glucan from mulberry leaves and curcuma can improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility in early weaned pigs

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β-glucan from mulberry leaves and curcuma
can improve growth performance and nutrient
digestibility in early weaned pigs
S. I. Lee, J. K. Kim, J. D. Hancock & I. H. Kim
To cite this article: S. I. Lee, J. K. Kim, J. D. Hancock & I. H. Kim (2017) β-glucan from mulberry
leaves and curcuma can improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility in early weaned
pigs, Journal of Applied Animal Research, 45:1, 209-214, DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2016.1141775
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β-glucan from mulberry leaves and curcuma can improve growth performance and
nutrient digestibility in early weaned pigs
S. I. Leea, J. K. Kima, J. D. Hancockb and I. H. Kima
aDepartment of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Choongnam, Republic of Korea; bDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry,
Kansas State University, Manhattan, NY, USA
ABSTRACT
We investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of β-glucans from mulberry leaves and curcuma on
growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, and characteristics of faeces in weaned
pigs. A total of 75 crossbred weaned pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an average body weight
(BW) of 8.48 ± 1.65 kg was used in a 5 wk trial. The pigs were sorted into pens with five pigs per pens and
five pens per treatments. Treatments were (1) a corn-soybean meal-based control, (2) 0.1% β-glucans from
mulberry leaves, and (3) 0.1% β-glucans from curcuma. Pigs fed β-glucans from mulberry leaves and
curcuma had higher average daily gain (ADG) and gain/feed intake ratio (G/F) than control. On
digestibility, pigs fed β-glucans from mulberry leaves and curcuma had higher on digestibility of dry
matter (DM) and energy than corn-soybean meal-based control during 2 weeks. No significant
differences were observed on blood characteristics and faecal microflora, score, moisture, and pH
among treatments. Difference of mulberry leaves and curcuma was not observed on growth
performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, and characteristics of faeces. In conclusion,
dietary supplementation of β-glucan from mulberry leaves and curcuma can improve ADG, G/F, and
dry matter and energy of nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs. Therefore, β-glucans can use as
antibiotics alternatives, improving the productivity.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 24 February 2015
Accepted 11 January 2016
KEYWORDS
β-glucan; curcuma; growth
performance; mulberry
leaves; nutrient digestibility;
weaned pig
1. Introduction
The mechanism of antibiotics was involved with the fat and
protein content of the feed and use of antibiotics in animal feed
can moderate carcass quality (Humphrey et al. 2002; Walker
et al. 2005; Pedroso et al. 2006; Yan & Kim 2012; Li & Kim 2013;
Zhao et al. 2013a; Zhou et al. 2013a). Because of recent limitation
of antibiotics addition, new feed additives such as herbs, spices,
prebiotics, and probiotics have received increased attention as
possible alternatives to antibiotics (Windisch et al. 2008; Chu
et al. 2011; Huang et al. 2012; Yan et al. 2012; Zhang et al. 2012;
Liu et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2013; Zhang & Kim 2013; Zhao et al.
2013b; Cho & Kim 2014; Park & Kim 2014; Zhang & Kim 2014).
β-glucan, a polysaccharide of D-glucose monomers linked by
β-glycosidic bonds, is present in cellulose in plants, the bran of
cereal grains, the cell wall of yeast, fungi, and bacteria. β-glucan
can activate the immune system and stimulates a cascade of
pathways that enhance both innate and adaptive immune
responses (Vannucci et al. 2013). It is well studied that dietary
supplementation of β-glucan impacted several gastrointestinal
events and growth performance in pigs. β-glucans in oat-based
diets resulted in lower digestibility of protein and fat in the
small intestine of young pigs (Knudsen et al. 1993). In other
report, dietary supplementation of β-glucans in young pigs
showed a detrimental effect on digestibility, feed efficiency,
and subsequent growth in young pigs (Newman et al. 1980;
Graham et al. 1989).
β-glucans from different sources such as oat, fungi, and
mushrooms result in variable effects on growth and immune
parameters (Dritz et al. 1995; Decuypere et al. 1998; Fortin
et al. 2003; Hiss & Sauerwein 2003). Thus, the source of
dietary β-glucan used in animal nutrition may be an important
factor that can influence its efficacy. In the present study, we
used water-soluble β-glucan from mulberry leaves and
curcuma. It has been reported that mulberry leaves have anti-
inflammatory effects (Lim et al. 2013). Additionally, curcuma is
an Indian spice derived from the rhizomes of the plant that
has pharmacological activities, mainly anti-inflammatory and
anti-proliferative (Dulbecco & Savarino 2013). Thus, we used
β-glucan from mulberry leaves and curcuma to evaluate and
compare the effect of β-glucans from two different sources as
prebiotics.
Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine
the effect of β-glucans from mulberry leaves and curcuma on
growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood character-
istics, and characterization of feces (score, moisture, pH, and
microflora) in weaned pigs.
2. Materials and methods
The Animal Care and Use Committee of Dankook University
approved all experimental protocols used in the current study.
© 2016 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distri-
bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONTACT I. H. Kim inhokim@dankook.ac.kr Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam 330–714, Republic of
Korea.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH, 2017
VOL. 45, NO. 1, 209–214
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2016.1141775
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
mailto:inhokim@dankook.ac.kr
http://www.tandfonline.com
2.1. Preparation of β-glucan
β-glucan products were provided by a commercial company
(STR Biotech. Co., Ltd., Chuncheon city, Kangwon-do, South
Korea). The β-glucan products were from Morus alba and
Curcuma longa, and were guaranteed to contain 86.1% β-1, 3/
1, 6-glucan, 4.2% protein, and 1.3% lipids.
2.2. Experimental design, animals, and diets
A total of 75 crossbred weaned pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) ×
Duroc] with an average BW of 8.48 ± 1.65 kg was used in a 5
wk trial. The pigs were sorted into pens with five pigs per
pens and five pens per treatments. Treatments were (1) a
corn-soybeanmeal-based control, (2) 0.1% β-glucan from mul-
berry leaves, and (3) 0.1% β-glucan from curcuma. All diets were
formulated to meet or exceed the NRC (2012) nutrition require-
ment (Table 1). Dietary calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and crude
protein (CP) were analysed according to the procedures
described by the AOAC (2012). Dietary Ca was assayed by
atomic absorption spectrophotometry after wet ash procedures
and P was determined by colourimetry. Amino acids contents
were measured using an amino acid analyzer (Beckman 6300,
Beckman Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, California, USA) after 24 h 6
N-HCl hydrolysis at 110°C (AOAC, 2012). Energy was determined
by using a Parr 6100 oxygen bomb calorimeter (Parr Instrument
Co., Moline, Illinois, USA). All pigs were housed in an environ-
mentally controlled room with a slatted plastic floor. Each pen
was equipped with a self-feeder and nipple waterer to allow
ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the experimen-
tal period. Temperature during 1 week was maintained at 32°C
and was lowered to 2.5°C each week thereafter.
2.3. Sampling and measurements
Individual pig BW was recorded at the beginning, d14, and d35
of the experimental period, and feed consumption was
recorded on a pen basis during the experiment to calculate
average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI),
and G/F. During the experimental period, pigs were fed diets
mixed with 2% Cr2O3 (chromic oxide) as an indigestible
marker for the determination of apparent total tract digestibility
(ATTD) for DM and nitrogen (N). On d14 and d35, faecal samples
were collected from at least two pigs in each pen via rectal
massage. All feed and fecal samples were stored at −20°C
until analysis. Faeces samples were thawed at 57°C for 72 h,
ground to pass through a 1-mm screen, and analysed for DM
and CP. Chromium was analysed via UV absorption spectropho-
tometry (Shimadzu UV-1201, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).
Blood samples (10 mL) were collected, via anterior vena cava
puncture, randomly from 2 pigs in each pen (10 pigs per treat-
ment) at 0, 2, and 5 weeks. Blood samples were collected into
both nonheparinized tubes. Red blood cells, white blood cells,
and lymphocyte counts were determined, using an automatic
blood analyzer (ADVIA120; Bayer, Tarrytown, NY).
Faecal score was determined twice each day on d14 and d35,
and the score scale was (1) hard and dry pellet but small mass,
(2) hard and formed stool, (3) soft and formed stool but moist,
(4) soft and unformed stool, and (5) watery, liquid stool. The
faecal moisture contents were determined by randomly collect-
ing faeces from each pen at week 2 and the end of the exper-
iment via massaging the rectum. The collected faecal samples
were dried at 60°C for 72 h to allow the determination of
faecal moisture content. Faecal pH was determined with pH-
metre by diluting 10 g of faeces collected at weeks 2 and 5
(Istek, Model 77p).
Faecal samples were collected via rectal massage from two
pigs in each pen and pooled, placed on ice transported to the
laboratory, and analysed for microfloral counts. Viable counts
of bacteria in the faecal samples were determined by plating
serial 10-fold dilutions (in 1% peptone solution) onto MacCon-
key agar plates (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI) and Lactobacilli
medium III agar plates (Medium 638, DSMZ, Braunschweig,
Germany) to isolate Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus, respect-
ively. The lactobacilli medium III agar plates were then incu-
bated for 48 h at 39°C under anaerobic conditions. The
MacConkey agar plates were incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The
Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus colonies were counted
immediately after removal from the incubator.
2.4. Statistical analysis
All data were subjected to statistical analyses as a randomized
complete block design using the GLM procedure of the SAS
software, with the pen as the experimental unit. Orthogonal
contrasts used to separate treatments means were (1)
control vs. β-glucans from mulberry leaves and curcuma and
Table 1. Feed compositions of control diet (as-fed basis).
Item Phase I (d1–d14) Phase II (d15–d35)
Ingredient, %
Extruded corn 44.49 61.97
Soybean meal (48% CP) 21.20 27.80
Fish meal (66% CP) 3.50 –
Soy oil 2.55 1.05
Lactose 8.30 –
Whey 10.00 5.00
Monocalcium phosphate – –
Decalcium phosphate 1.50 1.50
Sugar 3.00 –
Plasma powder (AP 920) 3.00 –
L-Lysin HCl 0.39 0.46
DL-Methionine 0.30 0.24
L-Threonine 0.19 0.20
Choline chloride 0.10 0.10
Vitamina 0.10 0.10
Mineralb 0.20 0.20
Limestone 0.98 1.13
Salt 0.20 0.25
Total 100 100
Calculated content, %
ME, kcal/kg 3540 3410
CP 20.00 19.00
Lys 1.50 1.35
Met 0.62 0.53
Met + Cys 0.97 0.84
Ca 0.95 0.90
Total P 0.75 0.70
Avail P 0.55 0.43
Crude fat 5.02 3.98
Crude fibre 1.87 2.45
aProvided per kg of complete diet: vitamin A, 11,025 IU; vitamin D3, 1103 IU;
vitamin E, 44 IU; vitamin K, 4.4 mg; riboflavin, 8.3 mg; niacin, 50 mg; thiamine,
4 mg; pantothenic acid, 29 mg; choline, 166 mg; and vitamin B12, 33 μg.
bProvided per kg of complete diet: Cu, 12 mg; Zn, 85 mg; Mn, 8 mg; I, 0.28 mg; and
Se, 0.15 mg.
210 S. I. LEE ET AL.
(2) β-glucan from mulberry leaves vs. β-glucan from curcuma.
Variability in the data was expressed as the pooled standard
error (SE). P-values <.05 were considered to indicate statistical
significance.
3. Results
3.1. Growth performance
Effects of dietary supplementation of β-glucans from mulberry
leaves and curcuma on growth performance are shown in
Table 2. On phase I, pigs fed β-glucans from mulberry leaves
and curcuma had higher ADG and G/F than control (p < .05).
On the phase II and overall, there was no significant difference
on ADG, ADFI, and G/F among treatments (p > .05). No signifi-
cant differences of β-glucans effect on ADG, ADFI, and G/F in
the experimental period were found as compared to mulberry
leaves with curcuma.
3.2. Nutrient digestibility
Effects of dietary supplementation of β-glucans from mulberry
leaves and curcuma on nutrient digestibility are shown in
Table 3. During week 2, pigs fed β-glucans from mulberry
leaves and curcuma had higher on DM and energy than
control (p < .05). Pigs fed β-glucans from mulberry leaves and
curcuma had no difference on DM, N, and energy compared
to control. No significant differences of β-glucans effect on
DM, N, and energy in the experimental period were found as
compared to mulberry leaves with curcuma.
3.3. Blood and faecal characteristics
No significant differences were observed on lymphocyte
content among all treatments during the experimental period.
No significant differences were observed on RBS content
among all treatments during the experimental period. No sig-
nificant differences were observed on WBC content among all
treatments during the experimental period.
No significant differences of β-glucans effect on lymphocyte,
RBC, and WBC in the experimental period were found as com-
pared to mulberry leaves with curcuma (Table 4). Pigs fed β-
glucans from mulberry leaves and curcuma had no difference
on faecal characteristics (score, moisture, pH, microflora con-
tents compared to control (Table 5)).
4. Discussion
It is increasing limitation for livestock producers to minimize the
use of antibiotics. Prebiotics or probiotics have been the subject
of much research as potential replacements for antibiotic
growth promoters in livestock. Prebiotics, primarily derived
from non-digestible oligosaccharides, are non-digestible food
substances that selectively stimulate the growth of favourable
species of bacteria in the gut, benefitting the host. It is well
reported that Oligo-fructose, fructo-oligosaccharide, inulin,
and β-glucan have been used as prebiotics (Kaplan & Hutkins
2000; Smiricky-Tjardes et al. 2003; Loh et al. 2006; Arena et al.
2014). It is well known that β-glucan acts as an immunostimu-
lant to activate immune cells by binding to its specific receptor
dectin-1, a c-type lectin receptor expressed on the surface of
macrophages (Brown et al. 2002; Vos et al. 2007). Yadav and
Schorey (2006) demonstrated thatthe β-glucan/dectin-1
complex activates macrophages in combination with TLR2
Table 2. The effects of β-glucan from mulberry leaves and curcuma on growth performance in weaning pigs.
Items Control
β-glucan sources
SEM
Contrast
Mulberry leaves Curcuma Control vs. β-glucans Mulberry leaves vs. curcuma
Phase 1 (d1–d14)
ADG, g 267 286 307 10.18 0.041 0.170
ADFI, g 330 334 340 7.81 0.481 0.604
G/F 0.809 0.856 0.903 0.02 0.007 0.057
Phase 2 (d15–d35)
ADG, g 444 493 510 34.01 0.199 0.730
ADFI, g 865 905 917 48.58 0.457 0.868
G/F 0.513 0.545 0.556 0.03 0.293 0.919
Overall (d1–d35)
ADG, g 373 410 429 23.01 0.133 0.576
ADFI, g 651 677 686 30.97 0.441 0.834
G/F 0.573 0.606 0.625 0.03 0.176 0.693
Table 3. The effects of mulberry leaves and curcuma on nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs.
Items Control
β-glucan sources
SEM
Contrast
Mulberry leaves Curcuma Control vs. β-glucans Mulberry leaves vs. curcuma
2 weeks
DM, % 80.5 81.7 83.4 0.65 0.026 0.090
N, % 79.7 80.2 82.9 1.22 0.246 0.145
Energy, % 80.9 81.9 83.2 0.61 0.046 0.183
5 weeks
DM, % 80.1 81.9 83.0 0.11 0.098 0.493
N, % 79.7 81.7 83.1 1.58 0.174 0.543
Energy, % 80.2 82.3 83.4 1.12 0.071 0.496
JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 211
and its signaling pathway, which causes a pro-inflammatory
response by secreting TNF-α. In pig diets, β-glucan could
benefit growth performance and immune function. Zhou
et al. (2013b) demonstrated that dietary supplementation
with β-glucan increased plasma leucocytes counts, increased
lymphocyte proliferation activity and decreased TNF-α concen-
tration and faecal E. coli numbers, whereas the growth perform-
ance and faecal Lactobacilli spp. counts were unaffected in
weaned pigs.
In the present study, pigs fed the β-glucans had higher
growth performance than the control. Many studies reported
that β-glucan supplementation enhanced growth performance
in pigs (Dritz et al. 1995; Li et al. 2006). Dritz et al. (1995)
reported that supplementing nursery-pig diets with 0.025% β-
glucan increases growth performance. They suggested that a
complex interaction exists between growth performance and
disease susceptibility in pigs fed β-glucan. Li et al. (2006) indi-
cated that the addition of β-glucan to weaned pig diets is
able to offer some benefits on growth performance and
immune response to a lipopolysaccharide challenge. However,
Hahn et al. (2006) reported that increasing the dietary concen-
trations of β-glucan did not improve ADG without antibiotic in
weanling pigs. β-glucans produced by different production
methods may have different effects on growth performance
and immune function in weaned piglets. Source of β-glucan
produced by different methods may vary in their structure,
chemical composition, or both, which may influence its activity
and the amount that should be added to get a growth response
(Dritz et al. 1995; Fortin et al. 2003; Hiss & Sauerwein 2003; Li
et al. 2006; Dulbecco & Savarino 2013).
In the present study, pigs fed the β-glucans had higher
digestibility of DM. The effects of the β-glucan diets on nutrient
digestibility in pigs were inconsistent with previous studies.
Hahn et al. (2006) reported that increasing the dietary concen-
trations of β-glucan did not improve nutrient digestibility
without antibiotic, and in weaned pigs antibiotics seem to be
more effective in improving nutrient digestibility and growth
performance than β-glucan (Hahn et al. 2006). Brennan and
Cleary (2005) demonstrated that cereal mixed-linked β-(1,3)–
(1,4)-d-glucan is regarded as potentially detrimental in pig pro-
duction because of their negative effects on nutrient digestibil-
ity and pig performance. Metzler-Zebeli et al. (2011) reported
that dietary inclusion of oat β-glucan can benefit the compo-
sition and metabolic activity of gastric microbiota, caecal, and
colonic microbiota. In other studies, mixed-linked β-glucan, sup-
plemented either in the form of cereals or as a concentrate, was
readily fermented, reduced the intestinal number of enterobac-
teria and increased intestinal butyrate concentrations in
growing pigs (Lynch et al. 2007; Metzler-Zebeli et al. 2010).
5. Conclusion
The present study indicated that dietary supplementation
of β-glucans from mulberry leaves and curcuma can improve
growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs.
Table 4. The effects of β-glucan from mulberry leaves and curcuma on blood characteristics in weaning pigs.
Items Control
β-glucan sources
SEM
Contrast
Mulberry leaves Curcuma Control vs. β-glucans Mulberry leaves vs. curcuma
Lymphocyte, %
0 week 46.8 45.8 46.1 4.34 0.875 0.972
2 weeks 58.0 58.6 55.4 3.46 0.819 0.524
5 week 60.8 62.6 60.0 2.54 0.633 0.866
RBC, 106/ul
0 week 6.3 6.2 6.2 0.13 0.747 0.873
2 weeks 6.0 5.9 6.1 0.13 0.964 0.490
5 weeks 6.2 6.2 6.2 0.12 0.878 0.701
WBC,103/ul
0 weeks 12.7 12.6 12.2 0.90 0.810 0.765
2 weeks 16.0 14.1 14.4 1.52 0.380 0.896
5 weeks 18.5 20.6 20.2 0.91 0.129 0.762
Table 5. The effects of β-glucan from mulberry leaves and curcuma on characterization of feces (score, moisture, pH, and microflora) in weaning pigs.
Items Control
β-glucan sources
SEM
Contrast
Mulberry leaves Curcuma Control vs. β-glucans Mulberry leaves vs. curcuma
Faecal score a 3.2 3.1 3.1 0.04 0.351 0.216
Moisture, %
2 weeks 69.7 69.7 70.3 1.47 0.882 0.810
5 weeks 68.6 68.1 70.0 1.02 0.738 0.229
pH
2 weeks 6.1 6.1 6.1 0.03 0.751 0.312
5 weeks 5.9 5.8 5.8 0.05 0.312 0.218
Faecal microflora
2 weeks
Lactobacillus 7.5 7.6 7.5 0.06 0.290 0.375
E. coli 6.7 6.9 6.8 0.05 0.107 0.755
5 weeks
Lactobacillus 7.6 7.7 7.6 0.05 0.272 0.386
E. coli 6.7 6.8 6.8 0.05 0.106 0.769
a Faecal score ranges from 1 to 5, with 1 = hard and dry pellet but small mass, 2 = hard and formed stool, 3 = soft and formed stool but moist, 4 = soft and unformed stool,
and 5 = watery and liquid stool.
212 S. I. LEE ET AL.
Therefore, we can expect that β-glucans have antibiotic alterna-
tive effects, also improve the productivity.
Acknowledgement
The present research was conducted by the research fund of
Dankook University in 2015.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
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214 S. I. LEE ET AL.
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Materials and methods
	2.1. Preparation of β-glucan
	2.2. Experimental design, animals, and diets
	2.3. Sampling and measurements
	2.4. Statistical analysis
	3. Results
	3.1. Growth performance
	3.2. Nutrient digestibility
	3.3. Bloodand faecal characteristics
	4. Discussion
	5. Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	Disclosure statement
	References
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