PDF - Lista 02 - Conjunções

Prévia do material em texto

TEOREMA MILITAR 
LISTA 02 – CONJUNÇÕES 
PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA 
 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
Read the text to answer the question(s) below. 
 
On Earth, something is always burning. 
Wildfires are started by lightning or accidentally by 
people, and people use controlled fires to manage 
farmland and pasture and clear natural vegetation for 
farmland. Fires can generate large amounts of smoke 
pollution, release greenhouse gases, and 
unintentionally degrade ecosystems. But fires can also 
clear away dead and dying underbrush, which can help 
restore an ecosystem to good health. In many 
ecosystems, including boreal forests and grasslands, 
plants have coevolved with fire and require periodic 
burning to reproduce. 
Some of the global patterns that appear in the 
fire maps over time are the result of natural cycles of 
rainfall, dryness, and lightning. For example, naturally 
occurring fires are common in the boreal forests of 
Canada in the summer. In other parts of the world, the 
patterns are the result of human activity. For example, 
the intense burning in the heart of South America from 
August-October is a result of human-triggered fires, 
both intentional and accidental, in the Amazon 
Rainforest and the Cerrado (a grassland/savanna 
ecosystem) to the south. Across Africa, a band of 
widespread agricultural burning sweeps north to south 
over the continent as the dry season progresses each 
year. Agricultural burning occurs in late winter and 
early spring each year across Southeast Asia 
 
(Fonte: Adaptado. Disponível em: 
<https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/globalmaps/MOD1
4A1_M_FIRE>. Acesso em: 14 nov. 2019). 
 
 
1. Considering the sentence: 
 
“On Earth, something is always burning. Wildfires are 
started by lightning or accidentally by people, and 
people use controlled fires to manage farmland and 
pasture and clear natural vegetation for farmland. 
Fires can generate large amounts of smoke pollution, 
release greenhouse gases, and unintentionally degrade 
ecosystems. But fires can also clear away dead and 
dying underbrush, which can help restore an 
ecosystem to good health,” from the text, choose the 
correct alternative. 
 
The underlined words are …, respectively, 
a) a preposition and an interjection. 
b) an adverb and a conjunction. 
c) a conjunction and a preposition. 
d) a verb and a noun. 
e) a conjunction and an adjective. 
 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
Leia o texto para responder à(s) questão(ões) a seguir. 
 
Question: Is there anything I can do to train my 
body to need less sleep? 
Karen Weintraub 
June 17, 2016 
 
 
 
Many people think they can teach themselves 
to need less sleep, but they’re wrong, said Dr. Sigrid 
Veasey, a professor at the Center for Sleep and 
Circadian Neurobiology at the University of 
Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine. We might 
feel that we’re getting by fine on less sleep, but we’re 
deluding ourselves, Dr. Veasey said, largely because 
lack of sleep skews our self-awareness. “The more you 
deprive yourself of sleep over long periods of time, the 
less accurate you are of judging your own sleep 
perception,” she said. 
Multiple studies have shown that people don’t 
functionally adapt to less sleep than their bodies need. 
There is a range of normal sleep times, with most 
healthy adults naturally needing seven to nine hours of 
sleep per night, according to the National Sleep 
Foundation. Those over 65 need about seven to eight 
hours, on average, while teenagers need eight to 10 
hours, and school-age children nine to 11 hours. 
People’s performance continues to be poor while they 
are sleep deprived, Dr. Veasey said. 
Health issues like pain, sleep apnea or 
autoimmune disease can increase people’s need for 
sleep, said Andrea Meredith, a neuroscientist at the 
University of Maryland School of Medicine. A 
misalignment of the clock that governs our sleep-wake 
cycle can also drive up the need for sleep, Dr. Meredith 
said. The brain’s clock can get misaligned by being 
stimulated at the wrong time of day, she said, such as 
from caffeine in the afternoon or evening, digital 
screen use too close to bedtime, or even exercise at a 
time of day when the body wants to be winding down. 
 
(http://well.blogs.nytimes.com. Adaptado.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
TEOREMA MILITAR 
LISTA 02 – CONJUNÇÕES 
PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA 
 
2. No trecho do segundo parágrafo “Those over 65 
need about seven to eight hours, on average, w hile 
teenagers need eight to 10 hours”, o termo em 
destaque tem sentido de 
a) durante. 
b) como. 
c) ao longo de. 
d) já que. 
e) enquanto. 
 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRIENDS AND 
TYPES OF FRIENDSHIP 
 
Everyone has at least one best friend, some maybe 
even more. There are also those people who are just 
friends and also arch-enemies. People may think that 
just because they are your friends it means that they 
are your best friend. The thing is, even though they 
are your friend, the relationship between a best friend 
and a friend is different. Either way regardless of 
archenemies, friends or best friends, there are not 
many ways to compare any of these different types of 
friends, but you can easily contrast them from one 
another. 
Arch-enemies often know more about each 
other than two friends. In a comparison of personal 
relationships, 1friendship is considered to be closer 
than association, although a wide range of degrees of 
intimacy exists in friendships, arch-enemies, and 
associations. Friendship and association can be 
thought of as spanning across the same continuum. 
2The study of friendship is included in the fields of 
sociology, social psychology, anthropology, philosophy, 
and zoology. Even animals have familiars! Various 
academic theories of friendship have been proposed, 
among which are social exchange theory, equity 
theory, relational dialectics, and attachment styles. 3In 
Russia, one typically bestows very few people the 
status of “friend”. 
These friendships, however, make up in 
intensity what they lack in number. Friends are entitled 
to call each other by their first names alone, and to 
use diminutives. A customary example of polite 
behavior is addressing "acquaintances" by full first 
name plus their patronymic. These could include 
relationships which elsewhere would be qualified as 
real friendships, such as workplace relationships of 
long standing, or neighbors with whom one shares an 
occasional meal or a social drink with. 
Also in the Middle East and Central Asia, male 
friendships, while less restricted than in Russia, tend to 
be reserved and respectable in nature. They may use 
nicknames and diminutive forms of their first names. 
In countries like India, it is believed in some parts that 
friendship is a form of respect, not born out of fear or 
superiority. Friends are people who are equal in most 
standards, but still respect each other regardless of 
their attributes or shortcomings. Most of the countries 
previously mentioned (Russia, Asia, and even the 
Middle East) and even our own nation are suffering a 
decline in genuine friendships. 
According to a study documented in the June 
2006 issue of the Journal American Sociological 
Review, Americans are thought to be suffering a loss in 
the quality and quantity of close friendships since at 
least 1985. The study’s results state that twenty-five 
percent of 4Americans have no close confidants, and 
the average total number of confidants per citizen has 
dropped from four to two. According to the study, 
5Americans' dependence on family as a safety net went 
up from fifty-seven percent to eighty percent; 
Americans dependence on a partner or spouse went 
up from five percent to nine percent. 
Recent studies have found a link between 
fewer friendships, especially in quality, and 
psychological and physiological regression. In the 
sequence of the emotional development of the 
individual, friendships come afterparental bonding and 
before the pair bonding engaged in at the approach of 
maturity. In the intervening period between the end of 
early childhood and the onset of full adulthood, 
friendships are often the most important relationships 
in the emotional life of the adolescent, and are often 
more intense than relationships experienced later in 
life. 
6Unfortunately, making friends seems to 
trouble many of people. Having no friends can be 
emotionally damaging for all ages, from young children 
to full grown adults. A study performed by researchers 
from Purdue University found that post-secondary-
education friendships, college and university last 
longer than the friendships before it. Children with 
Asperger syndrome and autism usually have some 
difficulty forming friendships. 7Socially crippling 
conditions like these are just one way that the social 
world is so difficult to thrive in. 8This does not mean 
that they are not able to form friendships, however. 
With time, moderation and proper instruction, they are 
able to form friendships after realizing their own 
strengths and weaknesses. 
9There is a number of theories that attempt to 
explain the link, including that; Good friends 
encourage their friends to lead more healthy lifestyles; 
10Good friends encourage their friends to seek help 
and access services, when needed; 11Good friends 
enhance their friend’s 12coping skills in dealing with 
illness and other health problems; and/or Good friends 
actually affect physiological pathways that are 
protective of health. Regardless of what we think, we 
can clearly see that there are some ways that friends, 
best friends and archenemies are the same, but in the 
end they are clearly more different. 13Nonetheless we 
all have every single type in our lives. 
 
TEOREMA MILITAR 
LISTA 02 – CONJUNÇÕES 
PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA 
(Adapted from: 
http://www.ukessays.com/essays/philosophy/therelatio
nship- between-friends-and-types-of-friendship-
philosophyessay. php) 
 
 
3. “This does not mean that they are not able to form 
friendships, however” (reference 8). The option that 
replaces the highlighted expression is 
a) so. 
b) though. 
c) thus. 
d) most likely. 
 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
Leia o texto abaixo para responder à(s) questão(ões) a 
seguir. 
 
The Health Benefits of Sport and Physical 
Activity 
Although research interest on physical activity and 
health dates back to the 1950s, the breakthrough in 
the scientific evidence on health benefits of physical 
activity largely took place during the 1980s and 1990s. 
There is an overwhelming amount of scientific 
evidence on the positive effects of sport and physical 
activity as part of a healthy lifestyle. The positive, 
direct effects of engaging in regular physical activity 
are particularly apparent in the prevention of several 
chronic diseases, including: cardiovascular disease, 
diabetes, cancer, hypertension, obesity, depression 
and osteoporosis. 
 
Sport and Physical Activity as part of a Healthy 
Lifestyle 
A number of factors influence the way in which sport 
and physical activity impact on health in different 
populations. Sport and physical activity in itself may 
not directly lead to benefits but, in combination with 
other factors, can promote healthy lifestyles. Elements 
that may be determinants on health include nutrition, 
intensity and type of physical activity, appropriate 
footwear and clothing, climate, injury, stress levels and 
sleep patterns. 
 
Disponível em: 
<http://www.sportanddev.org/en/learnmore/sport_an
d_health/the_health_benefits_of_sport_and_physical_a
ctivity/>. Acesso em: 18 mar. 2016. (Adaptado). 
 
 
4. Considerando-se os aspectos linguísticos e 
estruturais do texto, tem-se o seguinte: 
a) O termo destacado em “Although research interest 
on physical activity…” expressa adição e inclusão de 
uma ideia. 
b) A expressão em destaque em “Sport and physical 
activity in itself ...” é formada por preposição e 
pronome reflexivo. 
c) O termo “may” em “Elements that may be 
determinants on health” pode ser substituído, sem 
prejuízo de sentido, por “must”. 
d) A palavra “overwhelming” em “There is an 
overwhelming amount of scientific evidence” 
equivale, em português, a “indiscutível”. 
e) Os termos large largely;→ direct directly;→ 
intense intensity;→ active activity→ evidenciam a 
transformação de adjetivos em advérbios. 
 
TEXTO PARA AS PRÓXIMAS 2 QUESTÕES: 
Leia o texto para responder a(s) questão(ões). 
 
Healthy choices 
 
How do we reduce waistlines in a country where we 
traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do? 
 
By Telegraph View 
22 Aug 2014 
 
 
 
 Every new piece of information about Britain’s 
weight problem makes for ever more depressing 
reading. Duncan Selbie, the Chief Executive of Public 
Health England, today tells us that by 2034 some six 
million Britons will suffer from diabetes. Of course, 
many people develop 
diabetes through no fault of their own. But Mr Selbie’s 
research concludes that if the levels of obesity 
returned to their 1994 levels, 1.7 million fewer people 
would suffer from the condition. 
 Given that fighting diabetes already drains the 
National Health Service (NHS) by more than £1.5 
million, or 10 per cent of its budget for England, the 
impact upon the Treasury in 20 years’ time from 
unhealthy lifestyles could be catastrophic. 1Bad health 
not only impacts on the individual but also on the rest 
of the community. 
 Diagnosis of the challenge is straightforward. The 
tougher question is what to do about reducing 
TEOREMA MILITAR 
LISTA 02 – CONJUNÇÕES 
PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA 
waistlines in a country where we 
traditionally do not like telling individuals what to do. 
 It is interesting to note that Mr Selbie does not 
ascribe to the Big Brother approach of ceaseless 
legislation and nannying. 2Rather, he is keen to 
promote choices – making the case passionately that 
people should be encouraged to embrace good health. 
One of his suggestions is that parents feed their 
children from smaller plates. That way the child can 
clear his or her plate, as ordered, without actually 
consuming too much. Like all good ideas, this is rooted 
in common sense. 
 
(www.telegraph.co.uk. Adaptado.) 
 
 
5. No trecho do segundo parágrafo (ref. 1), “Bad 
health not only impacts on the individual but also on 
the rest of the community”, a expressão “not only … 
but also” indica uma ideia de 
a) negação. 
b) comparação. 
c) alternativa. 
d) inclusão. 
e) contraste. 
 
6. No trecho do quarto parágrafo (ref. 2), “Rather, 
he is keen to promote choices”, o termo em destaque 
equivale, em português, a 
a) por sinal. 
b) mesmo assim. 
c) pelo contrário. 
d) via de regra. 
e) além disso. 
 
7. Analyse the sentences: 
 
I. – Nobody remembered to turn off the light, did 
they? 
II. And Peter's father said: 
– Son, like your father, I'll help you as much as I 
can. 
III. I've stopped to buy the newspaper everyday to try 
to save money. 
IV. She's getting used to drive on the right. 
V. Despite of the bad weather, there was a large 
crowd at the match. 
VI. I've visited Russia for the first time in 2006. 
 
Now, mark the correct alternative. 
a) Only I is grammatically correct. 
b) I, III and IV are grammatically correct. 
c) I, II, V and VI are grammatically correct. 
d) I, II, III, IV, V and VI are grammatically incorrect. 
 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
 Remember the good old days, when you could have 
a heated-yet-enjoyable debate with your friends about 
things that didn’t matter that much — times when you 
could be a true fan of the Manchester United soccer 
team when you didn’t come from the city of 
Manchester? 
 How things have changed. 
 Now disagreements feel deadly serious. Like when 
your colleague pronounces that wearing a face mask in 
public is a threat to his liberty. Or when you see that 
one of yourfriends has just tweeted that, actually, all 
lives matter. Before you know it, you’re feeling angry 
and forming harsh new judgments about your 
colleagues and friends. Let’s take a collective pause 
and breathe: there are some ways we can all try to 
have more civil disagreements in this febrile age of 
culture wars. 
 
1. ‘Coupling’ and ‘decoupling’ 
 The first is to consider how inclined people are to 
‘couple’ or ‘decouple’ topics involving wider political 
and social factors. Swedish data analyst John Nerst 
has used the terms to describe the contrasting ways in 
which people approach contentious issues. Those of us 
more inclined to ‘couple’ see them as inextricably 
related to a broader matrix of factors, whereas those 
more predisposed to ‘decouple’ prefer to consider an 
issue in isolation. To take a crude example, a 
decoupler might consider in isolation the question of 
whether a vaccine provides a degree of immunity to a 
virus; a coupler, by contrast, would immediately see 
the issue as inextricably entangled in a mesh of 
factors, such as pharmaceutical industry power and 
parental choice. 
 
2. ______________________ 
 Most of us are deeply committed to our beliefs, 
especially concerning moral and social issues, such 
that when we’re presented with facts that contradict 
our beliefs, we often choose to dismiss those facts, 
rather than update our beliefs. 
 A study at Arizona State University, U.S., analysed 
more than 100,000 comments on a forum where users 
post their views on an issue and invite others to 
persuade them to change their mind. The researchers 
found that regardless of the kind of topic, people were 
more likely to change their mind when confronted with 
more evidence-based arguments. “Our work may 
suggest that while attitude change is hard-won, 
providing facts, statistics and citations for one’s 
arguments can convince people to change their 
minds,” they concluded. 
 
3. Just be nicer? 
 Finally, it’s easier said than done, but let’s all try to 
be more respectful of and attentive to each other’s 
positions. We should do this not just for virtuous 
reasons, but because the more we create that kind of 
a climate, the more open-minded and intellectually 
flexible we will all be inclined to be. And then 
TEOREMA MILITAR 
LISTA 02 – CONJUNÇÕES 
PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA 
hopefully, collectively, we can start having 
more constructive disagreements — even in our 
present very difficult times. 
 
(Christian Jarrett. www.bbc.com, 14.10.2020. 
Adaptado.) 
 
 
8. No trecho do quarto parágrafo “whereas those 
more predisposed to ‘decouple’ prefer to consider an 
issue in isolation”, o termo sublinhado introduz 
a) uma explicação. 
b) um exemplo. 
c) um contraste. 
d) uma condição. 
e) uma consequência. 
 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
“Culture is language”: why an indigenous 
tongue is thriving in Paraguay 
 
 
 
 On a hillside monument in Asunción, a statue of the 
mythologized indigenous chief Lambaré stands 
alongside other great leaders from Paraguayan history. 
The other historical heroes on display are of mixed 
ancestry, but the idea of a noble indigenous heritage is 
strong in Paraguay, and – uniquely in the Americas – 
can be expressed by most of the country’s people in an 
indigenous language: Paraguayan Guaraní. “Guaraní is 
our culture – it’s where our roots are,” said Tomasa 
Cabral, a market vendor in the city. 
 Elsewhere in the Americas, European colonial 
languages are pushing native languages towards 
extinction, but Paraguayan Guaraní – a language 
descended from several indigenous tongues – remains 
one of the main languages of 70% of the country’s 
population. And unlike other widely spoken native 
tongues – such as Quechua, Aymara or the Mayan 
languages – it is overwhelmingly spoken by non-
indigenous people. 
 Miguel Verón, a linguist and member of the 
Academy of the Guaraní Language, said the language 
had survived partly because of the landlocked 
country’s geographic isolation and partly because of 
the “linguistic loyalty” of its people. “The indigenous 
people refused to learn Spanish,” he said. “The 
imperial governors had to learn to speak Guaraní.” But 
while it remains under pressure from Spanish, 
Paraguayan Guaraní is itself part of the threat looming 
over the country’s other indigenous languages. 
Paraguay’s 19 surviving indigenous groups each have 
their own tongue, but six of them are listed by Unesco 
as severely or critically endangered. 
 The benefits of speaking the country’s two official 
languages were clear. Spanish remains the language of 
government, and Paraguayan Guaraní is widely spoken 
in rural areas, where it is a key requisite for many 
jobs. But the value of maintaining other tongues was 
incalculable, said Alba Eiragi Duarte, a poet from the 
Ava Guaraní people. “Our culture is transmitted 
through our own language: culture is language. When 
we love our language, we love ourselves.” 
 
(William Costa. www.theguardian.com, 03.09.2020. 
Adaptado.) 
 
 
 
9. No trecho do segundo parágrafo “And unlike other 
widely spoken native tongues”, o termo sublinhado 
expressa 
a) equivalência. 
b) conclusão. 
c) contraste. 
d) motivação. 
e) preferência. 
 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
THE POWER OF METAPHORS 
 
Imagine your city isn’t as safe as it used to be. 
Robberies are on the rise, home invasions are 
increasing and murder rates have nearly doubled in 
the past three years. What should city officials do 
about it? Hire more cops to round up the thugs and 
lock them away in a growing network of prisons? Or 
design programs that promise more peace by 
addressing issues like a faltering economy and 
underperforming schools? 
Your answer – and the reasoning behind it – 
can hinge on the metaphor being used to describe the 
problem, according to new research by Stanford 
psychologists. Your thinking can even be swayed with 
just one word, they say. 
 
Psychology Assistant Professor Lera Boroditsky and 
doctoral candidate Paul Thibodeau were curious about 
how subtle cues and common figures of speech can 
frame approaches to difficult problems. “Some 
estimates suggest that one out of every 25 words we 
encounter is a metaphor”, said Thibodeau, the study’s 
TEOREMA MILITAR 
LISTA 02 – CONJUNÇÕES 
PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA 
lead author. “But 1we didn’t know the 
extent to which these metaphors influence people”. 
In five experiments, 2test subjects were asked 
to read short paragraphs about rising crime rates in 
the fictional city of Addison and answer questions 
about the city. The researchers gauged how people 
answered these questions in light of how crime was 
described – as a beast or a virus. 
They found the test subjects’ proposed 
solutions differed a great deal depending on the 
metaphor they were exposed to. The results have 
shown that people will likely support an increase in 
police forces and jailing of offenders if crime is 
described as a “beast” preying on a community. But if 
people are told crime is a “virus” infecting a city, they 
are more inclined to treat the problem with social 
reform. According to Boroditsky: “People like to think 
they’re objective. They want to believe they’re logical. 
But they’re really being swayed by metaphors”. 
To get a sense of how much the metaphor 
really mattered, the researchers also examined what 
role political persuasions play in people’s approach to 
reducing crime. They suspected that Republicans 
would be more inclined to catch and incarcerate 
criminals than Democrats, who would prefer enacting 
social reforms. They found Republicans were about 10 
percent more likely to suggest an enforcement-based 
solution. 
“We can’t talk about any complex situation – 
like crime – without using metaphors”, said Boroditsky. 
3“Metaphors aren’t just used for flowery speech. They 
shape the conversation for things we’re trying to 
explain and figure out. And they have consequences 
for determining what wedecide is the right approach 
to solving problems”. 
While their research focused on attitudes 
about crime, their findings can be used to understand 
the implications of how a casual or calculated turn of 
phrase can influence debates and change minds. 
 
Adaptado de news.stanford.edu. 
 
 
10. Metaphors aren’t just used for flowery 
speech. They shape the conversation for things 
w e’re trying to explain and figure out. (ref. 3) 
 
In order to clarify the meaning relation between the 
two sentences above, the following word can be 
inserted in the underlined one: 
a) also 
b) rather 
c) hardly 
d) already 
 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
Leia o texto e analise os dois mapas para responder 
à(s) questão(ões) a seguir. 
Cerrado 
 
 
 
Located between the Amazon, Atlantic Forests 
and Pantanal, the Cerrado is the largest savanna 
region in South America. 
The Cerrado is one of the most threatened and 
overexploited regions in Brazil, second only to the 
Atlantic Forests in vegetation loss and deforestation. 
Unsustainable agricultural activities, particularly soy 
production and cattle ranching, as well as burning of 
vegetation for charcoal, continue to pose a major 
threat to the Cerrado’s biodiversity. Despite its 
environmental importance, it is one of the least 
protected regions in Brazil. 
 
Facts & Figures 
- Covering 22 million km , or 21% of the country’s 
territory, the Cerrado is the second largest vegetation 
type in Brazil. 
- The area is equivalent to the size of England, France, 
Germany, Italy and Spain combined. 
- More than 1,600 species of mammals, birds and 
reptiles have been identified in the Cerrado. 
- Annual rainfall is around 800 to 1600 mm. 
- The capital of Brazil, Brasilia, is located in the heart 
of the Cerrado. 
- Only 20% of the Cerrado’s original vegetation 
remains intact; less than 3% of the area is currently 
guarded by law. 
 
(http://wwf.panda.org. Adaptado.) 
 
 
TEOREMA MILITAR 
LISTA 02 – CONJUNÇÕES 
PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11. No trecho do segundo parágrafo “Despite its 
environmental importance”, o termo sublinhado 
equivale, em português, a 
a) desde que. 
b) de acordo com. 
c) devido a. 
d) apesar de. 
e) além de. 
 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
Leia o texto sobre uma exposição no museu Tate 
Modern, em Londres, para responder à(s) 
questão(ões) a seguir. 
 
Tate Modern – London 
Hélio Oiticica 
Until Summer 2019 
 
 
 
Tropicália 
 
Tropicália is used to describe the explosion of 
cultural creativity in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo in 
1968 as Brazil’s military regime tightened its grip on 
power. 
Many of the artists, writers and musicians 
associated with Tropicália came of age during the 
1950s in a time of intense optimism when the cultural 
world had been encouraged to play a central role in 
the creation of a democratic, socially just and modern 
Brazil. Nevertheless, a military coup in 1964 had 
brought to power a right-wing regime at odds with the 
concerns of left-wing artists. Tropicália became a way 
of exposing the contradictions of modernisation under 
such an authoritarian rule. 
The word Tropicália comes from an installation 
by the artist Hélio Oiticica, who created environments 
that were designed to encourage the viewer’s 
emotional and intellectual participation. Oiticica called 
them “penetrables” because people were originally 
encouraged to enter them. They mimic the improvised, 
colourful dwellings in Rio de Janeiro’s favelas, or 
shanty towns. The lush plants and sand help to convey 
a sense of the tropical character of the city. When 
Oiticica exhibited the work, he also included live 
parrots. 
From its beginning, Tropicália was seen as a 
re-articulation of Anthropophagia (“cannibalism”), an 
artistic ideology promoted by Oswald de Andrade. 
 
(www.tate.org.uk. Adaptado.) 
 
 
 
 
TEOREMA MILITAR 
LISTA 02 – CONJUNÇÕES 
PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA 
 
12. No trecho do segundo parágrafo “Nevertheless, a 
military coup in 1964”, o termo sublinhado indica 
a) contraste. 
b) consequência. 
c) opinião. 
d) aprovação. 
e) alternativa. 
 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
Leia o texto para responder à(s) questão(ões) a seguir. 
 
An increasing body of evidence suggests that the time 
we spend on our smartphones is interfering with our 
sleep, self-esteem, relationships, memory, attention 
spans, creativity, productivity and problem-solving and 
decision-making skills. But there is another reason for 
us to rethink our relationships with our devices. By 
chronically raising levels of cortisol, the body’s main 
stress hormone, our phones may be threatening our 
health and shortening our lives. 
 
If they happened only occasionally, phone-induced 
cortisol spikes might not matter. But the average 
American spends four hours a day staring at their 
smartphone and keeps it within arm’s reach nearly all 
the time, according to a tracking app called Moment. 
 
“Your cortisol levels are elevated when your phone is 
in sight or nearby, or when you hear it or even think 
you hear it,” says David Greenfield, professor of clinical 
psychiatry at the University of Connecticut School of 
Medicine and founder of the Center for Internet and 
Technology Addiction. “It’s a stress response, and it 
feels unpleasant, and the body’s natural response is to 
want to check the phone to make the stress go away.” 
 
But while doing so might soothe you for a second, it 
probably will make things worse in the long run. Any 
time you check your phone, you’re likely to find 
something else stressful waiting for you, leading to 
another spike in cortisol and another craving to check 
your phone to make your anxiety go away. This cycle, 
when continuously reinforced, leads to chronically 
elevated cortisol levels. And chronically elevated 
cortisol levels have been tied to an increased risk of 
serious health problems, including depression, obesity, 
metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes, fertility issues, 
high blood pressure, heart attack, dementia and 
stroke. 
 
(Catherine Price. www.nytimes.com, 24.04.2019. 
Adaptado.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13. No trecho do primeiro parágrafo “But there is 
another reason for us to rethink our relationships with 
our devices”, o termo sublinhado introduz uma 
a) oposição. 
b) conclusão. 
c) exclusão. 
d) adição. 
e) explicação. 
 
14. Read the text and answer question. 
 
Dear Mary, 
My younger sister just told us she’s been accepted to 
her first choice university. Lee is very intelligent. She 
will be the first person in our family to go to college. I 
got good grades in high school, too, but when I 
graduated I went into the family business __________ 
going to college. I enjoy my new career, I’m sure that 
I’ve learned a lot of new things. 
With love, Lincon 
 
 
Fill in the blank with the option that best completes the 
text. 
a) as soon as 
b) instead of 
c) still 
d) yet 
 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
Leia o texto para responder à(s) questão(ões) a seguir. 
 
 
 
Prescriptions for fighting epidemics 
 
Epidemics have plagued humanity since the 
dawn of settled life. Yet, success in conquering them 
remains patchy. Experts predict that a global one that 
could kill more than 300 million people would come 
round in the next 20 to 40 years. What pathogen 
would cause it is anybody’s guess. Chances are that it 
will be a virus that lurks in birds or mammals, or one 
that that has not yet hatched. The scariest are both 
highly lethal and spread easily among humans. 
Thankfully, bugs that excel at the first tend to be weak 
at the other. But mutations – ordinary business for 
germs – can change that in a blink. Moreover, when 
humans get too close to beasts, either wild or packed 
TEOREMA MILITAR 
LISTA 02 – CONJUNÇÕES 
PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA 
in farms, an animal disease can become a 
human one. 
A front-runner for global pandemics is the 
seasonal influenzavirus, which mutates so much that a 
vaccine must be custom-made every year. The Spanish 
flu pandemic of 1918, which killed 50 million to 100 
million people, was a potent version of the “swine flu” 
that emerged in 2009. The H5N1 “avian flu” strain, 
deadly in 60% of cases, came about in the 1990s 
when a virus that sickened birds made the jump to a 
human. Ebola, HIV and Zika took a similar route. 
 
(www.economist.com, 08.02.2018. Adaptado.) 
 
 
15. No trecho do primeiro parágrafo “Moreover, when 
humans get too close to beasts”, o termo sublinhado 
indica 
a) acréscimo. 
b) decorrência. 
c) comparação. 
d) condição. 
e) finalidade. 
 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
Military Officers Face a New Evaluation 
 
 Gen. Martin E. Dempsey, the chairman of the Joint 
Chiefs of Staff, is leading important changes following 
recent scandals involving high-ranking officers. This is 
part of training and development programs for 
generals and admirals. They will include new courses 
to train the security detail, executive staffs and even 
the spouses of senior officers. 
 Saying 1he was disturbed about the misconduct 
issues, General Dempsey said that evaluations of top 
officers needed to go beyond the traditional 
assessment of professional performance by superior 
officers alone. He said that he had decided the 
changes were necessary “to assess both competence 
and character in a richer way”. 
 “You can have someone of incredible character who 
can’t lead their way out of a forward operating base 
because they don’t have the competence to 
understand the application of military power, and that 
doesn’t do me any good”, General Dempsey said. 
“2Conversely, you can have someone who is intensely 
competent in the skills of the profession, but doesn’t 
live a life of character. And that doesn’t do me any 
good.” 
 General Dempsey said that regular professional 
reviews would be transformed from top-down 
assessments to the kind of “360-degree performance 
evaluation”, which includes feedback from 
subordinates, peers and superiors. For the new 
training programs, he said that while it may be 
impossible to prevent infractions, “most officers need 
to be reminded of the rules and regulations on a 
routine basis”. 
 Teams of inspectors will observe and review the 
procedures of commanders and their staffs. The 
inspections will not be punitive, but will provide a 
“periodic opportunity for general officers to understand 
whether, from an institutional perspective, we think 
they are inside or outside the white lines”, he said. In 
addition, new programs will be instituted to ensure 
that a commander’s staff, and a spouse, are fully 
aware of military regulations. 
 “In my 39 years in the military, I have learned that 
you are not a profession just because you say you are. 
You have to earn it and re-earn it and re-evaluate it 
from time to time”, General Dempsey said. 
 
Adapted from www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/us 
 
 
16. In the sentence “Conversely, you can have...” 
(ref. 2), the word conversely indicates 
that the two situations described in the paragraph 
a) have similar elements. 
b) have opposite elements. 
c) have identical elements. 
d) have chronological elements. 
e) have unbelievable elements. 
 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
The following text refers to question(s) 
 
LAUGHING ALL THE WAY 
 
Understanding jokes is part of the process of 
native language acquisition, and jokes are part of the 
charm that belongs to any language. Learning to 
understand jokes in a new language is both a cause, 
and a consequence, of language proficiency (Cook 
2000). 
The most obvious benefit of understanding 
jokes is that it can help students feel more comfortable 
in their new language. A shared moment of humor 
lowers the affective filter, that invisible barrier that 
makes learners feel awkward and uncomfortable. A 
low affective filter is one of the cornerstones of 
successfully learning a new language (Krashen 1982). 
If a class can laugh together, they are likely to learn 
better together, too. Jokes based on wordplay have 
additional benefits because they build metalinguistic 
awareness, or conscious awareness of the forms of 
language, and this, ___( I )___, helps in learning 
more language (Ely and McCabe 1994; Zipke 2008; 
Lems 2011). In particular, metalinguistic awareness 
boots reading comprehension and encourages higher-
order thinking. 
___( II )___ native speakers need to access 
a great deal of linguistic information and background 
knowledge to “get” a joke (Aarons 2012). At the same 
TEOREMA MILITAR 
LISTA 02 – CONJUNÇÕES 
PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA 
time, jokes that are based on wordplay in 
another language can be really hard to understand 
because they need to be processed very quickly. In a 
social setting where everyone is standing around 
chatting, understanding a joke that comes up may 
seem like a high-stakes test. Not understanding a joke 
in this situation can make someone feel like an 
outsider and create a sense of isolation. ___( III 
)___, an important part of learning a new language is 
learning to enjoy its jokes. 
 
Puns: A special form of joke 
 
Puns are a special form of humor based on 
double meanings. Puns are sometimes nicknamed “the 
lowest form of humor” and often greeted with groans, 
but in fact, the language knowledge needed to 
understand a pun is very sophisticated (Pollack 
2011).___( IV )__ they require processing the sound 
and meaning of words twice, puns demand 
considerable language agility. __( V )__ humor based 
on sight gags, funny facial expressions, or amusing 
visual arrangements, the humor of pun is based on 
language play. 
 
ENGLISH TEACHING FORUM – VOLUME 51 NUMBER 1 
2013 
 
 
17. The words that properly fill in blanks I, II, III, 
IV and V, in the text, are 
a) even so / further / in spite of all / consequently / 
then 
b) next / although / then / since / different from 
c) for that / basically / from my view / then / thus 
d) despite / so / after all / as / unfortunately 
e) in turn / even / for all these reasons / because / 
unlike 
 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
5 Ways To Turn Fear Into Fuel 
 
Editor’s note: This is a guest post from Jonathan 
Fields, author of Uncertainty: Turning Fear and Doubt 
Into Fuel for Brilliance. 
 
Uncertainty. It’s a terrifying word. 
Living with it, dangling over your head like the sword 
of Damocles, 5day in day out, is enough to send 
anyone spiraling into a state of anxiety, fear and 
paralysis. 
11Like it or not, though, uncertainty is the new normal. 
We live in a time where the world is in a state of 
constant, long-term flux. And, that’s not all. If you 
want to spend your time on the planet not just 
6getting-by, but consistently creating art, experiences, 
businesses and lives that truly matter, you’ll need to 
proactively 7seek out, invite and even deliberately 
amplify uncertainty. Because the other side of 
uncertainty is opportunity. 
Nothing great was ever created by waiting around for 
someone to tell you it’s all going to be okay or for 
perfect information to drop from the sky. Doesn’t 
happen that way. Great work requires you to act in the 
face of uncertainty, to live in the question long enough 
for your true potential to emerge. There is no 
alternative. 
1When you find the strength to act in the face of 
uncertainty, you till the soil of genius. 
2Problem is, that kills most people. It leads to unease, 
anxiety, fear and doubt on a level that snuffs out most 
genuinely meaningful and potentially revolutionary 
endeavors before they even see the light of day. Not 
because they wouldn’t have succeeded, but because 
you never equipped yourself to 8handle and even 
harness the emotional energy of the journey. 
But, what if it didn’t have to be that way? 
What if there was a way to turn the fear, anxiety and 
self-doubt that rides along with acting in the face of 
uncertainty—4the head-to-toe butterflies—intofuel for 
brilliance? 
10Turns out, there is. 3Your ability to lean into the 
unknown isn’t so much about luck or genetics, rather 
it’s something entirely trainable. I’ve spent the past 
few years interviewing world-class creators across a 
wide range of fields and 9pouring over research that 
spans neuroscience, decision-theory, psychology, 
creativity and business. 
Through this work, a collection of patterns, practices 
and strategies have emerged that not only turbocharge 
insight, creativity, innovation and problem-solving, but 
also help ameliorate so much of the suffering so often 
associated with the pursuit of any creative quest. 
 
Fonte: http://zenhabits.net/fearfuel. Acesso em 
07/12/2011. Texto adaptado. 
 
 
18. Escolha a opção que apresenta a mesma ideia da 
afirmação a seguir: “Your ability to lean into the 
unknown isn’t so much about luck or genetics, 
rather it’s something entirely trainable” (ref. 3). 
a) Your ability to deal with the unknown isn’t a matter 
of genetics but luck. 
b) Your ability to deal with the unknown has nothing to 
do with genetics or luck but training. 
c) Your ability to deal with the unknown rather than 
being simply about genetics is equally a matter of 
luck and training. 
d) Your ability to deal with the unknown, instead of 
being simply a matter of luck and genetics, is mainly 
something trainable. 
e) Your ability to deal with the unknown, instead of 
being entirely trainable, is mainly a matter of luck 
and genetics. 
 
TEOREMA MILITAR 
LISTA 02 – CONJUNÇÕES 
PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
What’s in a name? 
The trouble with lingo 
 
Remember the campaign in New York for 
garbage collectors to be called sanitation engineers? 
Near the top of the strike’s agenda was the 
matter of getting the respect due to the people doing 
such essential work. Unfortunately, the new 
euphemistic title clarified nothing about the work and 
by now is either simply not heard for what it means, or 
is used in moments of gentle disdain. 10A clearer term 
may have both generated the respect desired and 
withstood the test of time. 
Clarity and sincerity matter. Terms which 
mislead, confuse or cause offence can become a 
distraction from the real content of public debate. In 
the search for consensus, 2since public understanding 
is harder to change than terminology, changing the 
terminology might be a better place to start. No 
additional prejudice or emotion should be brought to a 
debate by the terminology used in it. Here are two 
examples. 
 
Genetic Engineering and Genetic Modification 
Despite the insistence of biotech scientists that 
genes of completely different species are no longer 
being mixed, the message isn’t being heard. They 
insist that they are now involved only in developments 
which simply hasten the natural processes of selective 
and cross breeding or cross pollination. As farmers and 
horticulturists have been doing exactly this, 
unquestioned, for years, they cannot understand public 
resistance. 
The problem may well be the terminology. In 
this context, the words “scientific” or “genetic” have 
been irreparably sullied. If “genetic engineering” has, 
in the public’s view, become synonymous with the 
indiscriminate mixing of genes, and if the softer label 
“genetically modified” hasn’t been able to shake off a 
perception of sinister overtones, these terms might as 
well be dropped – or left attached only to experiments 
in Dr. Frankenstein’s laboratory. 
Ideally, a new agricultural term would leave 
out the word “genetic” altogether: it seems to frighten 
the public. Assuming it described science’s benign 
genetic activities accurately, 8the term “productivity 
breeding” is not a trivial call for a euphemism; besides, 
it would probably encounter less public opposition. 
So, let’s have new terms for selective cross 
breeding by scientists who simply speed up the same 
process that is carried out in nature. 
 
Clean coal* 
3If this new term was intended to be clear, it hasn’t 
worked. 
In “Politics and the English Language” (1946), 
George Orwell wrote that 4because so much political 
speech involves defending the indefensible, 11it has to 
consist largely of euphemism. 6He insisted that, in 
politics, 7these euphemisms are “swindles” and 
“perversions” left deliberately vague in order to 
mislead. Deliberate or not, 12“clean coal” is one of 
these. Aside from being a contradiction in terms, the 
name is misleading, creating the impression of the 
existence of a new type of coal. In fact, it is 13ordinary 
coal which has been treated to “eliminate” most of its 
destructive by-products, which are then buried. The 
whole process produces emissions. 5This, though, isn’t 
clear when it is simply labelled “clean coal”. The term 
just doesn’t seem sincere. 9It’s a red rag to any green. 
It’s not asking too much to expect the term describing 
these procedures to be more accurate. A clearer term 
would be less provocative. 
1So, what’s in a name? A lot. There’s the 
possibility of confusion, prejudice, perversions and 
swindles. For the sake of fair debate, let’s mean what 
we say and say what we mean. 
 
* Coal: carvão 
 
SEEARGH MACAULAY 
www.londongrip.com 
 
 
19. The logical relationship between clauses 
establishes different notions. An example which 
expresses the notion of concession is indicated in: 
a) since public understanding is harder to change than 
terminology, (ref. 2) 
b) If this new term was intended to be clear, (ref. 3) 
c) because so much political speech involves defending 
the indefensible, (ref. 4) 
d) This, though, isn’t clear when it is simply labelled 
“clean coal”. (ref. 5) 
 
TEXTO PARA A PRÓXIMA QUESTÃO: 
New Worries About Sleeping Pills 
 
 
 
Talk about sleepless nights. 
 
TEOREMA MILITAR 
LISTA 02 – CONJUNÇÕES 
PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA 
Patients taking prescription sleep aids on a 
regular basis were nearly five times as likely as non-
users to die over a period of two and a half years, 
according to a recent study. Even those prescribed 
fewer than 20 pills a year were at risk, the researchers 
found; heavy users also were more likely to develop 
cancer. 
 
Unsurprisingly, the findings, published online in the 
journal BMJ, have caused a quite a stir. Americans 
filled some 60 million prescriptions for sleeping pills 
last year, up from 47 million in 2006, according to IMS 
Health, a health care services company. Panicked 
patients have been calling doctors’ offices seeking 
reassurance; some others simply quit the pills cold 
turkey. 
 
Some experts were quick to point out the study’s 
shortcomings. The analysis did not prove that sleeping 
pills cause death, critics noted, only that there may be 
a correlation between the two. And while the authors 
suggested the sleeping pills were a factor in the 
deaths, those who use sleep aids tend as a group to 
be sicker than those who don’t use them. The deaths 
may simply be a reflection of poorer health. 
 
Still, the findings underscore concern about the 
exploding use of sleeping pills. Experts say that many 
patients, especially the elderly, should exercise more 
caution when using sleep medications, including the 
non-benzodiazepine hypnotics so popular today, like 
zolpidem (brand name Ambien), eszopiclone (Lunesta) 
and zaleplon (Sonata). 
 
“If someone comes to me on a sleeping pill, usually my 
tactic is to try to take them off it,” said Dr. Nancy A. 
Collop, president of the American Academy of Sleep 
Medicine and director of the Emory Sleep Center in 
Atlanta, who was an investigator in a clinical trial of 
Lunesta five years ago. 
 
The non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics, on the 
market since the late 1980s, are believed to be safer 
and less likely to be abused than benzodiazepines or 
barbiturates. But many people take them for years, 
even though most are approved only for short-term 
use and generally their safety and effectiveness have 
not beenevaluated beyond several weeks in clinical 
trials. (One exception is Lunesta, which was tested for 
up to six months.) 
 
Some data suggest that the medications do not even 
do what they promise all that well, said Dr. Steven 
Woloshin, a professor of medicine at the Dartmouth 
Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice. 
 
“The definition of insomnia is that you get less than six 
and a half hours of sleep, and it takes you 30 minutes 
or more to fall asleep,” said Dr. Woloshin, who is 
advocating for new labeling that spells out how well a 
drug actually works compared with a placebo. “But 
even when the drugs work better than placebos, and 
they don’t always, people still don’t fall asleep in less 
than 30 minutes, and they still don’t sleep much longer 
than six hours.” 
 
March 12, 2012 / www.nytimes.com 
 
 
20. The underlined word “still” in “Still, the findings 
underscore concern about the exploding use of 
sleeping pills.” could be replaced, without changing its 
meaning, by: 
a) yet 
b) owing to 
c) so that 
d) regardless of 
e) furthermore 
 
TEOREMA MILITAR 
LISTA 02 – CONJUNÇÕES 
PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA 
 
Gabarito Comentado: 
 
Resposta da questão 1: 
 [B] 
 
As palavras em destaque são, respectivamente, um 
advérbio de modo (acidentalmente) e uma conjunção 
aditiva (e). 
 
Resposta da questão 2: 
 [E] 
 
A conjunção while pode ser entendida como 
enquanto, ao passo que. 
 
Resposta da questão 3: 
 [B] 
 
A conjunção however significa entretanto e possui 
though como sua sinônima. 
 
Resposta da questão 4: 
 [B] 
 
A alternativa [B] está correta, pois de fato é formada 
pela preposição in e pelo pronome reflexivo itself. 
A expressão in itself significa em si mesmos. 
 
Resposta da questão 5: 
 [D] 
 
A expressão "not only... but also" (não só... mas 
também) transmite a ideia de inclusão, adição. 
Tradução do trecho: "Uma saúde ruim não só tem 
impacto sobre o indivíduo, mas também sobre o resto 
da comunidade". 
 
Resposta da questão 6: 
 [C] 
 
A conjunção "rather" significa "ao invés", "pelo 
contrário". Tradução do trecho: "Pelo contrário, ele 
está animado para promover mudanças". 
 
Resposta da questão 7: 
 [A] 
 
[I] Correta. Uso correto da question tag did they, por 
se tratar de uma oração com ideia negativa 
(nobody). 
[II] Incorreta. Ao invés da preposição “like” (ideia de 
comparação), “as” (pelo fato de) deveria ter sido 
usado. “Filho, pelo fato de ser seu pai...”. 
[III] Incorreta. Como a pessoa parou de comprar 
jornais para economizar dinheiro, a oração deveria 
ser “I’ve stopped buying...”. 
[IV] Incorreta. Após a expressão “get used to”, o 
verbo deve estar na -ING form. “She’s getting used 
to driving”. 
[V] Incorreta. A conjunção “despite” não admite o uso 
de “of”. 
[VI] Incorreta. Pelo fato de termos uma expressão 
temporal no passado (in 2006), deve-se usar o Simple 
Past. “I visited...”. 
 
Resposta da questão 8: 
 [C] 
 
A conjunção whereas (ao passo que, enquanto) 
transmite a ideia de contraste. 
 
Resposta da questão 9: 
 [C] 
 
A palavra “unlike” significa “diferentemente”, 
transmitido assim uma ideia de contraste. 
 
Resposta da questão 10: 
 [A] 
 
A alternativa [A] está correta, pois a conjunção also 
(também) é aditiva. As orações em destaque possuem 
uma ideia de adição. Tradução do trecho: “Metáforas 
não são apenas usadas para embelezar o discurso. 
Elas moldam a conversa para coisas que estamos 
tentando explicar e descobrir). 
 
Resposta da questão 11: 
 [D] 
 
A alternativa [D] está correta, pois a conjunção despite 
significa apesar de. 
 
Resposta da questão 12: 
 [A] 
 
A conjunção nevertheless significa entretanto, 
trazendo assim uma ideia de contraste. 
 
Resposta da questão 13: 
 [A] 
 
A alternativa [A] está correta, pois a conjunção em 
destaque (mas) introduz uma ideia de oposição. 
 
Resposta da questão 14: 
 [B] 
 
A alternativa [B] está correta, pois a conjunção 
instead of significa ao invés de. Tradução do trecho: 
"... mas quando eu me graduei fui para os negócios da 
família ao invés de fazer faculdade”. 
 
TEOREMA MILITAR 
LISTA 02 – CONJUNÇÕES 
PROFº MATEUS TEIXEIRA 
Resposta da questão 15: 
 [A] 
 
A conjunção em destaque pode ser entendida como 
"além disso', "ademais", conferindo assim uma ideia de 
adição, acréscimo. 
 
Resposta da questão 16: 
 [B] 
 
A alternativa [B] está correta, pois conversely (por 
outro lado) estabelece relação de oposição. 
 
Resposta da questão 17: 
 [E] 
 
A alternativa [E] está correta, pois completa 
corretamente as lacunas. Tradução dos trechos: 
 
"Jokes based on wordplay have additional benefits 
because they build metalinguistic awareness, or 
conscious awareness of the forms of language, and 
this, in turn, helps in learning more language" (As 
piadas baseadas em jogos de palavras têm benefícios 
adicionais porque elas ajudam na atenção 
metalinguística, ou na atenção consciente das formas 
de linguagem e isso, por sua vez, ajuda na 
aprendizagem de mais vocabulário). 
 
Even native speakers need to access a great deal of 
linguistic information and background knowledge to 
“get” a joke (Até mesmo os falantes nativos precisam 
acessar uma grande quantidade de informações e de 
conhecimentos linguísticos para "pegar" uma piada). 
 
For all these reasons, an important part of learning 
a new language is learning to enjoy its jokes (Por 
todas essas razões, uma parte importante da 
aprendizagem de uma nova língua é aprender a 
apreciar suas piadas). 
 
Because they require processing the sound and 
meaning of words twice, puns demand considerable 
language agility (Pelo fato de eles exigirem a 
compreensão do som e do significado das palavras 
duas vezes, os jogos de palavras demandam uma 
agilidade linguística considerável). 
 
Unlike humor based on sight gags, funny facial 
expressions, or amusing visual arrangements, the 
humor of pun is based on language play 
(Diferentemente do humor baseado em brincadeiras 
visíveis, expressões faciais engraçadas ou arranjos 
visuais divertidos, o humor do jogo de palavras baseia-
se em jogos de linguagem). 
 
Resposta da questão 18: 
 [D] 
 
A conjunção rather significa ao invés, mas sim, e 
possui instead como sinônima. Além disso, a frase 
destacada pode ser traduzida da seguinte forma: “sua 
habilidade de se debruçar sobre o desconhecido não 
depende tanto da sorte ou da genética, mas sim de 
algo totalmente treinável”. Em outras palavras, a frase 
não descarta a influência da sorte e da genética, mas 
sim ameniza tais fatores em face da possibilidade de 
treinamento contra os aspectos negativos da 
ansiedade. Por esses motivos, a alternativa [D] é a 
correta, pois afirma que “sua habilidade de ligar com o 
desconhecido, ao invés de ser simplesmente uma 
questão de sorte e genética, é principalmente algo 
treinável”. A alternativa [B] está errada porque afirma 
que a habilidade de lidar com o desconhecido não tem 
relação alguma (nothing to do) com a genética ou com 
a sorte. 
 
Resposta da questão 19: 
 [D] 
 
A conjunção “though” (contudo) indica concessão, isto 
é, admite uma contradição ou um fato inesperado. A 
ideia de concessão está diretamente ligada à quebra 
de expectativa. 
Comentando as incorretas: 
Na alternativa [A], temos a conjunção “since”, que é 
explicativa. 
Na alternativa [B], temos a conjunção “if”, que indica 
condição. 
Na alternativa [C], temos a conjunção “because”, que 
indica causa. 
 
Resposta da questão 20: 
 [A] 
 
A palavra “still”, da maneira como está empregada na 
frase, significa “mesmo assim” e pode ser substituída 
por “yet” que terá o mesmo significado.