TEMA II

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Backshifting is a linguistic mechanism widely used in reporting. Choose the alternative that best describes the
concept of backshifting.
Backshifting is a linguistic mechanism widely used in reporting. Choose the option in which backshifting has been
carried out adequately.
GRAMÁTICA AVANÇADA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA
Lupa  
 
DGT0624_202001129294_TEMAS
Aluno: SÉRGIO ERON CAMARGO Matr.: 202001129294
Disc.: GRAMÁTICA AVANÇADA  2023.3 EAD (G) / EX
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7187 - REPORTING
 
1.
Backshifting is essential in cases in which general truths or state-events seen as permanent are reported.
It comprises a set of formal adjustments that often occur in indirect reporting to shift deictic elements away
from the moment of the original enunciation to the moment of the report.
It comprises a set of formal adjustments that often occur in direct reporting to shift deictic elements away
from the moment of the original enunciation to the moment of the report.
Backshifting typically replaces third-person by �rst-person pronouns.
Verb tenses are only backshifted in case the quotative is in its present form.
Data Resp.: 09/10/2023 11:41:11
Explicação:
Backshifting is the series of formal modi�cations that shift the stance of the report away from the original
moment of its enunciation, meaning that adverbials, verb tenses, demonstratives and personal pronouns will be
modi�ed to �t a particular utterance. Backshifting is needed when indirect speech is being used, since in direct
speech the exact words are used instead.
 
2.
He told his friends he was coming to the party then.
He told his friends he is coming to the party now.
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Read the excerpt below:
 
In 2010, Emma Thompson complained to the Radio Times that she ¿went to give a talk at my old school and the
girls were all doing their innits?¿ which drives me insane (¿).
 
Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/may/15/why-do-people-like-say-like-so-much-in-praise-
of-an-underappreciated-word Access on: March 3rd, 2023.
 
Choose the option that best describes the type of reporting used in the excerpt above.
Read the excerpt below:
 
She explains that plurilingualism is less about the number of languages spoken than "the ways they are spoken".
 
Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/sep/04/britains-multilingual-children-we-speak-
whatever-language-gets-the-job-done- Access on: March 3rd, 2023.
 
Choose the option that best describes the excerpt above:
He told his friends he was coming to the party now.
He has told his friends he was coming to the party then.
He tells his friends he was coming to the party then.
Data Resp.: 09/10/2023 11:43:44
Explicação:
Whenever backshifting is at work, the deictic changes promoted are aimed at changing the viewpoint, the
stance from which we look at the report. These changes include replacing adverbs of time, such as "now" and
backshifting the verb tense, for instance. Yet, you must remember that no backshifting is needed when the
reporting verb is in a present tense.
 
3.
Direct report, because it completely preserves the enunciator¿s original wording.
Indirect report, because it completely preserves the enunciator¿s original wording.
Partial quotation, because it completely preserves the enunciator¿s original wording.
Direct report, because it combines the original wording with paraphrased content.
Partial report, because it combines the original wording with paraphrased content.
Data Resp.: 09/10/2023 15:20:26
Explicação:
Partial quotations result from the combination of direct and indirect speech. In this excerpt, the reporting verb
"complain" is followed by the complementizer "that" and it initiates with "she", while the indirect report that
follows uses �rst-person pronouns.
 
4.
Partial quotation, because it completely preserves the enunciator‛s original wording.
Direct report, because it completely preserves the enunciator‛s original wording.
Partial report, because it combines the original wording with paraphrased content.
likes¿ and
Read the sentence below:
 
Economists believed this �nancial crisis would be over by then.
 
Mark the alternative that best explains the permanence of the demonstrative "this" in the indirect report below.
When transforming direct yes/ no questions into indirect ones, there is one detail we should pay attention to: the
choice between ‛if‛ and ‛whether‛. Choose the context in which "whether" is more recurrent than "if".
Read the excerpt below:
 
Indirect report, because the lack of quotation marks suggests the source‛s original words are not used and the
fragment has been paraphrased.
Indirect report, because it completely preserves the enunciator‛s original wording.
Data Resp.: 09/10/2023 15:26:30
Explicação:
Indirect speech occurs when speakers or writers focus on the content of the message, paraphrasing it in their
own words. We call direct or quoted speech the cases in which the reporter offers an ipsis litteris account of
what has been said or written, reproducing exactly the authors‛ original words, which is usually signalled by the
use of quotation marks. Finally, juxtaposing in the same statement the author‛s and his/ her sources‛ choices of
words refers to the use of partial quotation; which is the case in question.
 
5.
The crisis was not over by the time of the report, so the deictic shift was necessary.
Because the quotative is in the past, the deictic shift was not necessary.
Because the quotative is in the present, the deictic shift was not necessary.
The crisis was over at the time of the report, so the deictic shift was not necessary.
The crisis was not over by the time of the report, so the deictic shift was not necessary.
Data Resp.: 09/10/2023 15:30:19
Explicação:
Because the report mentions an ongoing crisis, the demonstrative "this" must be used. Shitting the
demonstrative to ‛that‛ would mean a greater distance between the moment of the utterance and the moment
of the report, implying, therefore, that the reality had shifted.
 
6.
Indirect rephrasing of yes/no questions in which there are alternatives to choose from.
Indirect rephrasing of direct yes/no questions.
Indirect rephrasing of imperatives.
Indirect rephrasing of wh- questions.
Direct rephrasing of indirect reports.
Data Resp.: 09/10/2023 15:34:22
Explicação:
Even though ‛if‛ and ‛whether‛ can be used quite interchangeably when reporting yes/no questions,
"whether" predominates whenever there are alternatives someone needs to choose from.
 
7.
"Even if I speak to Bart only in Dutch, he‛ll mostly reply in English, and we go with that," says Jansen.
 
Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/sep/04/britains-multilingual-children-we-speak-
whatever-language-gets-the-job-done- Access on: March 3rd, 2023.
 
Choose the option that best describes the excerpt above:
Reporting is a linguistic mechanism that comprehends direct reported speech and indirect reported speech.
Indirect reporting is the means by which:
Read the statement below and then answer the question that follows.
 
Science discovered the Moon rotates around the Earth.
 
Why is backshifting unnecessary?
Indirect report, because it completely preserves the enunciator‛s original wording.
Direct report, because it completely preserves the enunciator‛s original wording.
Indirect report, because the lack of quotation marks suggests the source‛s originalwords are not used and the
fragment has been paraphrased.
Partial quotation, because it completely preserves the enunciator‛s original wording.
Partial report, because it combines the original wording with paraphrased content.
Data Resp.: 09/10/2023 11:44:33
Explicação:
Indirect speech occurs when speakers or writers focus on the content of the message, paraphrasing it in their
own words. We call direct or quoted speech the cases in which the reporter offers an ipsis litteris account of
what has been said or written, reproducing exactly the authors‛ original words, which is usually signalled by the
use of quotation marks. Finally, juxtaposing in the same statement the author‛s and his/ her sources¿ choices of
words refers to the use of partial quotation.
 
8.
We juxtapose in the same statement the author¿s and his/ her sources¿ choices of words.
We memorize the very same words previously employed by someone else.
We quote a reliable source word by word to lend credibility to our own text or to strengthen our points of
view.
We focus on the meaning of the message, but change its form, rephrasing the original order, question, or
statement in our own words.
We reproduce what has been said or written ipsis litteris, employing the enunciator¿s original choice of
words.
Data Resp.: 09/10/2023 15:36:36
Explicação:
Indirect speech occurs when speakers or writers focus on the content of the message, paraphrasing it in their
own words. We call direct or quoted speech the cases in which the reporter offers an ipsis litteris account of
what has been said or written, reproducing exactly the authors¿ original words, whereas juxtaposing in the same
statement the author¿s and his/ her sources¿ choices of words refers to the use of partial quotation.
 
9.
The reporting verb is in the present.
The reported clause is introduced by the non-factive verb "discover".
Reporting is a linguistic mechanism divided in direct reported speech and indirect reported speech. Direct
reporting is the means by which:
The reported clause is introduced by the factive verb "discover".
The report was uttered immediately after its original enunciation.
The reported content is perceived as a general truth or a scienti�c fact.
Data Resp.: 09/10/2023 15:38:15
Explicação:
There is no need to backshift propositions perceived as general truths neither events presented as permanent.
Since the sentence refers to a scienti�c fact, there is no need to shift back the verb tense.
 
10.
We juxtapose in the same statement the author¿s and his/ her sources¿ choices of words.
We memorize the very same words previously employed by someone else.
We quote a reliable source word by word to lend credibility to our own text or to strengthen our points of
view.
We reproduce what has been said or written ipsis litteris, employing the enunciator¿s original choice of
words.
We focus on the meaning of the message, but change its form, rephrasing the original order, question, or
statement in our own words.
Data Resp.: 09/10/2023 11:45:11
Explicação:
We call direct or quoted speech the cases in which the reporter offers an ipsis litteris account of what has been
said or written, reproducing exactly the authors¿ original words. When we paraphrase we retain the same
meaning, while the wording changes, since we use our words to report the message. Juxtaposing in the same
statement the author¿s and his/ her sources¿ choices of words refers to the use of partial quotation.
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Exercício por Temas inciado em 09/10/2023 11:19:12.