had put on warm clothes, 
 
Activity # 2: 
Work in small groups and prepare a presentation about English language 
teaching during the first year at CMMS. 
Write fifteen to twenty sentences about the following: 
 
a. the textbooks 
b. credit hours for English teaching 
c. teaching methodologies 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 128 
d. Mid-term and final examinations 
e. group size and class timings 
 
Each student will come and tell other students about any one of the 
above-mentioned factors. 
Five students will come and talk about the five factors. 
Ask questions about his talk. 
( group work) 
 
Assignment 
 
Search online resources and prepare a 5-minute presentation about the 
significance of immune system to fight diseases. Enumerate some diseases 
that are caused due to weak immune system or adversely affect this system. 
(individual presentation) 
 
Recommended Online Resources: 
 
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system 
2. http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body_basics/immune.html 
3. http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Quiz_
do_you_understand_your_immune_system 
4. http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/biology/immune_system/quiz890
.html 
5. http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/immune-system-disorders 
6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22243/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system
http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body_basics/immune.html
http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Quiz_do_you_understand_your_immune_system
http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Quiz_do_you_understand_your_immune_system
http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/biology/immune_system/quiz890.html
http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/biology/immune_system/quiz890.html
http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/immune-system-disorders
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22243/
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 129 
 Appendix 1a: Pronunciation Guide 
 
 
VOWELS 
 
ə sofa ŏ got 
ā mate ū fuel 
ă bat ŭ but 
ē beam aw all 
ĕ met oi boil 
ī bite ōō boom 
ĭ bit ŏo book 
ō home ou fowl 
 
 
CONSONANTS 
 
b book s sigh 
d dog t tin 
f fog, photo w wood 
g get z size, phase 
h heat ch chin 
j jewel, gem ks six 
k cart, pick kw quote 
l look ng sing 
m mouse sh should 
n new th thin, than 
p park zh measure 
r rat 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 130 
 Appendix 1b: Pronunciation Guide 
 
 
* The phonetic spelling is kept as possible, with few diacritical marks; 
the only special character used is ə, the schwa, used to represent the 
unstressed vowel sound heard at the end of sofa. The schwa is also used in 
combination with r to represent the sound heard in fur and the second 
syllable of other. 
* There are four basic rules: 
 
1. An unmarked vowel ending syllable (an “open” syllable) 
is long. Thus ma represents the pronunciation of may. 
2. An unmarked vowel in a syllable ending in a consonant (a 
“closed” syllable) is short. Thus not represents the 
pronunciation of knot. 
3. A long vowel in a closed syllable is indicated by a 
macron. Thus māt represents the pronunciation of mate. 
4. A short vowel that ends or itself constitutes a syllable is 
indicated by a breve. Thus ĭ-mūn’ represents the 
pronunciation of immune. 
 
* Primary (΄) and secondary (΄΄) stresses are shown in polysyllabic 
words, with unstressed syllables followed by hyphens, as in mi΄΄kro-
or΄gən-iz-əm. Monosyllables, even when part of a compound term, have no 
stress mark, as in bens jōnz. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 131 
 Appendix 1c: Final–s and –ed endings 
 
 
FINAL –S ENDING (plural+3rd person singular) 
 
The final –s ending is pronounced in three ways depending on the ending of 
the noun or verb. 
 
1. /iz/ is used after –ch, -sh, -s, -z, -dge, and –x endings 
riches, washes, classes, buzzes, judges, boxes 
2. /s/ is used after voiceless endings: p, t, k, f, (th) etc. 
caps, kits, beaks, cliffs, baths 
3. /z/ is used after voiced endings: b, d, g, v, l, n, (th) etc. 
cabs, beads, hugs, caves, calls, nuns, bathes 
 
 
 
FINAL–ed ENDING (past and past participle of regular verbs) 
 
The final –ed ending is pronounced in three ways depending on the ending 
of the verb. 
 
4. /id/ is used after –t, -d, -s, -z, -dge, and –x endings 
added, fitted 
5. /t/ is used after voiceless endings: p, k, f, sh, s etc. 
clapped, kicked, puffed, wished, kissed 
6. /d/ is used after voiced endings: b, g, v, z, n etc. 
robbed, begged, caved, razed, shunned 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 132 
 Appendix 2a: Present Continuous Tense 
 
 
USAGE: 
 
We Use present continuous tense in the following ways: 
 
1. for the activity that is in progress right now; 
They are eating dinner now. 
 
Note: This tense is used when we talk about an activity that is in progress 
at the time the speaker is uttering the sentence. It is implied that the 
action started in the past and it is in progress right now and most 
probably it will continue in the past as well. 
 
 
2. for a definite future activity; 
The airplane in landing in an hour. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 133 
 Appendix 2b: Present Continuous Tense 
 
 
statement Third person singular subjects 
He-She-It-Ali is speaking. 
 is going. 
I am speaking. 
 
All plural + You subjects 
They-We-You-Students are speaking. 
 are going. 
 
They are watching TV 
right now. 
 
Samia is cooking dinner 
now. 
Negative He-She-It-Ali is not speaking. 
 is not going. 
 
I am not speaking. 
 
They-We-You- are not speaking. 
 are not going. 
They are not watching TV 
right now. 
 
Samia is not cooking 
dinner now. 
Question Is he-she-it-Ali speaking? 
 going? 
 
Am I speaking? 
 
Are they-we-you-students speaking? 
 going? 
Are they watching TV 
right now? 
 
Is Samia cooking dinner? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 134 
 Appendix 2c: Non-progressive verbs 
 
 
The following are the verbs that don’t take –ing form even in the present 
progressive tense. 
 
Example: He owns two cars nowadays. 
 They see birds in the sky. (now) 
 
 
- own - possess - belong - have 
- remember - forget - hear - see 
- prefer - want - need - exist 
- believe - understand - know - think 
- be 
 
Note: “Have” and “think” can be used in progressive form in the following 
sense. 
 
They are thinking about their parents. 
 
The children are having fun. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 135 
 Appendix 2d: Prepositions of time 
 
The following prepositions are used as follows: 
 
On: with dates and days: 
on Monday, on 17
th
 august 
 
In: with months, years, centuries and seasons 
 in July, in 1994, in the twentieth century, in winter 
 with the following expressions 
 in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening 
 in the past, in the present, in the future 
 
At: with the following 
 at noon, at midnight, at night, at 5:00, at 3 o’ clock 
 at the moment, at present 
 
When: for interrupted actions 
 He entered the room when he was sleeping. 
 
While: for parallel actions 
 They were talking while I was studying. 
 
For: for a period of time 
 They have attended the classes for three months. 
 
During: for any time within a specific period 
 Hand in your assignments during the next week. 
 
By: not later than 
 You need to complete this exercise by next Saturday. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 136 
 Appendix 2e: Count / Non-count nouns: Using a, 
 an or X 
 
 
Count Nouns: 
 These are the nouns that can be counted. 
 table, chair, student, computer, book, dog etc. 
 
Non-count nouns: 
 These are the nouns that cannot be counted. 
 water, tea, rice, glass, iron etc. 
 
Use of a, an or x: 
 
A: We use use “a” before those singular count nouns that start with a 
 consonant sound. 
 a table, a student, a book etc. 
 
An: We use “an before those singular count nouns that start with a vowel 
 sound. 
 an orange, an umbrella, an hour etc. 
 
X: We don’t use a or an before plural or non-count nouns. 
 Tables, chairs, students etc 
 Water, sugar, chocolate etc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 137 
 Appendix 2f: be going to v/s will 
 
Be going to: 
 We use “be going to” when we talk about a future action that is 
planned. 
 The college is going to arrange the annual function next month. 
 He is going to borrow some books from the library. 
 
Will: 
 We use “will” when we need to mention willingness for any future 
action. 
 It’s hot in here. I will open the window. 
 If you are thirsty, I will get you a glass of water. 
 
Note: “Be going to” and “will” can be used interchangeably to mention any 
future happening. 
 
 We will arrange a social get-together this evening. 
 We are going to arrange a social get-together this evening. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 138 
 Appendix 2g: Definite article: The 
 
Definite article “the” is used in the following situations: 
 
1. When we talk about a thing, place or person that is specific and known to 
both: the speaker as well as the listener: 
 Give me the pen you bought yesterday. 
 
2. When we mention a thing, place or person for the second time in a 
conversation or a piece of writing: 
 A student asked me a question. I liked the question. 
 
3. When we mention a family name in the plural: 
 The Ghamdies are from Al-Baha. 
 
4. When we mention seas and oceans: 
 the Black sea, the Atlantic, 
 the Red Sea 
 
5. When we mention countries consisted of states etc. 
 the KSA, the USA 
 the Netherlands, the Philippines 
 
6. When we mention the names of the rivers and mountain ranges: 
 the Nile, the Tames 
 the Himalaya, the Alps 
 
7. When we mention the names of the newspapers: 
 the Arab News, the Times, 
 
8. When we mention the names of the hotels: 
 the Intercontinental, the Hilton 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 139 
 Appendix 2h: Present Perfect Tense 
 
 
USAGE: 
 
We Use present perfect tense in the following ways: 
 
1. for an activity without a specified time in the past 
I have already posted the letter. 
I have been to Australia many times. 
She has never told a lie. 
 
2. for an activity that started in the past and still continue 
I have delivered many lectures since 1997. 
Fahd has known us forseveral years. 
 
statement Third person singular subjects 
He-She-It-Ali has gone. 
 has written. 
All plural +I+ You subjects 
They-We-I-You-Students 
 have spoken. 
 have written. 
 
Sameer has recorded 
many songs. 
 
The students have read a 
lot of reference material. 
Negative He-She-It-Ali has not gone. 
 has not written. 
 
They-We-I-You- Students 
 have not spoken. 
 have not written. 
 
Sameer has not recorded 
many songs. 
 
The students have not read 
a lot of reference material. 
Question Has he-she-it-Ali gone? 
 written? 
 
Have they-we-I-you-students 
 gone? 
 written? 
 
Has Sameer recorded 
many songs? 
 
Have the students read a 
lot of reference material? 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 140 
 Appendix 2J: Passive Voice; Present Perfect Tense 
 
 
 
 subject verb object 
The students have prepared the lessons. 
 
 
 
The lessons have been prepared by the students. 
 
 
 subject verb object 
Saudi football team has won the final match. 
 
 
 
The final match has been won by Saudi football 
team. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 141 
 Appendix 2i: Conditional sentences: 
 
 
Probable situation: 
 
If we talk about a condition that is probable and possible, we use present 
tense with –if clause and future tense with the result clause. 
 
If you eat healthy food, you will get in shape. 
 
 
Contrary-to-fact situation: present / future 
 
If we talk about a contrary to fact situation in the present or future, we use 
past tense with the –if clause and would/could in the result clause. 
 
If you ate healthy food, you would get in shape. 
If he were rich, he could buy a new car. 
 
 
Contrary-to-fact situation: past 
 
If we talk about a contrary to fact situation in the past, we use past perfect 
tense with the –if clause and would have/could have in the result clause. 
 
If he had eaten healthy food, he could have got in shape. 
If he had been rich, he would have bought a new car. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 142 
 Appendix 3a: Listening Passage: Unit#1 
 
The respiratory system diseases may adversely affect the respiratory tract. 
Common colds are caused by the viruses that affect the nasal cavity and 
pharynx by destroying the cells of the membrane of the nasal cavity. This 
attack is countered by the virus-attacking white blood cells and this 
procedure increases the blood flow to the affected area. This increased blood 
flow swells the membrane that causes the stuffy nose: a common symptom 
of common colds. If not cured properly, this infection may hurt the middle 
ear, the lower respiratory canal as well as the membrane of the cavities 
present in the head. 
Hay fever and asthma are the allergic reactions that may attack the 
respiratory system. These reactions are initiated by the stimulation of the 
immunity system by the irritants like pollen and dust. Runny nose, sneezing 
and watery eyes are the typical symptoms of hay fever. Asthma causes 
temporary restriction and inflammation of the bronchioles as well as the 
bronchi that result in breathing difficulties. This attach is usually mild but it 
may be fatal sometimes. 
Cigarette smoke or excessive use of the voice can cause inflammation of the 
larynx which is called laryngitis. Reduced voice and hoarseness are the most 
common symptoms of this disease. Inflammation of the inner walls of the 
bronchi and bronchioles is called bronchitis that may be caused by breathing 
in certain chemicals or infections caused by viruses and bacteria. These viral 
or bacterial infections can cause pneumonia which is a very serious disease 
that may cause death by restricting the flow of carbon dioxide and oxygen. 
This disease causes fluid buildup as well as the inflammation of inner walls 
of the alveoli. 
 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 143 
 Appendix 3b: Listening Passage: Unit#2 
 
 
Hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and atherosclerosis are among the most 
important diseases of the circulatory system. 
Narrowing down of the blood vessels results in increased blood pressure that 
is called hypertension. If hypertension is not treated timely, it can cause 
thickening of the muscles of the walls of the heart and ultimately heart 
enlargement. This limits the ability of the heart to provide sufficient amount 
of oxygen to various body organs that may lead to brain stroke, kidney 
failure or heart failure. In addition to medicines, hypertension can be 
effectively cured by following a healthy lifestyle: managing ideal weight, 
doing regular exercise and eating natural healthy foods. 
Hardening of the arteries is called arteriosclerosis. This disease is developed 
when the arteries lose their elasticity. This hardening of the arteries force the 
heart work more to supply oxygen to the body. In the last stages of this 
disease, the heart can not deliver sufficient supply of the blood to the organs 
of the body. Medical experts are still uncertain about the exact cause for this 
cardiovascular disease but factors like fatty foods, smoking and excessive 
weight has been identified as the contributing reasons. 
Atherosclerosis is a kind of arteriosclerosis in which the blood flow in the 
arteries is restricted due to the deposit of certain greasy substances on the 
inner walls of the arteries. These deposits make the flow of the blood 
difficult. An added factor that worsens the situation is the formation of volts 
of blood in the arteries. These blood clots may travel to the other parts of the 
body and restrict of even stop blood supply that can damage that organ. 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 144 
 Appendix 3c: Listening Passage: Unit#3 
 
 
The digestive system plays an important role in the human body and if it is 
damaged or infected, other body functions may be adversely affected. The 
following are common infections of this system. Salivary glands are infected 
by the mumps virus, many stomach and duodenal ulcers are caused by the 
bacteria Helicobacter Pylori, and severe digestive tract infections like 
traveler’s diarrhea and stomach flue are because of certain viruses and 
bacteria. One of the most common infections, which is very common among 
teenagers and children, is called the Appendicitis: an extremely painful 
infection of the appendix. Sometimes the large intestine gets infected and the 
result of this inflammation is diarrhea: a quick excretion of the feces through 
the large intestine. Loose, watery feces are the symptom of this disease. 
Constipation is a digestive system disorder in which the feces move very 
slowly through the large intestine that change these food residues into dry 
and hard feces, which are extremely difficult to excrete. 
Cancers are among the other disorders that may hurt any organ of the 
digestive tract. But usually they develop in the large intestine or the anus. 
Colitis is one of the most fatal cancers of the large intestine. Inflammation of 
the lower intestine causes several bowel syndromes that are very painful and 
hurting. Crohn’s disease is one example inthis regard. Sometimes the 
digestive system develops an abnormal sensitivity towards special proteins 
that damages the inner walls of the small intestine. This malfunctioning can 
cause digestive problems like malnutrition. Anorexia nervosa is a digestive 
disorder that disrupts the normal function of the digestive process and this 
may lead to life-threatening situations. 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 145 
 Appendix 3d: Listening Passage: Unit#4 
 
 
Filtration of the blood is one of the primary functions of the urinary system 
and its complete or partial failure to do this action is called renal failure. 
This disease causes accumulation of certain toxic waste products in the 
blood. A number of factors such as drug poisoning, bacterial infections, 
local traumas, congestive heart failure or sever bleeding may cause acute 
renal failure. Kidney dialysis, the mechanical filtration of the blood, is 
sometimes necessary if other treatments like drugs, blood transfusion or 
surgery do not stimulate the kidneys to function properly. 
 If a patient suffers from a prolonged malfunctioning of the kidneys, he will 
have chronic renal failure ultimately. Hypertension, AIDS, lupus 
erythematosus and certain kinds of cancers may be some of the causes for 
this disease. This is basically is an irreversible disease because it is nearly 
impossible to reverse the damage done but through proper treatment this 
process may be slowed down if it is timely diagnosed. Restricted intake of 
fluids and proteins along with proper medication can slow down this 
process. If a patient develops end-stage renal failure, he needs to go for 
continuous dialysis or a kidney transplant to escape death. 
 Some patients develop kidney stones and this disease is also known as 
urinary calculi. It is caused by a gradual accumulation of crystallized 
minerals and salts. If these stones obstruct any urine passageway, they cause 
extremely severe pain. If they are not very big, usually they pass through 
with the urine. In case they are bigger, the patient needs to undergo a 
surgical procedure or the latest ultrasound technique of lithotripsy. 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 146 
 Appendix 3e: Listening Passage: Unit#5 
 
Neurology deals with the disorders of the nervous system whereas 
behavioral disturbances are dealt with in psychiatry. It is extremely difficult 
to draw a line between these two medical specialties because the symptoms 
of both diseases often overlap. 
Genetic malformations, poisonings, metabolic defects, vascular disorders, 
degeneration, and tumors are the main diseases of this system that affect 
either the nerve cells or other supporting organs of this system. Some forms 
of stroke like cerebral hemorrhage are the main factors that cause 
neurological problems such as paralysis. The nervous system has diseases 
that are geographic and age specific. Sclerosis is a wide spread disease in 
temperate regions whereas its presence in the tropical zones is extremely 
rare. 
Various kinds of bacteria, parasites and viruses cause infections in the 
nervous system. Meningitis is a kind of fever that damages the brain and 
spinal cord. This disease is caused by the infection in the meninges and 
various agents have the ability to cause it. Rabies is the result of the attack of 
a specific kind of virus. There are specific kinds of the viruses that affect 
only specific areas of the nervous system. Poliomyelitis is caused by the 
virus that attacks the spinal cord and the virus that cause encephalitis affects 
the brain. 
Most of the diseases of the nervous systems are named according to the 
organs that are infected. The inflammation of the spinal cord is known as 
myelitis and the nerve infections are called neuritis. But there are certain 
nervous system disorders like migraine, epilepsy and neuralgia that do not 
include any damage of any organ of this system. Some diseases are linked 
with birth defects such as cerebral palsy. 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 147 
 Appendix 3f: Listening Passage: Unit#6 
 
Diabetes mellitus is among the most common diseases that are caused due to 
the malfunctioning of the endocrine system. There are two kinds of diabetes 
mellitus: type 1 and type 2. Inappropriate production of insulin by the 
pancreas causes D.M. type-1 whereas the second kind is caused when human 
body does not respond properly to insulin. The symptoms of both types do 
not have any major differences and they include enhanced hunger, thirst and 
urination. Excessive amount of glucose in the patients’ urine and blood are 
the main indication of this disease. Subcutaneous injections of insulin are 
administered regularly for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 1. Regular 
exercise, low-carbohydrate diet and oral medication are recommended to 
treat type 2. This disease may cause kidney problems, coronary cardiac 
diseases, eye sight problems and nerve damage. Latest research in this field 
has suggested that all the above-mentioned complications can be reduced by 
maintaining blood sugar levels. 
Excessive thirst and urination are also common symptoms of diabetes 
insipidus that is resulted by a deficiency of vasopressin: a hormone produced 
by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Synthetically produced 
vasopressin is a commonly used oral treatment for this type of diabetes. 
Another complication caused by the malfunctioning of the endocrine system 
is Addison’s disease. Physical weakness, abdominal pains, fever, 
dehydration and hyper-pigmentation are some of the symptoms of this 
disease which is caused by the hypo-functioning of the adrenal cortex. The 
patients are given excessive dietary salt as well as corticosteroid hormones. 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2 Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 148 
 Appendix 3g: Listening Passage: Unit#7 
 
Hypersensitivity or allergy is resulted by certain immune responses to the 
antigens that are also called the allergens because they provoke allergic 
reactions. There are two main kinds of allergic reactions which are known as 
rapid and delayed responses and are directly related to two types of the 
immune responses. 
Humoral immune mechanisms cause rapid allergic responses. Responses to 
bee biting or the ones caused by pollens and pets are the examples of rapid 
reactions. The first exposure to an allergen causes the production of 
antibodies called IgE cause immediate rapid responses. These IgE antibodies 
stick to the mast cells that contain white blood cells histamine. This 
phenomenon produces severe allergic reactions like common cold: runny 
nose, watery eyes, and sneezing. The mast cells are found in the lungs and 
intestine in abundance. When the sites that house these mast cells are filled 
with any allergen, these cells secrete allergy-causing chemical histamine. 
Delayed allergic reactions are also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity 
(DTH) and they are slow in the beginning. The examples of these cell 
mediated reactions are the ones initiated by the poison ivy or oak. These 
reactions heightened when macrophages remain unable to destroy the 
attacking substances. This leads to the activation of T cells that cause 
inflammation in the body tissues. Tuberculosis-causing bacteria are the 
typical example of this category. These bacteria contain a wax-like coating 
that makes it impossible for the macrophages to destroy them. These 
bacteria damage the lungs and liver that leads to tuberculosis. 
 
 
 
 
English for Medicine Part 2Dr. Choudhary 2013 
 
 149 
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