Teste - Literatura Inglesa 2

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1.
		Jane Austen makes use of free indirect discourse, or, in other words, she blends the speech of the narrator with that of the character, in her novels. This narrative strategy allows the author to:
	
	
	
	remain faithful and consistent to the construction of the personality of a character.
	
	
	combine the objectivity of the 3rd person narrator with a personal voice of the first.
	
	
	explore the ambiguities of characters, as well as their uncontaminated point of view.  
	
	
	explain to the readers, objectively, the convictions and questions of a character.
	
	
	convey a personal reflection about many facts in the plot by using a narrative voice.
	Data Resp.: 28/04/2022 15:02:25
		Explicação:
The free indirect discourse is a way of narrating written in the third person maintaining elements of a first-person narrator. It is possible to describe emotions and thoughts of a character while at an observational distance. The narrator goes in and out the thoughts of a character. Thus, this mode allows a combination of the objectivity of a third-person narrator with a personal voice of a first-person narrator. The objective explanation about convictions and questions of a character is a feature of the third-person narrator; a personal reflection of the author may be conveyed in different ways, explicitly or in a more subtle way, either by a third-person narrator or a first-person narrator, not depending on the free indirect discourse. Exploration of the ambiguities and an `uncontaminated¿, or innocent perspective of a character may occur in all types of discourse, direct, indirect or free indirect; the same applies to the faithfulness and consistency to the construction of the personality of a character.    
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		In Scott's novels, the historical characters have less importance in the narrative than the ordinary ones, because he wanted to:
	
	
	
	show how social forces led to a historical event and affect common people¿s lives.
	
	
	criticize the historical characters portraying their secondary importance in the event. 
	
	
	relativize the importance of those historical characters and even discredit them.
	
	
	accomplish a comic effect, since the readers know the importance of those figures.
	
	
	inspire his readers to study those historical events and figures moved by curiosity.
	Data Resp.: 28/04/2022 15:02:27
		Explicação:
In Scott's historical novels, historical events and characters are present in the background, because the author wanted to show how common people¿s lives are affected by those events, that were a result of social forces and tensions in place in a particular period and region. Thus, Scott's intent was not criticizing, relativizing or discrediting those historical figures, but drawing attention to the common people whom social forces acted upon. Common people¿s lives are not in History books or official accounts of historical events, and it is their stories that Scott want to show, and that is why he uses types, or, in other words, characters that represent a group of people of a certain social class and cultural identity. The comic effect is not linked to the minor importance of the historical figure in the development of the plot, as well as the curiosity aroused by the novel; however, both situations might occur after reading the novel.
	
	
	 
		
	
		3.
		Regarding Dickens's life it is correct to say that:
I. His personal life greatly inspired his literary writings.
Because
II. His first-hand experience with poverty would infuse his writings with social concerns.
	
	
	
	Option I is false, whereas option II is correct.
	
	
	Option I is correct, whereas option II is false.
	
	
	Both are correct, but II does not justify I.
	
	
	Options I and II are correct and ii. justifies I.
	
	
	Options I and II are false.
	Data Resp.: 28/04/2022 15:02:31
		Explicação:
As a child, Charles Dickens experienced poverty, as his father imprisonment for debt left the family in a complicated financial situation. Throughout his books the figure of the vulnerable or parentless child is quite prominent and he always tries to draw attention to the plight of poor and neglected young people. Therefore, both sentences are correct and II justifies I
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		The preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray brings about lots of aphorisms that up until today arouse controversy. Read one of these aphorisms below:
 "It is the spectator, and not life, that art really mirrors" (WILDE, 1994)
Source: WILDE. Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Project Gutenberg. October, 1994.
Choose the alternative that contains the best interpretation for such aphorism.
	
	
	
	Art is not meant as a mirror.
	
	
	Art reflects the spectator (or reader).
	
	
	Art mirrors anything.
	
	
	Art is not a reflection of life.
	
	
	Art is a reflection of life.
	Data Resp.: 28/04/2022 14:53:51
		Explicação:
The quotation above comes after Wilde states that there is no such thing as a moral or immoral book. Books are badly or well written, that¿s all. Claiming that there is no such thing as an immoral book means that immorality should stem from a different source. And that¿s why Wilde states that art does not reflect life, it reflects, on the other hand, the one looking at it. If the spectator finds immoral themes in a beautifully written piece it is only because he is looking at his or her reflection in the work of art. Therefore, the only correct option is: Art reflects the spectator (or reader).
	
	
	 
		
	
		5.
		Without certain discoveries and developments, modernist writing would never have existed. Therefore, James Joyce's and Virginia Woolf's literary innovations, in a way, owed their existence to thinkers that challenged the nineteenth century paradigm. Darwin, Marx, Freud and Nietzsche were such thinkers.
Choose the alternative that correctly associates the thinkers with the fields of knowledge they revolutionized:
 
Charles Darwin, Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche were important thinkers that changed the paradigms of nineteenth-century fields of ___________, ________, __________ and ___________, respectively.
	
	
	
	Philosophy - Medicine - Letters - Visual Arts
	
	
	Economics - Law - Biology - Arts
	
	
	Politics - Economics - Law - Psychology
	
	
	Biology - Economics - Psychology - Philosophy
	
	
	Geography - Biology - Arts - Poetry
	Data Resp.: 28/04/2022 15:02:37
		Explicação:
Darwin developed the field of Biology with the theory of evolution, Marx, with his political and philosophical thought greatly influenced Economics, Freud founded the clinical method of psychoanalysis, which contributed a lot to the field of Psychology, and Nietzsche¿s work exerted a profound influence in Philosophy and in modern intellectual history, as a whole.    
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		To the Lighthouse is a highly subjective and extremely poetic novel. In relation to the poetic language employed by Woolf in To the Lighthouse, it is correct to say that:
	
	
	
	it is an experiment to bring literature and philosophy closer together.
	
	
	it is a way to narrate World War I with more realism.
	
	
	it is a testament to the difficulty of a totally objective description.
	
	
	it is a strategy to make the text seem darker and mysterious.
	
	
	it is an attempt to be more artistically respectable.
	Data Resp.: 28/04/2022 14:55:20
		Explicação:
By using highly figurative language, Woolf attests to the way in which it is very hard to represent the world in an entirely objective way. Therefore, her poetic style marks the importance of subjectivity in literature. The author was not aiming at making the text more respectable, darker, philosophical, or realistic. Her poetic language, this, away, is a testament to the difficulty of a totally objective description.
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		As a result of the Scottish Devolution Referendumof 1997, in 1999, an independent Parliament of Scotland was created and elected democratically. What is the relation between the Scottish Devolution and Postmodern writing?
	
	
	
	Contemporary writers represent in their works a distinctive voice for Scotland.
	
	
	The political aspects were more emphasized in the works of contemporary writers.
	
	
	Writers were freer to write about a diversity of topics after the devolution of power.
	
	
	The theme of the devolution of political powers to Scotland was hugely explored.
	
	
	The Devolution called the world's attention to the contemporary Scottish writers.
	Data Resp.: 28/04/2022 15:02:43
		Explicação:
Right answer: Contemporary writers represent in their works a distinctive voice for Scotland.  
Feedback: The devolution was an emblematic event, since Scottish writers vindicated a distinctive voice deserving political representation. From the works of contemporary writers Alasdair Gray (1934-2019), James Kelman (b.1946), James Robertson (b.1958) and Irvine Welsh (b.1958), for instance, this parliamentary future was transformed into artistic material present in their novels. Using the devolution was a theme, as well as emphasizing political aspects is a matter of choice from the part of the authors, but this is not a relation between the Devolution and the postmodern writing. There has not been censorship in Scotland that justifies the statement that there is more freedom for writers to write about a variety of topics.
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		China Miéville's Perdido Street Station takes place in the fictional world of Bas-Lag. In Bas-Lag steam punk technology and magic coexist. The scientist Isaac Dan Der Grimnebulin has to fight against creatures known as slake-moths, mind-consuming beasts that terrorize the city of New Crobuzon. The novel can also be interpreted as presenting anti-capitalism themes because it:
	
	
	
	investigates the social effects of the Industrial Revolution.
	
	
	sees technology as the cause of all the world's problems.
	
	
	portrays the upper-class as deserving of its superior social position.
	
	
	considers how marginalized groups can cooperate to fight oppression.
	
	
	shows how urban environments can influence individuals negatively.
	Data Resp.: 28/04/2022 15:02:45
		Explicação:
Right answer: considers how marginalized groups can cooperate to fight oppression.
Feedback: One of the reasons why Miéville's novel is considered anti-capitalist is because it describes the ways in which a solution for social inequality can be found when social groups decide to act together to fight exploitation. Perdido Street Station sees history as field for class struggle, adopting an anti-capitalist inclination in at least three ways: first, it describes the effects of economic exploitation among the several races/populations in Bas-Lag; secondly, it emphasizes the corruption of the ruling class of New Crobuzon; and finally, it suggests that a solution can be found when subaltern segments of society act collectively. Therefore, only "considers how marginalized groups can cooperate to fight oppression" is correct.
	
	
	 
		
	
		9.
		Consider the last extract of Animal Farm:
"The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which" (ORWELL, 2013, Chap. X). What did George Orwell mean ?
	
	
	
	That Fordism made Humanity lose its creativity.
	
	
	That all the pigs in the farm were transformed into men.
	
	
	That Humanity of that time was losing its "humanity".
	
	
	That men were transformed into pigs (by a witch).
	
	
	That Stalinism made Humanity lose its kindness.
	Data Resp.: 28/04/2022 15:02:49
		Explicação:
FEEDBACK: By the end of the novel, man and pig were two indistinct beings. Pigs grew corrupt as men before had been. The corrupting effect of power divided the farm and distanced the animals from the ideals of the revolution. Pigs become just like men (oppressive), in the end. Pigs ended up taking over control and acting in the same oppressive manner as men. This allegorical novel, then, goes to show the human behavior mirrored in the pigs' behavior. The unending search for power and control leads to a loss in humanity and Utopia, this way, becomes Dystopia. 
	
	
	 
		
	
		10.
		Regarding both novels (Huxley's Brave New World and Orwell's 1984), it is correct to affirm that:
	
	
	
	1984 is denser than Brave New World.
	
	
	They establish rich comparative possibilities.
	
	
	They have nothing in common.
	
	
	Brave New World is denser than 1984.
	
	
	They are both irrelevant literary works for the contemporary reader.
	Data Resp.: 28/04/2022 15:02:55
		Explicação:
FEEDBACK: As both novels are thematically related and were written at the same historical moment, with the convergence of the same political interests, it is expected and absolutely possible that the two novels are open to establish comparative dialogues.