LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA II

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Conjunctions are not only syntactic but also semantic elements. Based on it, choose the best conjunction to complete the following sentence, considering the idea of contrast: My best friend didn't study for English test, ___he got the highest score.
		
	
	Or
	
	So
	
	And
	 
	But
	
	Nor
	Respondido em 26/09/2022 15:57:47
	
	Explicação:
Feedback: The only coordinating conjunction that conveys contrast is but. And conveys addition; so, consequence or result; or, alternatives; and nor also conveys addition, but for negative sentences.
	
		2a
          Questão
	Acerto: 0,0  / 1,0
	
	In traditional grammar, coordination is divided in two types: syndetic and asyndetic coordination. The latter consists in the omission of a conjunction, and the former consists in use of it. Based on it, which option is structured by asyndetic coordination?
		
	 
	I'll order pasta, tomatoes, lettuce, grapes...
	
	She loves him, but she needs to leave him now.
	 
	He can really sing, so he can try a musical career.
	
	You may win, or you may lose this game.
	
	Chomsky is famous, for he's written important books.
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 16:26:30
	
	Explicação:
Feedback: All options contain coordinating conjunctions, such as or, but, for and so, meaning that they are examples of syndetic coordination. The only alternative in which elements are linked without the help of coordinators is I¿ll order pasta, tomatoes, lettuce, grapes... In this case, commas are being used instead of conjunctions so this is the only example of asyndetic coordination.
	
		3a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	READ THE TEXT BELOW:
Where do these tales come from? Why do they have such a grip on us? Why do we always seem to need them? What we want is to know more about ourselves by knowing something more about fairy tales. We want to fathom their mysterious hold on us. Perhaps this is why there are literally hundreds of scholarly books and essays about the tales, and why there are more serious studies which insist on making a distinction between the oral folk tale and the literary fairy tale. Distinction is what preserves the unique socio-historical nature of genres. It is distinction that exposes the magic of a genre, while it allows us, at the same time, to preserve and cultivate it so that it will continue to flourish.
(ZIPES, Jack. The Oxford Companion to Folk and Fairy Tales. Oxford: OUP, 2002)
What is the function of the highlighted Adverbial Clause in the text?
		
	
	Time
	 
	Purpose
	
	Place
	
	Manner
	
	Reason
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 16:26:35
	
	Explicação:
Purpose (CORRECT) - IN ORDER THAT and SO THAT are examples of subordinators which indicate PURPOSE. Subordinators WHEN, WHILE, WHENEVER are the ones which indicate TIME. AS IF and AS THOUGH are examples of subordinators which indicate MANNER. Subordinators WHERE, WHEREVER are the ones which indicate PLACE, and, finally, BECAUSE, SINCE and AS are examples of subordinators which indicate REASON.
	
		4a
          Questão
	Acerto: 0,0  / 1,0
	
	READ THE TEXT BELOW:
 
Where do these tales come from? Why do they have such a grip on us? Why do we always seem to need them? What we want is to know more about ourselves by knowing something more about fairy tales. We want to fathom their mysterious hold on us. Perhaps this is why there are literally hundreds of scholarly books and essays about the tales, and why there are more serious studies which insist on making a distinction between the oral folk tale and the literary fairy tale. Distinction is what preserves the unique socio-historical nature of genres. It is distinction that exposes the magic of a genre, WHILE IT ALLOWS US, at the same time, to preserve and cultivate it so that it will continue to flourish. (ZIPES, Jack. The Oxford Companion to Folk and Fairy Tales. Oxford: OUP, 2002)
What is the function of the highlighted Adverbial Clause in the text?
		
	
	Purpose
	 
	Time
	 
	Reason
	
	Manner
	
	Place
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 16:26:40
	
	Explicação:
TIME (CORRECT) - The Subordinator WHILE belongs to the category of conjunctions used in Adverbial Clauses to express TIME. AS IF and AS THOUGH are examples of subordinators which indicate MANNER. Subordinators WHERE, WHEREVER are the ones which indicate PLACE. BECAUSE, SINCE and AS are examples of subordinators which indicate REASON, and, finally, IN ORDER THAT and SO THAT are examples of subordinators which indicate PURPOSE.
	
		5a
          Questão
	Acerto: 0,0  / 1,0
	
	Mark the option that best classifies the syntactic function of the noun phrase "extreme sea level events" in the main clause and in the restrictive relative clause respectively:
Extreme sea level events [that previously occurred once in 100 years] could happen every year by the end of this century.
		
	 
	Subject, subject.
	
	Subject, agent of the passive voice.
	 
	Object, object.
	
	Object, subject.
	
	Subject, object.
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 16:26:42
	
	Explicação:
The noun phrase "extreme sea level events" is the subject of the verb "occurred" in the main clause, as well as the subject of the verb phrase "could happen" in the restrictive relative clause. Therefore, "subject, subject" is the correct answer. Remember that the canonical word order in English is subject-verb-complement, meaning that the subject usually precedes the verb phrase; which is the case of the sentence above.
	
		6a
          Questão
	Acerto: 0,0  / 1,0
	
	Analyze the following excerpt and choose the option that best explains the relationship between the relative clause and its antecedent.
 
An official with the California Air Resources Board, [which oversees the state's carbon-offset program], declined to comment on CarbonPlan's findings.
Source: Forests Used as Carbon Offsets Are Going Up in Wildfire Flames - The New York Times (nytimes.com)
		
	
	The restrictive relative clause provides omissible information on the function of its referent, "the California Air Resources Board".
	 
	The restrictive relative clause refines its referent "official", explaining his duties.
	 
	The nonrestrictive relative clause provides omissible information on the function of its referent, "the California Air Resources Board".
	
	The nonrestrictive relative clause contains essential information to define its referent "official", explaining his duties.
	
	The relative adverbial explains how its referent, "the California Air Resources Board", intends to reduce carbon emissions.
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 16:26:45
	
	Explicação:
The use of the relative pronoun "which" is indicative of the fact that the referent of the relative clause is non-human, in this case, "the California Air Resources Board". Besides, the use of comma or dash to set apart the relative clause from the main clause is a distinctive trait of nonrestrictive relative clauses. Nonrestrictive relative clauses provide additional information, that is, information that is omissible. The only correct option is thus: The nonrestrictive relative clause provides omissible information on the function of its referent, "the California Air Resources Board".
	
		7a
          Questão
	Acerto: 0,0  / 1,0
	
	In 2018, WWF released a text warning that the Mediterranean Sea is about to become a sea of plastic. After reading the excerpt below on the topic, choose the option that best describes the relationship between the clause in bold and the noun phrase it refers to:
"Worsening plastic pollution will threaten the Mediterranean¿s global reputation for tourism and seafood, undermining the local communities who depend on these sectors for their livelihoods".
Source: The Mediterranean at risk of becoming 'a sea of plastic', WWF warns | WWF (panda.org)
		
	
	The referent is "tourism and seafood" and the restrictive relative clause specifies the ways in which these sectors will be threatened by worsening plastic pollution.
	
	The referent is "tourism and seafood" andthe nonrestrictive relative clause provides additional information on how these activities will be affected by the accumulation of plastic.
	
	The referent is "worsening plastic pollution" and the nonrestrictive relative clause defines those who will experience the effects of such environmental problem.
	 
	The referent is "the Mediterranean's global reputation" and the nonrestrictive relative clause comments on the impact of plastic on local communities.
	 
	The referent is "the local communities" and the restrictive relative clause identifies those who will be affected by worsening plastic pollution - that is, those who depend on tourism and seafood.
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 16:26:48
	
	Explicação:
The relative pronoun "who" refers to human antecedents, in this case, "the local communities", helping us identify those that will be especially threatened by worsening plastic pollution. What's more, the relative clause in question is nonrestrictive since it specifies the communities. The relative clause is not omissible. The only correct option is thus "The referent is "the local communities" and the restrictive relative clause identifies those who will be affected by worsening plastic pollution - that is, those who depend on tourism and seafood".
	
		8a
          Questão
	Acerto: 0,0  / 1,0
	
	Mark the alternative presenting a relative pronoun that could replace which.
Not all things which are old get replaced with new.
		
	
	Whose
	
	Whom
	 
	Who
	 
	That
	
	Why
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 16:26:49
	
	Explicação:
When the referent is non-human, which or that should be preferred. Therefore, only  that  is the correct alternative.  Who  and  whom  refer to humans, while  why  refers to cause and  whose  to possession. Since this is a restrictive relative clause  which  and  that  are interchangeable.
	
		9a
          Questão
	Acerto: 0,0  / 1,0
	
	One case of inversion in English is formed by a group of formulaic clauses with subjunctive verb forms, formed by the combination of the inflectionless subjunctive and inversion, as we see in the following:
		
	
	I would be more helpful, were it not for your attitude.
	
	May it be pointed out that the teacher is wrong.
	 
	May the force be with you.
	
	Get (you) off the table!
	 
	If you want to throw your life away, so be it, it is your life!
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 16:26:52
	
	Explicação:
All options refer to inversion cases. Sentences "May it be pointed out that the teacher is wrong" and "May the force be with you" refer to archaic uses of the language, by means of using the modal verb may. Sentences "I would be more helpful, were it not for you attitude" and "Get (you) off the table!" exemplify other inversion cases: hypothetical conditional clauses and imperative, respectively. "If you want to throw your life away, so be it, it is your life!" is the only formulaic clause with subjunctive verb form, formed by the combination of the inflectionless subjunctive (be) and inversion.
	
		10a
          Questão
	Acerto: 0,0  / 1,0
	
	One case of inversion in English is formed by a group of clauses with opening auxiliary MAY used in a similar way to express a strong wish, as we see in the following:
		
	 
	May it be said that we agree!
	
	May it eat now?
	
	May I go home?
	 
	May I help you?
	
	May I jump in?
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 16:26:54
	
	Explicação:
The sentence "May it be said that we agree!" is the only case of inversion in English formed with opening auxiliary MAY used in a similar way to express a strong wish. In the other options MAY is expressing either permission or offer.
		Correlative conjunctions are composed of a pair of conjunctions: the first conjunction is used in the first clause and the other one is used in the second clause. Based on it, choose the option that correctly completes the following sentence: "Maria has studied not only in Italy _______ in France".
	
	
	
	But also
	
	
	Or
	
	
	Nor
	
	
	Neither
	
	
	Either
	Data Resp.: 26/09/2022 15:44:49
		Explicação:
Feedback: The pairs of correlative conjunctions are the following: both...and, neither...nor, not only...but also, either...or, which convey addition, exclusion, alternatives. Whenever we use not only in the first clause, the second clause is initiated by but also. The correct answer is thus but also.
	
	
	 
		
	
		2.
		In oral language, people tend to use more coordinating conjunctions than transition words. Based on it, choose the best conjunction to replace the transition word in the following sentence: The Sun is a big star. However, there are much bigger stars in the Universe.
	
	
	
	For
	
	
	And
	
	
	So
	
	
	But
	
	
	Nor
	Data Resp.: 26/09/2022 15:44:54
		Explicação:
Feedback: However refers to the idea of contrast, which means that the second clause introduces an idea that contradicts the expectation of the first one. The coordinating conjunction which has similar meaning is but. The others convey either addition (and, nor), cause (for) or result (so).
	
	
	03082AS ORAÇÕES SUBORDINADAS ADVERBIAIS
	 
		
	
		3.
		Read the text below:
 
The Scandinavian influence was the earliest, and arguably one of the strongest external forces that went into the making of modern English. Consequently, knowledge of the Icelandic language is of utmost importance. Not only does Icelandic supply a linguistic basis for such a study, but it also provides the source of a great deal of the necessary information for the understanding of medieval British history. Old Icelandic literature, both in poetry and prose, presents a wealth of interesting material, which in some respects stands unrivalled among the literatures of medieval Europe, and without which, one's knowledge of the ancient North would certainly be limited.
(Adapted from ZOËGA, Geir T. A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic. Available at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Concise-Dictionary-of-Old-Icelandic-Zo%C3%ABga/6f0f8c31249e4c6bf97026fd1b76f4bfd2b500dc. Accessed Sept 3rd, 2021.) How many sentences are there in the text above?
	
	
	
	3
	
	
	4
	
	
	5
	
	
	2
	
	
	1
	Data Resp.: 26/09/2022 15:45:08
		Explicação:
4 (CORRECT) - By definition, a sentence starts with a capital letter and ends either with a period, question mark, or exclamation mark. In the text above, there are four periods (= full stops), so the text has four sentences. The other options either show a number that is inferior to the total of sentences or superior to 4, which is the correct answer.
	
	
	 
		
	
		4.
		Read the text below:
 
Adaptations of children's texts occur because of assumptions that children lack the knowledge and experience of adults and have only a limited capacity to assimilate the unfamiliar and the foreign. Translators should be aware of the stylistic features and modes of address appropriate for different age groups. In recent decades translators have generally demonstrated a greater faith in children's ability to accommodate difference. Since the youngest children hear stories rather than read them, sound and rhythm play a vital role as they discover the power of language and narrative. Translators address the visual element when rendering captions to line drawings or vignettes, or attempting to preserve the intricate relationship between image and text in the modern picture book. Current developments in research into the translation of children's literature are interdisciplinary and aim to contribute to an understanding of theoretical issues, historical developments, and professional practice in the translation of children's books.
 
(Adapted from: LATHEY, Gillian. The Translation of Literature for Children. Available at: https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199239306.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199239306-e-015. Accessed Sep 3rd, 2021)
The highlighted passage in the text is an example of:
	
	
	
	A phrase
	
	
	A complexsentence
	
	
	A simple sentence
	
	
	A compound sentence
	
	
	A dependent clause
	Data Resp.: 26/09/2022 15:45:13
		Explicação:
A simple Sentence (CORRECT), since a simple sentence contains only one clause. In the passage, there is only one verb phrase (= should be). The other options are incorrect because a phrase is a group of words forming a unit; a complex sentence demands the presence of a MAIN CLAUSE + A SUBORDINATE CLASE, a compound sentence is composed of two or more INDEPENDENT CLAUSES, and , finally, a dependent clause is a type of clause which cannot stand on its own.
	
	
	03083AS ORAÇÕES SUBORDINADAS ADJETIVAS
	 
		
	
		5.
		In 2018, WWF released a text warning that the Mediterranean Sea is about to become a sea of plastic. After reading the excerpt below on the topic, choose the option that best describes the relationship between the clause in bold and the noun phrase it refers to:
"Worsening plastic pollution will threaten the Mediterranean¿s global reputation for tourism and seafood, undermining the local communities who depend on these sectors for their livelihoods".
Source: The Mediterranean at risk of becoming 'a sea of plastic', WWF warns | WWF (panda.org)
	
	
	
	The referent is "tourism and seafood" and the restrictive relative clause specifies the ways in which these sectors will be threatened by worsening plastic pollution.
	
	
	The referent is "tourism and seafood" and the nonrestrictive relative clause provides additional information on how these activities will be affected by the accumulation of plastic.
	
	
	The referent is "the local communities" and the restrictive relative clause identifies those who will be affected by worsening plastic pollution - that is, those who depend on tourism and seafood.
	
	
	The referent is "worsening plastic pollution" and the nonrestrictive relative clause defines those who will experience the effects of such environmental problem.
	
	
	The referent is "the Mediterranean's global reputation" and the nonrestrictive relative clause comments on the impact of plastic on local communities.
	Data Resp.: 26/09/2022 15:45:18
		Explicação:
The relative pronoun "who" refers to human antecedents, in this case, "the local communities", helping us identify those that will be especially threatened by worsening plastic pollution. What's more, the relative clause in question is nonrestrictive since it specifies the communities. The relative clause is not omissible. The only correct option is thus "The referent is "the local communities" and the restrictive relative clause identifies those who will be affected by worsening plastic pollution - that is, those who depend on tourism and seafood".
	
	
	 
		
	
		6.
		Not all relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns. It is not infrequent to come across clauses in which the relative pronoun is not present. There are, however, rules to omit the pronouns. Mark the option in which the relative pronoun can be omitted:
	
	
	
	Extreme sea level events [that previously occurred once in 100 years] could happen every year by the end of this century.
	
	
	These changes affect both ocean ecosystems and the people [that rely on them].
	
	
	 9 out of 10 people breathe air [that contains high levels of pollutants].
	
	
	 We are also pretty comfortable doing this with technology products [which we repair when damaged].
	
	
	 How often do we think about repair and maintenance of computers, phones, or other devices [that have some damage or are slightly worn?].
	Data Resp.: 26/09/2022 15:45:22
		Explicação:
We often delete the relative pronoun when it functions as the object of the restrictive relative clause. Except for  We are also pretty comfortable doing this with technology products [which we repair when damaged], all the alternatives present relative pronouns playing the role of subject in the restrictive relative clause. Since the subject of the relative clause in question  we  does not coincide with the noun the relative pronoun refers to, the relative pronoun can be omitted.
	
	
	 
		
	
		7.
		Choose the option providing the correct classification (followed by a suitable explanation) for the clauses between brackets:
E-waste is a health and environmental hazard, containing toxic additives or hazardous substances such as mercury, which damages the human brain and / or coordination system.
Source: Global e-waste surging: up 21 per cent in 5 years (who.int)
	
	
	
	It is a nonrestrictive relative clause because it provides additional (and omissible) information on the effects of mercury on human health.
	
	
	It is a relative adverbial because, similarly to adverbs, it provides the circumstances in which mercury damages human health.
	
	
	It is a nonrestrictive relative clause because it specifies how mercury harms the human body.
	
	
	It is a restrictive relative clause because it provides additional (and omissible) information on the effects of mercury on human health.
	
	
	It is a restrictive relative clause because it specifies how mercury harms the human body.
	Data Resp.: 26/09/2022 15:45:26
		Explicação:
When it comes to distinguishing nonrestrictive and restrictive relative clause, it is always important to take a closer look at punctuation - or the lack of it. The clause between brackets is a nonrestrictive relative clause because it is kept apart from the main clause by a comma and the information it provides is omissible. It does not define or specify mercury. It only makes a comment on its harmful effects on the human body. The correct alternative is thus: "It is a nonrestrictive relative clause because it provides additional (and omissible) information on the effects of mercury on human health".
	
	
	 
		
	
		8.
		Mark the option that best classifies the syntactic function of the noun phrase "the people" in the main clause and in the restrictive relative clause respectively:
 
"These changes affect both ocean ecosystems and the people [that rely on them]"
	
	
	
	Subject, subject.
	
	
	Object, subject.
	
	
	Object, object.
	
	
	Subject, object.
	
	
	Subject, agent of the passive voice.
	Data Resp.: 26/09/2022 15:45:31
		Explicação:
The noun phrase "the people" is the object of the verb "affect" in the main clause as well as the subject of the verb "rely" in the restrictive relative clause. Remember that the canonical word order in English is subject-verb-complement, meaning that the subject usually precedes the verb phrase and that a complement (in this case an object) follows the verb phrase. "The people" follow the verb phrase, being the complement or object of the verb "affect"; whereas "that" precedes the verb "rely", occupying then the subject slot. The only correct alternative is "object, subject".
	
	
	02915A INVERSÃO
	 
		
	
		9.
		Sentences in English have interesting characteristics. In terms of word order patterns, it is correct to affirm that:
	
	
	
	interrogative sentences do not follow the prototypical canonical SV word order.
	
	
	negative sentences do not follow the prototypical canonical SV Word order.
	
	
	negative sentences follow the prototypical canonical VS Word order.
	
	
	affirmative sentences do not follow the prototypical canonical SV Word order.
	
	
	interrogative sentences follow the prototypical canonical SV Word order.
	Data Resp.: 26/09/2022 15:45:37
		Explicação:
In English interrogative sentences are the only ones not to follow the prototypical canonical SV word order. Affirmative and negative sentences thus follow what is considered to be the canonical word order, that is, SV (subject-verb). Interrogative sentences are the exception to the rule.
	
	
	 
		
	
		10.
		Full verbs are lexical items whose main function is to carry meaning. Which option contains an example of the word have as a full verb?
	
	
	
	She has a sweet tooth.
	
	
	Has shedone it yet?
	
	
	She¿s finished
	
	
	She has been to London.
	
	
	She has to exercise every day.
	Data Resp.: 26/09/2022 15:45:41
		Explicação:
A verb is considered to be a full verb, when it plays the role of the main verb in a verb phrase. In "She has been to London", "Has she done it yet?" and "She's finished" the present perfect is being used, meaning that the verb to have is actually the auxiliary verb in the sentences in question. In "She has to exercise every day", the verb to have is a semi-modal. The only option in which have is a synonym for possess or owe is in the sentence "She has a sweet tooth", which is the correct option.
	Like simple conjunctions, correlative conjunctions in complex coordination can also express different meanings. Based on it, what is the meaning expressed by the correlative conjunction either...or in the following sentence: Maria has eaten either rice or pasta?
		
	
	Addition
	 
	Alternative
	
	Time
	
	Concession
	
	Purpose
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 16:40:29
	
	Explicação:
Feedback: The pairs of correlative conjunctions are the following: both...and, neither...nor, not only...but also, either...or, which convey addition, exclusion, alternatives. In the sentence Maria has eaten either rice or pasta the conjunctions are used to present alternatives, options; therefore, the idea of alternative (one or another) is being conveyed.
	
		2a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	According to Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman (1999), complex coordination is a structure based on a two-part correlative conjunction. Bearing this in mind, what is the option that correctly shows a complex coordination with a correlative conjunction?
		
	
	I didn't go the beach, nor did my friend.
	
	Jessica and John have drunk soda.
	
	He loves chocolate, but he can't eat it.
	
	Did you go to the beach or not?
	 
	Both Peter and John went to school.
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 16:44:44
	
	Explicação:
Feedback: Both... and, neither... nor, not only... but also, either... or form pairs of correlative conjunctions. The only sentence which shows such use is Both Peter and John went to school. The other sentences show coordinating conjunctions and, but, or and nor being used.
	
		3a
          Questão
	Acerto: 0,0  / 1,0
	
	READ THE TEXT BELOW:
 
Where do these tales come from? Why do they have such a grip on us? Why do we always seem to need them? What we want is to know more about ourselves by knowing something more about fairy tales. We want to fathom their mysterious hold on us. Perhaps this is why there are literally hundreds of scholarly books and essays about the tales, and why there are more serious studies which insist on making a distinction between the oral folk tale and the literary fairy tale. Distinction is what preserves the unique socio-historical nature of genres. It is distinction that exposes the magic of a genre, WHILE IT ALLOWS US, at the same time, to preserve and cultivate it so that it will continue to flourish. (ZIPES, Jack. The Oxford Companion to Folk and Fairy Tales. Oxford: OUP, 2002)
What is the function of the highlighted Adverbial Clause in the text?
		
	
	Purpose
	
	Place
	
	Reason
	 
	Time
	 
	Manner
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 16:46:04
	
	Explicação:
TIME (CORRECT) - The Subordinator WHILE belongs to the category of conjunctions used in Adverbial Clauses to express TIME. AS IF and AS THOUGH are examples of subordinators which indicate MANNER. Subordinators WHERE, WHEREVER are the ones which indicate PLACE. BECAUSE, SINCE and AS are examples of subordinators which indicate REASON, and, finally, IN ORDER THAT and SO THAT are examples of subordinators which indicate PURPOSE.
	
		4a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Read the texts below:
 
TEXT I
 
Prologue
Hear me! We have heard of Danish heroes,
Ancient kings and the glory they cut
For themselves, swinging mighty swords!
How Shild made slaves of soldiers from every land,
Crowds of captives he had beaten
Into terror; he had traveled to Denmark alone,
An abandoned child, but changed his own fate,
Lived to be rich and honored.
(RAFFEL, Burton. Beowulf. New York: Signet Classics, 2008, p.3)
 
 
TEXT II
 
"A phrase with a preposition as the head followed by a complement is called a prepositional phrase."
(CARTER, Ronald.; McCARTHY, Michael. Cambridge Grammar of English. Cambridge: CUP, 2010., p.916)
 
Based on the TEXTS above, the highlighted element from TEXT I which dialogues with the definition provided in TEXT II is:
		
	
	we
	
	the glory
	
	rich and honored
	 
	of captives
	
	have heard
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 16:48:07
	
	Explicação:
The phrase of captives is composed of the preposition OF + a complement (CAPTIVES). Consequently, it¿s classed as a PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE. Rich and Honored, on the other hand, since it contains two adjectives, it¿s an example of an ADJECTIVE PHRASE. Have heard is a VERB PHRASE composed of the auxiliary verb HAVE + lexical verb HEARD. We, because it contains a pronoun, falls under the NOUN PHRASE category. Finally, the glory is an example of a NOUN PHRASE composed of the definite article THE + the noun GLORY. Therefore, of captives is the only correct answer.
	
		5a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	Which option best rephrases the following statement?This IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C was formally approved by the world's governments in 2018 - the year in which the IPCC celebrates its 30th anniversary.
		
	
	This IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C was formally approved by the world's governments in 2018 when the IPCC celebrates its 30th anniversary.
	 
	This IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C was formally approved by the world's governments in 2018 - the year the IPCC celebrates its 30th anniversary in.
	
	This IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C was formally approved by the world's governments in 2018 the year in which the IPCC celebrates its 30th anniversary.
	
	This IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C was formally approved by the world¿s governments in 2018 - where the IPCC celebrates its 30th anniversary.
	
	This IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C was formally approved by the world's governments in 2018 - the year in that the IPCC celebrates its 30th anniversary in.
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 16:54:28
	
	Explicação:
You are asked to rephrase a nonrestrictive relative clause and, therefore, you must use either a dash or a comma to keep it apart from the main clause. Besides paying attention to punctuation, you must also preserve the preposition, even if you choose to delete the relative pronoun which. The only option in which both the nonrestrictive relative clause is maintained and the preposition is correctly being used is: "This IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C was formally approved by the world's governments in 2018 - the year the IPCC celebrates its 30th anniversary in."
	
		6a
          Questão
	Acerto: 0,0  / 1,0
	
	Mark the alternative presenting a relative pronoun that could replace which.
Not all things which are old get replaced with new.
		
	
	Whose
	 
	Who
	 
	That
	
	Why
	
	Whom
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 17:00:52
	
	Explicação:
When the referent is non-human, which or that should be preferred. Therefore, only  that  is the correct alternative.  Who  and  whom  refer to humans, while  why  refers to cause and  whose  to possession. Since this is a restrictive relative clause  which  and  that  are interchangeable.
	
		7a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	In 2014, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) published a document with guidelines for a more sustainable use of plastic. You can find in the excerpt below a clause defining the sort of world the project is willing to build. After reading it, choose the option that best rephrases it.
"The Plastic Disclosure Project asks organisations to measure,manage, disclose and benefit from more sustainable use of plastic. It seeks a world in which plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment".
		
	
	It seeks a world in that plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment.
	
	It seeks a world how plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment.
	
	It seeks a world that plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment.
	
	It seeks a world when plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment.
	 
	It seeks a world where plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment.
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 17:02:05
	
	Explicação:
Where is the relative adverb that best conveys the meaning of place present in in which. "In which" can convey different meanings such as place, time and manner. In the excerpt, though, place is being conveyed. In order to rewrite the sentence while still retaining its original meaning, "where" should be used. The only correct option is hence: "It seeks a world where plastic adds value for consumers and businesses without negatively impacting the environment". The other options convey either time (when), manner (how) or present relative pronouns (that).
	
		8a
          Questão
	Acerto: 0,0  / 1,0
	
	Choose the option providing the correct classification (followed by a suitable explanation) for the clauses between brackets:
E-waste is a health and environmental hazard, containing toxic additives or hazardous substances such as mercury, which damages the human brain and / or coordination system.
Source: Global e-waste surging: up 21 per cent in 5 years (who.int)
		
	 
	It is a nonrestrictive relative clause because it specifies how mercury harms the human body.
	
	It is a restrictive relative clause because it provides additional (and omissible) information on the effects of mercury on human health.
	
	It is a relative adverbial because, similarly to adverbs, it provides the circumstances in which mercury damages human health.
	
	It is a restrictive relative clause because it specifies how mercury harms the human body.
	 
	It is a nonrestrictive relative clause because it provides additional (and omissible) information on the effects of mercury on human health.
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 17:05:07
	
	Explicação:
When it comes to distinguishing nonrestrictive and restrictive relative clause, it is always important to take a closer look at punctuation - or the lack of it. The clause between brackets is a nonrestrictive relative clause because it is kept apart from the main clause by a comma and the information it provides is omissible. It does not define or specify mercury. It only makes a comment on its harmful effects on the human body. The correct alternative is thus: "It is a nonrestrictive relative clause because it provides additional (and omissible) information on the effects of mercury on human health".
	
		9a
          Questão
	Acerto: 0,0  / 1,0
	
	In formal writing we find conditional clauses marked by inversion, as in:
		
	
	If it were not for your attitude, I would be more helpful.
	
	I would be more helpful, If it were not for your attitude.
	
	If your attitude was nice, I would be more helpful.
	 
	I would love it if you were nice.
	 
	I would be more helpful, were it not for your attitude.
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 17:11:42
	
	Explicação:
Even though all options show conditional clauses, the sentence "I would be more helpful, were it not for your attitude" is the only one in which a verb-subject inversion occurs. Inversions in conditional clauses occur only when IF is omitted. Notice that this is the only sentence in which IF is not present.
	
		10a
          Questão
	Acerto: 1,0  / 1,0
	
	English Word order has been described as fixed. It is true that the placement of elements is strictly regulated in this language and that variations of the canonical SVO Word order are possible. Yet there are other sorts of rare word order variation in this language due mainly to fronting and its discourse functions. What are some of these discourse functions?
i) repetition.
ii) expressing contrast.
iii) enabling particular elements to gain emphasis.
iv) organizing information flow to achieve cohesion.
		
	
	Options i), ii) and iii) are correct.
	
	Only option ii) is correct.
	 
	Options ii), iii) and iv) are correct.
	
	Options i) and ii) are correct.
	
	Options iii) and iv) are the only ones correct.
	Respondido em 30/09/2022 17:13:10
	
	Explicação:
Some of the discourse functions of fronting include: expressing contrast, adding emphasis to certain elements, and organizing information flow. Fronting may be an efficient cohesive mechanism and it has no relation whatsoever to repetition. Therefore, option i) is the only incorrect information, meaning that ii), iii) and iv) are correct.