estou com duvida entre a b e c.

Nas últimas décadas, convencionou-se dividir a competência comunicativa em quatro habilidades separadas: ouvir, ler, falar e escrever. No entanto, embora tenha se tornado uma convenção, essa divisão não está livre de crítica. Leia o texto a seguir:

A long standing cultural icon in English-speaking Western TESOL [TESOL- Teaching English to Students of Other Languages] is 'the 4 skills'. Although 'the 4 skills' are not conceptualized and used in exactly the same way as they were in the 1960s or 1970s, they remain as an icon around which are collected behaviours which continue to maintain a powerful ideological force of staging and control. 'The 4 skills' concept is still evident as an icon in all areas of culture formation [...] It is a core contributor to the recipe and convention for programme and lesson design, for measuring both students and the 'target language'. It is thus central to professional cohesion in the way in which it helps to consolidate practice, and indeed is a major characteristic of an exclusive TESOL technology. A major product of the English-speaking Western TESOL is its vast literature. Here, 'the 4 skills' play a major part. Hedge (2000: 20) devotes over 30% of her key reference book to the teaching of the 'familiar and traditional 4 language skills. Harmer (2001) similarly devotes almost 25 per cent to 'the 4 skills' in his book, which is probably the basic manual of TESOL practice. As basic training manuals, these products feed back into the formation and expression of an exclusive group of professionals [...] This does not mean to say that 'the 4 skills' is approved as a basis of practice by everyone 'in the culture' (eg., Clark & Ivanic 1997). I am not talking about mass agreement but about the significance of the presence of such icons. One does not have to approve of, or speak in favour of Marilyn Monroe for her to be a significant icon in our society. There is also a large difference between what an academic fringe might say and write and what practitioners may adhere to in the day-to-day demands of their work. There are however some grounds for suggesting that establishing 'the 4 skills' as part of the naturalized routine of the institution of TESOL is a major aim of training programmes which seek to initiate novice teachers into the culture. The success of this is seen in the way in which many competent practitioners use 'the 4 skills' as the natural default mechanism for solving curriculum problems. I came face-to-face with this when I tried to get my masters students [...] to do an analysis of language behavior in a social setting while designing an English for specific purpose programme. They automatically analysed the language behaviour in terms of 'the 4 skills'; and I found it very hard to convince them that there might be other, sociocultural skills that they could look for. As a phrase which is often uttered by colleagues, 'the 4 skills' is central to the discourse of [...] TESOL professionalism, both as a cohesive shared language as a statement of how 'we' are and how 'we' see things in 'our' culture [...], and indeed construct students and TESOL people from Other cultures.

FONTE: HOLLIDAY, A. The struggle to teach English. Oxford/NY: Oxford Univ. Press, 2005, p. 42-43.

Com relação à organização retórica de qualquer texto, pode-se afirmar que o leitor pode usar as pistas textuais para organizar sua interação com o texto. Algumas destas sugestões são apresentadas no texto de Holliday por meio de qual aspecto?

a) Comparação/contraste: a informação é organizada para mostrar semelhanças, diferenças, vantagens e desvantagens; a posição do escritor é neutra.

b) Coleção de descrição: as informações são organizadas por uma simples listagem de fatos que mostram as opiniões do autor.

c) Coleção de descrição: a informação é organizada por um conjunto bem organizado de técnicas que mostram os fatos em ordem cronológica.

d) Causa e efeito: as informações são organizadas mostrando a causa ou as causas de um evento em situação que mostre a imparcialidade do autor.