Leitura de Redação

Prévia do material em texto

Leitura de Redação
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	When reading any text, you will not be expected to
		
	 
	identify and understand what the writer was thinking at the moment of writing
	
	understand ideas or feelings a writer presents in a text
	
	understand and appreciate a writer's use of language.
	
	understand the main idea in a passage, understand the gist of it
	
	pick out specific, individual pieces of information from a text
	
Explicação:
Identify and understand writer's attitudes, beliefs and argument - In close reading texts, this really means that you should understand that different questions ask you to show awareness of different purposes.
 
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the correct alternative, consider reading concepts?
		
	
	Reading does not depend on the situation.
	 
	Reading is considered , at a first glance, a concrete, observable task which employs certain functions and faculties proper to human beings in general.
	
	Reading is just a basic skill.
	
	Fluent reading is the same as decoding.
	
	Reading is a complex activity, which can  be developed in one way of reading, depending on its purposes.
	
Explicação:
Reading  is a complex activity, which can  be developed in multiple ways, depending on its purposes.
Reading is not just a basic skill.
Fluent reading is not the same as decoding.  It is more than just decoding.
Reading is situationally bounded.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	About the reader's role, choose the wrong alternative:
		
	
	Each reader owns knowledge and previous experiences which are employed to build new meanings when reading new texts.
	 
	Readers have different interpretations from the same text due to their individual knowledge and experiences, but it is crucial that these interpretations have a determined logical inner line found either in the text or in the context.
	
	A reader's role is determined either by his/her purposes to read a text or by the previous knowledge of the information he/she is going to find in it.
	 
	A reader does not need to have a wide range of capacities and abilities.
	
	When a group of people read a text, this reading may convey different interpretations.
	
Explicação:
A reader must have a wide range of capacities and abilities. These qualities include cognitive capacities (e.g., attention, memory, critical analytic ability), motivation (a purpose for reading, an interest in the content being read, self-efficacy as a reader and various types of knowledge ¿ vocabulary, domain and topic knowledge, linguistic and discourse knowledge, knowledge of specific comprehension strategies).
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Mark the only option which is not part of the capacities and abilities a reader must have:
		
	 
	Knowledge of many foreign languages
	
	Discourse knowledge
	
	Attention
	
	Memory
	
	Motivation
	
Explicação: Any reader should master their own languagein order to interact in a positive way with texts they go through. Mastering a foreign language is not necessary to form a good reader.
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Assinale a alternativa INCORRETA:
		
	 
	A recepção de sentido de um texto vai depender das experiências de vida e do conhecimento de mundo do leitor.
	
	O processo de leitura étambém um ato de criação, já que o leitor participa ativamente da constituição dos sentidos do texto.
	
	A leitura proporciona a quem lê um texto a capacidade de questionar, mas também de ser questionado, de rever seus conceitos.
	
	A construção de sentido sofre influência de um maior ou menor conhecimento do código lingüístico do texto.
	 
	Um leitor proficiente precisa, apenas, saber decodificar os códigos lingüísticos para que possa atribuir significados à escrita.
	
Explicação:
Kern states that literacy in a second language involves a competence to interpret and critically evaluate a large variety of written and spoken texts in cultural, pragmatic and interactional contexts. I expect that the process of reading may reveal readers who perform an active role and that recognize that they are responsible to build meanings in communicative contexts. They should also have the ability to understand cultural differences and be able to function adequately in a literate foreign society. But do not forget that as an efficient reader, you should be able to do that in an autonomous way.
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Readers should take some positions when reading, except.
		
	 
	Readers should be able to function adequately in a literate foreign society.
	
	Readers should be  responsible to build meanings in communicative contexts.
	 
	Readers should perform a passive role as they receiving the information.
	
	Readers should evaluate texts in cultural, pragmatic and interactional contexts.
	
	Readers should behave in an autonomous way.
	
Explicação:
Readers should perform as an active reader, as they are applying meaning to what is written.
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Reading can be described as
		
	
	a task designed only for gifted people.
	 
	the understanding of a group of words.
	
	an abstract concept.
	 
	a concrete observable task.
	
	a group of words organized in a logical order but with no meaning.
	
Explicação: Reading is an activity that can be developed by anyone who practices it. It is a task that is concrete, based in rules and which development can be observed.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	►Choose the words which can complete the following sentence about literacy:
''It requires a broader discourse competence that involves the ability to ______ a wide variety of written and spoken texts."
		
	 
	interpret and critically evaluate
	
	listen and speak
	
	recognize and translate
	
	understand and reproduce
	
	select and pronounce words correctly
	
	 1a Questão
	
	
	
	
	In relation to what is presented in your classes about literacy in second language , choose the alternative that is correct according to Kern
		
	 
	Kern states that literacy in a second language involves a competence to interpret and critically evaluate a large variety of written and spoken texts in cultural, pragmatic and interactional contexts.
	
	Kern does not state that literacy in a second language involves a competence to interpret and critically evaluate a large variety of written and spoken texts in cultural, pragmatic and interactional contexts.
	
	Kern states that literacy in a second language involves a competence to simpliy decodify a large variety of written and spoken texts in cultural, pragmatic and interactional contexts.
	
	Kern states that literacy in a ny mother language involves a competence to interpret and critically evaluate a large variety of written and spoken texts in cultural, pragmatic and interactional contexts.
	
	Kern states that literacy in a second language does not involve a competence to interpret and critically evaluate a large variety of written and spoken texts in cultural, pragmatic and interactional contexts.
	
Explicação:
For Richard Kern, "literacy" in a second language means much more than the separate abilities to read and write; rather, it is a complex concept of familiarity with language and its use in context-primarily written language, but by extension also spoken communication. It requires "a broader discourse competence that involves the ability to interpret and critically evaluate a wide variety of written and spoken texts" 
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	A central idea for the definitionof Reading refers to the perception that when you read something, it does not matter what, you build
		
	
	oral patterns
	
	certainties
	
	moral values
	 
	meaning
	
	funny stories
	
Explicação: When we reade we are reconstructing a message that was once proposed by the author. Weare building meaning. The meaning previously proposed.
 
AULA 02
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	Traffic Accidents
Much of the blood on the street flows essentially from uncivil behavior of drivers who refuse to respect the legal and moral rights of others. So the massacre on the road may be regarded as a social problem. Safety standards for vehicle have been raised both at the point of manufacture and through periodic road-worthiness inspections. In addition, speed limits have been lowered. Due to these measures, the accident rate has decreased. But the accident experts still worry because there has been little or no improvement in the way drivers behave.
According to the passage, traffic accidents may be regarded as a social problem since ----.
		
	
	the irresponsibility that accounts for much of the problem is not confined to drivers
	
	traffic accidents can cause serious economic damage
	 
	most of the accidents are caused by drivers who don't pay attention to the traffic rules
	
	the accidents have more to do with hazardous conditions than hazardous drivers
	
	the motor vehicle is a very dangerous invention
	
Explicação:
Most of the accidents are caused by drivers who don't pay attention to the traffic rules ¿ This can be seen in ¿Much of the blood on the street flows essentially from uncivil behavior of drivers who refuse to respect the legal and moral rights of others.¿
 
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Rembrandt self portrait
The auction house thought the portrait was a 17th century Rembrandt knockoff, and valued it at just $3,100. But the British buyer who paid about 1,500 times more than that apparently knew what he was doing. Experts have confirmed "Rembrandt Laughing" - bought for a bargain price of $4.5 million at an English auction house in October - is a self-portrait by the Dutch master himself, depicted with his head tilted back in easygoing laughter. 
William Noortman from Noortman Master Paintings, specializing in Dutch and Flemish masters, said it's worth $30 million to $40 million, adding: "I'm very surprised it didn't make more at auction." 
The 9 1/2-inch-by-6 1/2-inch painting will hang in the Rembrandt House Museum in Amsterdam through June 29, on loan from the anonymous Briton who bought it at the auction by Moore, Allen and Innocent in Gloucestershire and had it cleaned and examined by British experts. 
Art expert Jan Six from another auction house, Sotheby's, declined to put a new value on the painting. But he said the sale itself was a rare opportunity, as Rembrandt's works come on the market only once every few years. "A self-portrait by Rembrandt, that's absolutely unique ¿ not in my lifetime," Six said. 
Rembrandt made the self-portrait about 1628, when he was in his early 20s and still in his hometown, Leiden. Already he was earning his reputation as an artist, and experimenting with a mirror and his own face to capture expressions. 
 Why did the first auction house give the painting such a low value?
		
	
	They wanted the sale to be anonymous.
	
	They forgot to add a "0" to the number.
	 
	Because Rembrandt was very young when he painted it.
	 
	They thought it was a fake.
	
	They thought it was only worth that much.
	
Explicação:
They thought it was a fake = The auction house thought the portrait was a 17th century Rembrandt knockoff, and valued it at just $3,100.
knockoff = a copy that sells for less than the original; broadly : a copy or imitation of someone or something popular.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Joseph Pulitzer
Joseph Pulitzer was born in 1847 in Makó, Hungary. He emigrated to the United States when he was seventeen years old, and was naturalised on his twentieth birthday. He spent his career in journalism working in the mid-west and New York. From 1871 he was also the owner or part-owner of many newspapers. His most famous newspaper was the New York World (which many believe was the model for the Daily Planet of the Superman stories). The World campaigned against corruption, and exposed many scandals. It was also a strong supporter of the rights of the working man.
In later life, Joseph Pulitzer collapsed from overwork, and lost his sight. He became dedicated to improving the quality of journalism in America, and donated $1 million to Columbia University to found a school of journalism. However, his most significant contribution was the establishment of the Pulitzer prizes in his will.
These prizes for excellence in journalism have been given every year since 1917 by Columbia University. Since 1942 there have been extra categories for press photography, and later still for criticism, feature writing and commentary. The prize was originally for $500, but today the winners of the prize receive a gold medal. However, the real value of the prize is that it confirms that the journalist who has received the award is the best American journalist of the year - a fact that is worth much more than $500 to the journalist and to the newspaper that employs him or her.
 Joseph Pulitzer came to America because
		
	
	he was with his parents
	
	Hungary was being attacked by Austria
	
	he wanted to be a journalist
	 
	the text does not say.
	
	His family was very poor
	
Explicação:
The text does not say - it only mentions how old he was when he emigrated. "Joseph Pulitzer was born in 1847 in Makó, Hungary. He emigrated to the United States when he was seventeen years old, and was naturalised on his twentieth birthday."
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	The purpose of argumentative writing is
		
	 
	to make the audience refuse to accept your ideas
	 
	to make the audience accept an idea
	
	to make the audience choose other people´s ideas
	
	to make the audience deny what they are reading
	
	to make the audience reach their own conclusions
	
Explicação:
Argumentative texts depart from the assumption that the receiver's beliefs must be changed. They often start with the negation of a statement which attributes a quality or characteristic activity to something or someone (esp. scholarly texts).  They also include advertising texts, which try to persuade/convince their readers that a product is somehow better, at least implicitly, than others.
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	To describe an object, no matter abstract or concrete, the faculty of the mind to use is: (Para descrever um objeto, não importa se abstrato ou concreto, a habilidade mental usada é:)
		
	
	d. Memory and intuition
	 
	a. Observation and memory.
	 
	b. Intuition
	
	e. Reason.
	
	c. Memory.
	
Explicação:
Descriptive  texts are concerned with the location of persons and things in space.  They will tell us what lies to the right or left, in the background or foreground, or they will provide background information which, perhaps, sets the stage for narration.  It is immaterial whether a description is more technical-objective or more impressionistic subjective.
 
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Que tipo de texto é desenvolvido no parágrafo abaixo?
"Mr. Jones woke early one morning, before the sun had risen. It was a beautiful morning, so he went to the window and looked out. He was surprised to see a neatly dressed, middle-aged professor, who worked in the university just up the road from Mr. Jones's house, coming from the direction of the town. He had grey hair and thick glasses,and was carrying an umbrella, a morning newspaper and a bag. Mr. Jones thought that he must have arrived by the night train and decided to walk to the university instead of taking a taxi."
		
	
	Expositive
	
	Descriptive
	 
	Narrative
	
	Argumentative
	
	Injunctive
	
Explicação:
Narrative texts have to do with real-world events and time.  They may be fictional (fairy tales, novels) or nonfictional  (newspaper report).  They are characterised by a sequencing of events expressed by dynamic verbs and by adverbials such as ¿and then¿, ¿first¿, ¿second¿, ¿third¿
 
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	The paragraph below is organized according to the following pattern:
"In 2007, Rowling described her religious background in an interview with the Dutch newspaper the Volkskrant. From when I was 13, 14 I went to church alone. I found it very interesting what was being said there, and I believed in it. When I went to university, I became more critical. I got more annoyed with the smugness of religious people and I went to church less and less. Now I'm at the point where I started: yes, I believe. And yes, I go to the church. A Protestant church here in Edinburgh. My husband is also raised Protestant, but he comes from a very strict Scottish group. One where they couldn't sing and talk."
		
	
	compare and contrast
	 
	classification and listing
	
	chronology
	
	cause and effect
	 
	temporal
	
Explicação:
The paragraph starts with a date, 2007, and then it is set the time: whenIwas13,14¿.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	The text type which is predominant in a recipe  is:
		
	
	persuasive
	 
	narrative
	
	descriptive
	 
	instructive
	
	expository
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	Thinking about the process envolved when we describe a landscape we can affirm that the main intellectual faculty used is the following: (Pensando sobre o processo que é desenvolvido quando produzimos a descrição de uma paisagem, podemos dizer que a principal habilidade mental trabalhada é a seguinte:)
		
	 
	c. Memory and imagination.
	
	b. Reason.
	
	d. Observation.
	
	a. Memory.
	
	e. Brains.
	
Explicação:
Descriptive  texts are concerned with the location of persons and things in space.  They will tell us what lies to the right or left, in the background or foreground, or they will provide background information which, perhaps, sets the stage for narration.  It is immaterial whether a description is more technical-objective or more impressionistic subjective.
 
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	READ the following situation:
"Carolina is a very good reader. As she is always interested in a varied number of different subjects, we can say she is a better reader than others because she..."
 
► Choose the right option to complete the situation above.
		
	
	she knows many language grammar rules
	
	always carries a dictionary with her
	 
	... owns knowledge and a lot of previous experiences.
	
	she has a very beautiful voice when she reads texts
	
	she memorized a list of synonyms
	
Explicação:
Previous  knowledge  - The process of comprehension of a text also depends on the experiences the reader had had before in life. These experiences will influence the way the reader sees the world and how much of these experiences he is going to use while developing his expectations towards what he is going to read.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	De acordo com o texto, assinale a alternativa que indica a razão do funeral de Jim Davis ter sido diferente dos outros: FAKE FUNERAL SCAM It was quite a send-off for Jim Davis, or so the people paying his funeral bills were led to believe. They were told Davis was laid to rest at Abbey Memorial Park in Compton after being placed in an ornate, top-of-the-line casket lined with elaborate floral arrangements. Altogether, the bill to bury Davis at the palm-lined cemetery came to nearly $31,000. But there was a problem: There was no Jim Davis. He was dreamed up by a group of scam artists, authorities say. And prosecutors say the coffin that was lowered into the ground was made out of cheap plywood or cardboard, filled with either rocks or animal bones, apparently to convince those who handled it that there was a body inside.
		
	
	b. It cost nearly $31,000
	
	c. He had a top-of-the-line casket
	
	d. He was buried alive
	
	e. Jim was buried naked
	 
	a. Jim Davis was a fictitious person
	
Explicação:
But there was a problem: There was no Jim Davis. He was dreamed up by a group of scam artists, authorities say. And prosecutors say the coffin that was lowered into the ground was made out of cheap plywood or cardboard, filled with either rocks or animal bones, apparently to convince those who handled it that there was a body inside.
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Classify the paragraph below: On one corner of my dresser sits a smiling toy clown on a tiny unicycle--a gift I received last Christmas from a close friend. The clown's short yellow hair, made of yarn, covers its ears but is parted above the eyes. The blue eyes are outlined in black with thin, dark lashes flowing from the brows. It has cherry-red cheeks, nose, and lips, and its broad grin disappears into the wide, white ruffle around its neck. The clown wears a fluffy, two-tone nylon costume. The left side of the outfit is light blue, and the right side is red. The two colors merge in a dark line that runs down the center of the small outfit. Surrounding its ankles and disguising its long black shoes are big pink bows. The white spokes on the wheels of the unicycle gather in the center and expand to the black tire so that the wheel somewhat resembles the inner half of a grapefruit. The clown and unicycle together stand about a foot high. As a cherished gift from my good friend Tran, this colorful figure greets me with a smile every time I enter my room.
		
	
	Exposition
	
	Injunction
	
	Argumentation
	
	Narration
	 
	Desription
	
Explicação:
Descriptive  texts are concerned with the location of persons and things in space.  They will tell us what lies to the right or left, in the background or foreground, or they will provide background information which, perhaps, sets the stage for narration.  It is immaterial whether a description is more technical-objective or more impressionistic subjective.
 
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Classify the paragraph below according to its main features: This past weekend I had the time of my life. First, Friday night, I had my best friend over and we made a delicious, mouth-watering pizza. After we ate, we had a friendly video game competition. On Saturday, my dad took us out on the boat. The weather was perfect and the water was warm. It was a great day to go for a swim. Later that night, we went to the movies. We saw an action packed thriller and ate a lot of popcorn. Finally, on Sunday, we rode our bikes all over town. By the end of the day, my legs were very tired. I only hope that next weekend can be as fun as this one.
		
	
	Descriptive
	
	Injunctive
	
	Argumentative
	 
	Narrative
	
	Expository
	
Explicação:
Narrative texts have to do with real-world events and time.  They may be fictional (fairy tales, novels) or nonfictional  (newspaper report).  They are characterised by a sequencing of events expressed by dynamic verbs and by adverbials such as ¿and then¿, ¿first¿, ¿second¿, ¿third¿
Example: First we packed our bags and then we called a taxi. After that we... etc.
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	LEIA A PASSAGEM PARA RESPONDER À QUESTÃO:
Charlotte returned as a teacher from 1835 to 1838.In 1839 she took up the first of many positions as governess to various families in Yorkshire, a career she pursued until 1841. In 1842 she and Emily traveled to Brussels to enroll in a pensionnat run by Constantin Heger ( 1809-1896) and his wife Claire Zoé Parent Heger (1804-1890)
  Marque a alternativa que analisa corretamente o tipo de relação entre idéias estabelecido no parágrafo acima. 
		
	 
	Apresentação em ordem cronológica
	
	Relação de fatos e eventos
	
	Apresentação de argumentos
	
	Apresentação em ordem de importância
	
	Relação de causa e efeito
	
Explicação:
Chronological order definition, the arrangement of things following one after another in time.
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Cheating and Plagiarism
Students are responsible for familiarising themselves with the University Code of Student Conduct, as on enrollment with the University  the student has placed themselves under the policies and regulations of the University and all of its duly constituted bodies. Disciplinary authority is exercised through the Student Conduct Committee. The Committee has procedures in place for hearing allegations of misconduct. Copies of the student conduct code are available at the Student Services Office.
Academic dishonesty is never condoned by the University. This includes cheating and plagiarism, which violate the Student Conduct Code and could result in expulsion or failing the course.
Cheating includes but is not limited to obtaining or giving unauthorized help during an examination, getting unauthorized information about the contents of an examination before it is administered, using unauthorized sources of information during an examination, altering or falsifying the record of any grades, altering or supplying answers after an examination has been handed in, falsifying any official University record, and misrepresenting the facts to get exemptions from or extensions to course requirements.
Plagiarism includes but is not limited to submitting any paper or other document, to satisfy an academic requirement, which has been copied either in whole or in part from someone else¿s work without identifying that person; failing to identify as a quotation a documented idea that has not been thoroughly assimilated into the student's language and style, or paraphrasing a passage so closely that the reader could be misled as to the source; submitting the same written or oral material in different courses without obtaining authorisation from the lecturers involved; or 'dry-labbing', which includes obtaining and using experimental data from fellow students without the express consent of the lecturer, utilizing experimental data and laboratory write-ups from other parts of the course or from previous terms during which the course was conducted, and fabricating data to fit the expected result.
From the above text, it is possible to infer that:
		
	
	Cheats will automatically be expelled because their behaviour cannot be condoned.
	
	The Student Services Office familiarises students with the student code.
	
	The text lists all activities that are considered to be cheating.
	
	It is never acceptable to paraphrase closely.
	 
	If students want to use other students' laboratory data, they must ask them and the lecturer first.
	
Explicação:
if students want to use other students' laboratory data, they must ask them and the lecturer first. = submitting the same written or oral material in different courses without obtaining authorisation from the lecturers involved; or 'dry-labbing', which includes obtaining and using experimental data from fellow students without the express consent of the lecturer,
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto que se segue e escolha a alternativa que revela a colocação da culinária inglesa em relação às outras num âmbito mundial de acordo com a Restaurant Magazine: BRITISH FOOD. A British restaurant that serves bacon and egg ice cream has been voted the best place in the world to eat in Restaurant magazine list of The World¿s 50 Best Restaurants. The Fat Duck restaurant, which was runner-up last year, claimed the coveted top spot. Owner and head chef Heston Blumenthal opened his restaurant ten years ago and soon developed a reputation for highly experimental and unorthodox dishes. The menu includes leather, oak and tobacco chocolates, sardine on toast sorbet, snail porridge, and mousse dipped in liquid nitrogen. He is self-taught and has pioneered the art of molecular gastronomy - experiments with chemistry, physics, food and flavour that result in unique and unusual taste combinations. Nearly 600 international restaurant owners, chefs and journalists participated in the poll to rank the best restaurants worldwide. A further thirteen British restaurants made it onto the elite eateries list, four in the top ten. This gives the home of fish and chips an unusual reputation as a culinary paradise. Britain is infamous for its bland and uninspiring food, which is obscurred by the more sophisticated palates of its French neighbours. However, it seems that thongs are changing: France had only eight restaurants in the top fifty and London was named in March by Gourmet magazine as the Gourmet Capital of the World. Ella Johnston, editor of Restaurant magazine, said British people are now becoming more adventurous eaters.
		
	
	d. English food has never been judged.
	 
	a. the third position.
	
	e. the last position.
	
	b. the second position.
	 
	c. the first position
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	Leia o texto proposto e responda a questão que o segue.
Much of the information we have today about chimpanzees comes from the groundbreaking, long-term research of the great conservationist, Jane Goodall. Jane Goodall was born in London, England, on April 3, 1934. On her second birthday, her father gave her a toy chimpanzee named Jubilee. Jubilee was named after a baby chimp in the London Zoo, and seemed to foretell the course Jane's life would take. To this day, Jubilee sits in a chair in Janes London home. From an early age, Jane was fascinated by animals and animal stories. By the age of 10, she was talking about going to Africa to live among the animals there. At the time, in the early 1940s, this was a radical idea because women did not go to Africa by themselves. As a young woman, Jane finished school in London, attended secretarial school, and then worked for a documentary filmmaker for a while. When a school friend invited her to visit Kenya, she worked as a waitress until she had earned the fare to travel there by boat. She was 23 years old. Once in Kenya, she met Dr. Louis Leakey, a famous paleontologist and anthropologist. He was impressed with her thorough knowledge of Africa and its wildlife, and hired her to assist him and his wife on a fossil-hunting expedition to Olduvai Gorge. Dr. Leakey soon realized that Jane was the perfect person to complete a study he had been planning for some time. She expressed her interest in the idea of studying animals by living in the wild with them, rather than studying dead animals through paleontology. Dr. Leakey and Jane began planning a study of a group of chimpanzees who were living on the shores of Lake Tanganyika in Kenya. /.../. One of the first significant observations that Jane made during the study was that chimpanzees make and use tools, much like humans do, to help them get food. It was previously thought that humans alone used tools. Also thanks to Jane¿s research, we now know that chimps eat meat as well as plants and fruits. In many ways, she has helped us to see how chimpanzees and humans are similar. In doing so, she has made us more sympathetic toward these creatures, while helping us to better understand ourselves. The study started by Jane Goodall in 1960 is now the longest field study of any animal species in their natural habitat. Research continuesto this day in Gombe and is conducted by a team of trained Tanzanians.
Qual é o propósito do autor a escrever esse texto?
		
	
	to entertain the reader with stories about chimpanzees and nature.
	
	To inform the reader about the importance of studying chmipanzees.
	
	To inform the reader about cientist's life in Africa and their life experience.
	
	to warn the reader about the challenges of working in Africa in the 40's.
	 
	to inform the reader of the importance of a wildlife conservationists's work
	
Explicação:
Expository texts identify and characterize phenomena.  They include text forms such as definitions, explications, summaries and many types of essay may be subjective (essay) or objective (summary, explication, definition)  may be analytical (starting from a concept and then characterizing its parts; e.g. definitions) or synthetic (recounting characteristics and ending with an appropriate concept or conclusion; e.g. summaries)  are characterized by state verbs and epistemic modals (Pop music has a strong rhythmic beat; Texts may consist of one or more sentences) or by verbs indicating typical activities or qualities (fruit flies feed on yeast).
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Classify the paragraph below according to its main features: You should do your own homework. Copying someone else is illegal, and you can get a failing grade or even be kicked out of school. If you cheat on your job, you can be fired or arrested and put into jail; the government will certainly find you if you cheat on your taxes! Copying someone else's homework also means that you never learn how to do that work for yourself, so when you need the information later (let's say the teacher actually gives you a test on it where you can't copy!) then you don't know how to do it and you get another bad grade. Also, if you don't do your homework, you never learn how to discipline yourself to do unpleasant things, and when you grow up you will always have trouble making yourself do things like your job, paying your bills, and saving money. In short, doing your own homework is the best way to go!
		
	
	Descriptive
	
	Injunctive
	 
	Argumentative
	
	Narrative
	
	Expository
	
Explicação:
Argumentative texts depart from the assumption that the receiver¿s beliefs must be changed. They often start with the negation of a statement which attributes a quality or characteristic activity to something or someone (esp. scholarly texts).  They also include advertising texts, which try to persuade/convince their readers that a product is somehow better, at least implicitly, than others.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	The paragraph below is organized according to the following pattern:
At the start of 2000, the price of combination antiretroviral drugs to treat one patient for one year was typically between US$ 10 000 and US$ 12 000. By the end of 2000, prices of US$ 500 to US$ 800 were approved for patented and generic drugs for low- and middle-income countries. By December 2001, certain combinations became available for US$350 per person per year.
		
	
	Compare and contrast
	
	Question and answer
	
	Classification and listing
	 
	Chronology
	
	Cause and effect
	
Explicação:
It begins with what happened first and take it from there always setting the time.
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Exemplification indicates a shift from a more general or abstract idea to a more specific or concrete idea. Mark the only option which does not present a transition with this meaning:
		
	 
	Of course
	
	For instance
	 
	It is true
	
	In fact
	
	To illustrate
	
Explicação:
Exemplification. Indicates a shift from a more general or abstract idea to a more specific or concrete idea. for example, for instance, after all, an illustration of, even, indeed, in fact, it is true, of course, specifically, to be specific, that is, to illustrate,truly.
'It is true' - means concession.
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	► Choose the option which best completes the following definition about Reading:
''Let´s consider that each reader owns knowledge and previous experiences which are employed to build new meanings when reading new texts. As a consequence, we can infer that when a group of people read a text, this reading may convey _____".
		
	
	strange codes
	
	unusual interpretations
	 
	different interpretations
	
	similar interpretations
	
	international codes
	
Explicação:
Different readers face differently the same text, because when they read, they interact with the text based on particular perspectives.
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Whenever we talk about genres, we will be referring to classifications such as, EXCEPT:
		
	
	Comic trips plays
	
	Novels
	
	Fairy tales
	
	Fables
	 
	Narrative texts
	
Explicação:
Narrative texts are types of texts, not text genres.
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	A key feature of nonfiction texts is:
		
	
	There will be a main idea (a theme) explored in the passage
	
	There will be characters - probably one or two main ones
	
	Something will happen to the characters or the extract will lead up to something happening
	 
	Language will be used imaginatively. The writer will employ literary techniques to put across her or his ideas.
 
	 
	The style of writing will be straightforward and factual.
	
Explicação:
Non-fiction is a type or genre of writing based on facts and real life rather than a made-up or fictional story. Non-fiction includes any kind of text designed to give information.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the option which best completes the following definition about Reading: ¿Let´s consider that each reader owns knowledge and previous experiences which are employed to build new meanings when reading new texts. As a consequence, we can infer that when a group of people read a text, this reading may convey ----------------------------------------.
		
	 
	different interpretations
	
	international codes
	
	similar interpretations
	
	strange codes
	
	unusual interpretations
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	Complete the paragraph below by choosing the option that correctly fills the empty spaces: An (1)_____ paragraph is a form of writing where a person tries to convince another person to agree with them. It is a type of persuasive paragraph. A sample of argumentative paragraphs would include all your reasons for believing something. You would list your reasons and try to get the reader to agree with what you believe. An argumentative paragraph is typically written on something you(2) _____ or believe in. You include the topic as well your (3)_____ and explanations for your reasons in your paragraph.
		
	 
	(1)argumentative, (2)personally support, (3) reasons
	
	(1)personally support, (2)argumentative, (3) reasons
	
	(1)adjectives, (2)personally support, (3)argumentative
	
	(1)argumentative, (2)reasons, (3)personally support
	
	(1)reasons, (2)personally support, (3)argumentative
	
Explicação:
Argumentative texts depart from the assumption that the receiver¿s beliefs must be changed. They often start with the negation of a statement which attributes a quality or characteristic activity to something or someone (esp. scholarly texts).  They also include advertising texts, which try to persuade/convince their readers that a product is somehow better, at least implicitly, than others.
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto abaixoÇ Charlotte returned as a teacher from 1835 to 1838. In 1839 she took up the first of many positionsas governess to various families in Yorkshire, a career she pursued until 1841. In 1842 she and Emily traveled to Brussels to enroll in a pensionnat run by Constantin Heger ( 1809-1896) and his wife Claire Zoé Parent Heger (1804-1890) Assinale a alternativa que classifica corretamente o tipo de texto:
		
	
	Descritivo
	
	Expositivo
	
	Jornalístico
	
	Argumentativo
	 
	Narrativo
	
Explicação:
Narrative texts have to do with real-world events and time.  They may be fictional (fairy tales, novels) or nonfictional  (newspaper report).  They are characterised by a sequencing of events expressed by dynamic verbs and by adverbials such as -and then, first, secon, third.
Example: First we packed our bags and then we called a taxi. After that we.. etc.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the wrong definition:
		
	 
	Descriptive texts - description of reality or fiction which they are based on;
	
	Expository texts - texts used to give information about something;
	
	Argumentative texts - texts which develop themselves by means of logical resources;
	 
	Injunctive texts - express an informal and common idea given from  the writer to the reader
	
	Narrative texts - describe real or imaginary happenings which, to a certain extent, are linked to each other;
	
Explicação:
Injunctive texts ¿ express an order given by the author to the reader.
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Fictional texts are stories, so will have all the features of imaginative writing. The piece of text could be taken from a novel or short story. A key feature of these texts is:
		
	
	present information and ideas about a topic
	 
	the main idea is introduced early on in the passage and then developed in subsequent paragraphs
	
	present a point of view about the topic
	 
	 
setting of the story (where it takes place) will be made clear early on in the passage
	
	layout might include headlines, subheadings, pictures
	
Explicação:
Fictional texts in general have some elements of the story, such as: setting, time, characters, narrator and plot.
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto proposto e marque a alternativa que responde a pergunta que o segue.
Ancient Beauty (From a news story by CNN San Francisco Reporter Don Knapp January 26, 2000
 Drue Kataoka's passion is a demanding two thousand-year-old Japanese art form called sumi-e. She says of the art form, "When you take the ink-loaded brush to paper, and you're waiting to release the brush stroke, you know it is final. The ink is indelible, you can't remove or take back anything." Kataoka saw her first sumi-e landscapes in a Tokyo museum when she was five and earned her master's signature stamp by the age of 17. Commenting on her sports' art featuring a crew team she says, "The rowers are abstracted into their most essential form, and are completely synchronized in their movement." You're not likely to find a traditional landscape in Kataoka's portfolio. She'd rather paint sports. She says, "What I was thinking about in this painting is the explosion of women in sports and what a positive thing that has been, for all of us." "Every time I paint a subject, I search for the underlying kinship, the swish of the brush, the swish of the hoop, the crack of the bat, the wailing gesture of the jazzman's horn." Kataoka loves music and loves to paint anything with music in it. But it was the sounds of history that inspired her painting of Stanford's commemorative poster of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. "I tried to distill sounds just beneath the black ink, and think of the tired feet marching towards freedom, the layered voice of call and response, the swelling of the spirituals, and all these sounds, and tried to put them into the brush strokes." Long before the brush meets the paper, Kataoka studies her subjects such as Stanford basketball star Kate Starbird. "I just tried to watch her, the reverse lay-up over and over again, on the footage, and in real life, then tried to create the brush strokes that had that same kind of motion, and release, and dynamism, to them." Tara Vanderveer is the Stanford women's basketball coach and she says of Kataoka's art, "People look at, like a Kate Starbird, and that was the move she made, and they remember it." Kataoka's commemorative posters have raised money for athletic scholarships and charities. At 21, this master sumi-e artist has her eyes on history, and leaves her artistic footprint in brushed black ink.
De acordo com o texto, podemos dizer que...
		
	
	Drue Kataoka's favourite painting subjects are the japanese men.
	
	Music has no influence in Drue Kataoka's paintings.
	
	 Drue Kataoka's uses a modern painting technique.
	
	Drue Kataoka's favourite painting subjects are the musicians.
	 
	Drue Kataoka uses an ancient painting technique.
	
Explicação:
Drue Kataoka's passion is a demanding two thousand-year-old Japanese art form called sumi-e. 
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto abaixo que fala sobre supostos encontros entre ETs e russos e responda a pergunta que o segue:
Russian Governor Says He Made Friends With ETs (May 7)
You can't make this stuff up, or can you? Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, the governor of Russia's Buddhist republic, Kalmykia, claims he was abducted in 1997 from his Moscow apartment by aliens who took him into their spaceship.Apparently, some in the Russian government aren't scoffing at his story and want President Dmitry Medvedev to interrogate Ilyumzhinov, concerned that he may have spilled official secrets to the alien visitors. According to his tale, Ilyumzhinov was in bed, falling asleep, and heard a voice call him from his balcony. When he went outside, Ilyumzhinov claims he was met by humanoids dressed in yellow spacesuits, which then whisked him on a tour of their spaceship."I would probably have not believed this if there had not been three witnesses -- those were my driver, a minister and my assistant," Ilyumzhinov said. He added that the alleged aliens "spoke" with him telepathically and said they had come to Earth for samples.
 "You can't make this stuff up, or can you?" isto foi dito pelo governador russo para deixar claro que ele não estava mentindo sobre:
		
	
	His election promises.
	
	He will be running for president.
	
	Rumors that he had a mistress.
	 
	Rumors that he had earned illicit money with public contracts.
	 
	He had made friends with aliens.
	
Explicação:
Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, the governor of Russia's Buddhist republic, Kalmykia, claims he was abducted in 1997 from his Moscow apartment by aliens who took him into their spaceship.
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the right alternative about interactive reading model:
		
	
	It takes into account that you start with the top-down process and ends with the bottom-up process;
	
	 It takes into the account that you can choose one of them to use.
	 
	It takes into account that you start with the bottom-up process and ends with the top-down process;
	
	It takes into account the criticisms posed against each one
	 
	It  takes into account the strong points of the bottom-up and top-down models
	
Explicação:
An interactive reading model is a reading model that proposes the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes simultaneously throughout the reading process.  It is able  to combine the valid insights of bottom-up and top-down models. It  takes into account the strong points of the bottom-up and top-down models, and tries to avoid the criticisms posed against each, making it one of the most promising approaches to the theory of reading today.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Which alternative does not correspond to the "bottom-up"process?
		
	
	Identify letter features and link these features to recognize letters.
	
	Combine letters to recognize spelling patterns;
	 
	Identify letters and words only to confirm their assumptions about the meaning of the text.
	
	Points out that reading is driven by a process that results in meaning (or, in other words, reading is driven by text), and proceeds from part to whole.
	
	Identify letter features;
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	Leia o texto abaixo e assinale a alternativa que revela a principal razão para que se ensine inglês desde cedo nas escolas europeias.
"The use of English as a global tongue is booming. English has become part of the daily routine. It is not different in European nations! There, students as young as 7 are learning multiplication or discussing the weather in English. In one classroom, lists of songs that the first grade has already mastered include not only local German tunes but "Old McDonald" and "How are you doing this morning?" . Parents are delighted.  "It is something that you need", said Beatriz Caforeo, whose son, Andrea, goes to the school there. "Everywhere people are speaking English, not just abroad.  Throughout Europe, English is growing in use and acceptability. Beyond the schoolhouse here, European Universities, particularly in Northern Europe, are giving courses in science, philosophy and business in English."
		
	
	Children communicate better in English
	
	Because they all want to visit Disneyland.
	
	Children learn faster than adults.
	 
	English is necessary all around the word
	
	Because people think English is a cool and easy language.
	
Explicação:
A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph. Sometimes referred to as a focus sentence, the topic sentence helps organize the paragraph by summarizing the information in the paragraph. In formal writing, the topic sentence is usually the first sentence in a paragraph (although it doesn't have to be).
The use of English as a global tongue is booming. English has become part of the daily routine.
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Mark the only option that could not complete the following sentence: Paraphrasing is a valuable skill, except for:
		
	
	it is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage
	 
	it is always possible to copy passages without indicating authorship
	
	it helps you control the temptation to quote too much
	 
	the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.
	
	you keep the original meaning but use your own words
	
Explicação:
Paraphrasing involves taking a set of facts or opinions and rewording them. When paraphrasing, it is important to keep the original meaning and to present it in a new form. Basically, you are simply writing something in your own words that expresses the original idea.    
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	The intention of the text below is:  
Enjoy an Enchanting Holiday in the Maldives. Scattered across the Indian Ocean lie islands with the finest white sand beaches and clearest crystal blue waters. These are the MALDIVES! Over 1,000 coral islands. Temperatures here are always in the 80s. What can our holiday offer you? Luxurious accommodation aboard the fabulous Orient Explorer. Water sports for the entire duration of your holiday. Drinks and entertainment included at no extra charge. Chauffeur-driven limousine to and from the airport. Combine this with another seven-night holiday in our opulent apartments at the Kelai Country Club. Prices start from just £899 per person.
		
	 
	To describe a place
	
	To tell a story
	
	To be mandatory
	 
	To persuade
	
	To expose the facts about the island.
	
Explicação:
It is an advertisement. The intention of the text is to persuade.
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Rembrandt self portrait
The auction house thought the portrait was a 17th century Rembrandt knockoff, and valued it at just $3,100. But the British buyer who paid about 1,500 times more than that apparently knew what he was doing. Experts have confirmed "Rembrandt Laughing" - bought for a bargain price of $4.5 million at an English auction house in October - is a self-portrait by the Dutch master himself, depicted with his head tilted back in easygoing laughter. 
William Noortman from Noortman Master Paintings, specializing in Dutch and Flemish masters, said it's worth $30 million to $40 million, adding: "I'm very surprised it didn't make more at auction." 
The 9 1/2-inch-by-6 1/2-inch painting will hang in the Rembrandt House Museum in Amsterdam through June 29, on loan from the anonymous Briton who bought it at the auction by Moore, Allen and Innocent in Gloucestershire and had it cleaned and examined by British experts. 
Art expert Jan Six from another auction house, Sotheby's, declined to put a new value on the painting. But he said the sale itself was a rare opportunity, as Rembrandt's works come on the market only once every few years. "A self-portrait by Rembrandt, that's absolutely unique ¿ not in my lifetime," Six said. 
Rembrandt made the self-portrait about 1628, when he was in his early 20s and still in his hometown, Leiden. Already he was earning his reputation as an artist, and experimenting with a mirror and his own face to capture expressions. 
 Why did the first auction house give the painting such a low value?
		
	
	They forgot to add a "0" to the number.
	
	They wanted the sale to be anonymous.
	
	Because Rembrandt was very young when he painted it.
	 
	They thought it was a fake.
	
	They thought it was only worth that much.
	
Explicação:
They thought it was a fake = The auction house thought the portrait was a 17th century Rembrandt knockoff, and valued it at just $3,100.
knockoff = a copy that sells for less than the original; broadly : a copy or imitation of someone or something popular.
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	To describe an object, no matter abstract or concrete, the faculty of the mind to use is: (Para descrever um objeto, não importa se abstrato ou concreto, a habilidade mental usada é:)
		
	
	c. Memory.
	
	d. Memory and intuition
	
	e. Reason.
	
	b. Intuition
	 
	a. Observation and memory.
	
Explicação:
Descriptive  texts are concerned with the location of persons and things in space.  They will tell us what lies to the right or left, in the background or foreground, or they will provide background information which, perhaps, sets the stage for narration.  It is immaterial whether a description is more technical-objective or more impressionistic subjective.
 
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Que tipo de texto é desenvolvido no parágrafo abaixo?
"Mr. Jones woke early one morning, before the sun had risen. It was a beautiful morning, so he went to the window and looked out. He was surprised to see a neatly dressed, middle-aged professor, who worked in the university just up the road from Mr. Jones's house, coming from the direction of the town. He had grey hair and thick glasses, and was carrying an umbrella, a morning newspaper and a bag. Mr. Jones thought that he must have arrived by the night train and decided to walk to the university instead of taking a taxi."
		
	
	Expositive
	 
	Narrative
	
	Injunctive
	
	Argumentative
	
	Descriptive
	
Explicação:
Narrative texts have to do with real-world events and time.  They may be fictional (fairy tales, novels) or nonfictional  (newspaper report).  They are characterised by a sequencing of events expressed by dynamic verbs and by adverbials such as ¿and then¿, ¿first¿, ¿second¿, ¿third¿
 
	
	 
	
	 7a QuestãoTraffic Accidents
Much of the blood on the street flows essentially from uncivil behavior of drivers who refuse to respect the legal and moral rights of others. So the massacre on the road may be regarded as a social problem. Safety standards for vehicle have been raised both at the point of manufacture and through periodic road-worthiness inspections. In addition, speed limits have been lowered. Due to these measures, the accident rate has decreased. But the accident experts still worry because there has been little or no improvement in the way drivers behave.
According to the passage, traffic accidents may be regarded as a social problem since ----.
		
	 
	most of the accidents are caused by drivers who don't pay attention to the traffic rules
	
	the motor vehicle is a very dangerous invention
	
	the irresponsibility that accounts for much of the problem is not confined to drivers
	
	the accidents have more to do with hazardous conditions than hazardous drivers
	
	traffic accidents can cause serious economic damage
	
Explicação:
Most of the accidents are caused by drivers who don't pay attention to the traffic rules ¿ This can be seen in ¿Much of the blood on the street flows essentially from uncivil behavior of drivers who refuse to respect the legal and moral rights of others.¿
 
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Joseph Pulitzer
Joseph Pulitzer was born in 1847 in Makó, Hungary. He emigrated to the United States when he was seventeen years old, and was naturalised on his twentieth birthday. He spent his career in journalism working in the mid-west and New York. From 1871 he was also the owner or part-owner of many newspapers. His most famous newspaper was the New York World (which many believe was the model for the Daily Planet of the Superman stories). The World campaigned against corruption, and exposed many scandals. It was also a strong supporter of the rights of the working man.
In later life, Joseph Pulitzer collapsed from overwork, and lost his sight. He became dedicated to improving the quality of journalism in America, and donated $1 million to Columbia University to found a school of journalism. However, his most significant contribution was the establishment of the Pulitzer prizes in his will.
These prizes for excellence in journalism have been given every year since 1917 by Columbia University. Since 1942 there have been extra categories for press photography, and later still for criticism, feature writing and commentary. The prize was originally for $500, but today the winners of the prize receive a gold medal. However, the real value of the prize is that it confirms that the journalist who has received the award is the best American journalist of the year - a fact that is worth much more than $500 to the journalist and to the newspaper that employs him or her.
 Joseph Pulitzer came to America because
		
	
	he was with his parents
	
	Hungary was being attacked by Austria
	 
	the text does not say.
	
	he wanted to be a journalist
	
	His family was very poor
AULA 03
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	Leia o parágrafo abaixo e escolha a alternativa que apresenta sua idéia principal:
Carla, I would like to inform you that it has been interesting and profitable working with you, said Mr . Oliveira, when he called her to come to his office that morning.  You are a very nice young lady, but it seems we need someone to work here who would have a more dynamic personality. Therefore, I have to ask you to resign your position here and wish you have all the luck to find a new position at another company.
		
	
	O Sr. Oliveira quer promover Carla.
	
	O Sr. Oliveira pensa que Carla não gosta do emprego.
	
	O Sr. Oliveira pensa que Carla é boa demais para o cargo que ocupa
	
	O Sr. Oliveira deseja que Carla encotre um emprego melhor.
	 
	O Sr. Oliveira está educadamente demitindo Carla.
	
Explicação:
You are a very nice young lady, but it seems we need someone to work here who would have a more dynamic personality. Therefore, I have to ask you to resign your position here and wish you have all the luck to find a new position at another company.
RESIGN THE POSITION = DEMITIR-SE.
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto com atenção e assinale a alternativa que apresenta um exemplo de mau comportamento acidental:
Children and Difficult Behaviour /May 2010 - Newsweek
 Every child misbehaves from time to time. This is always distressing to us as parents because we would all like to be perfect parents of perfect children! Children can misbehave by accident or on purpose, and it is important to understand the difference, for example: ¿ Accidental misbehaviour - Your eight-year old throws a snowball in a friendly snowball fight and injure another child because a stone was accidentally packed into the snowball. ¿ Intentional misbehaviour - Your child steals candy from the corner store after you refused to give his/ her allowance two days early. The most important things you can do are to be patient, avoid losing your temper and remember that love is more persuasive than punishment. Before you act, try to think a few things through - ask yourself questions. Then, act as calmly and as thoughtfully as you can.
		
	 
	Dropping a glass.
	
	Stealing a toy,
	
	Destroying property,
	 
	Using bad language,
	
	Lying to parents,
	
Explicação:
Children can misbehave by accident or on purpose, and it is important to understand the difference, for example: ¿ Accidental misbehaviour - Your eight-year old throws a snowball in a friendly snowball fight and injure another child because a stone was accidentally packed into the snowball. ¿ Intentional misbehaviour - Your child steals candy from the corner store after you refused to give his/ her allowance two days early. 
Dropping a glass = accidental misbehave.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	READ the text below:
"Though the United States has spent billions of dollars on foreign aid programs, it has captured neither the affection nor esteem of the rest of the world. In many countries today Americans are cordially disliked; in others merely tolerated. The reasons for this sad state of affairs are many and varied, and some of them are beyond the control of anything this country might do to try to correct them. But harsh as it may seem to the ordinary citizen, filled as he is with good intentions and natural generosity, much of the foreigners' animosity has been generated by the way Americans behave."
(Adapted from: http://www.uefap.com/writing/exercise)
The topic sentences in the previous paragraph is (choose the right option):
		
	 
	Though the United States has spent billions of dollars on foreign aid programs, it has captured neither the affection nor esteem of the rest of the world.
	
	much of the foreigners' animosity has been generated by the way Americans behave.
	
	In many countries today Americans are cordially disliked; in others merely tolerated.
	
	The reasons for this sad state of affairs are many and varied,
	
	and some of them are beyond the control of anything this country might do to try to correct them.
	
Explicação:
A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph. Sometimes referred to as a focus sentence, the topic sentence helps organize the paragraph by summarizing the information in the paragraph. In formal writing, the topic sentence is usually the first sentence in a paragraph (although it doesn't have to be).
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	READ the text below:
"Anthropology is the study of humankind, especially of Homo sapiens, the biological species to which we human beings belong. It is the study of how our species evolved from more primitive organisms; it is also the study of how our species developeda mode of communication known as language and a mode of social life known as culture. It is the study of how culture evolved and diversified. And finally, it is the study of how culture, people, and nature interact wherever human beings are found."
► Identify the topic sentences in the previous paragraph.
		
	
	it is also the study of how our species developed a mode of communication known as language and a mode of social life known as culture.
	
	It is the study of how our species evolved from more primitive organisms.
	 
	And finally, it is the study of how culture, people, and nature interact wherever human beings are found.
	
	It is the study of how culture evolved and diversified
	 
	Anthropology is the study of humankind.
	
Explicação:
A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph. Sometimes referred to as a focus sentence, the topic sentence helps organize the paragraph by summarizing the information in the paragraph. In formal writing, the topic sentence is usually the first sentence in a paragraph (although it doesn't have to be).
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the alternative which classifies correctly the word given in bold letters: (Escolha a alternativa que classifica corretamente a palavra em negrito
                            Mary fasted for a week.
 
 
		
	
	Adverb
	
	Adjective
	
	Conjunction
	
	Preposition
	 
	Verb
	
Explicação:
Mary FASTED for a week.
TO FAST = jejuar (verb).
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Identify the topic sentences in the following paragraph.
"The maintenance of order in pre-state societies is rooted in a commonality of material interests. The greater the amount of common interests, the less need there is for law-and-order specialists. Among band-level cultures law and order stem directly from the relations between people and the natural habitat from which subsistence is derived. All adults usually have open access to this habitat: the rivers, lakes, beaches, oceans; all the plants and animals; the soil and the subsoil. In so far as these are basic to the extraction of life-sustaining energy and materials they are communal "property."
		
	
	In so far as these are basic to the extraction of life-sustaining energy and materials they are communal "property."
	
	The greater the amount of common interests, the less need there is for law-and-order specialists
	 
	The maintenance of order in pre-state societies is rooted in a commonality of material interests
	
	All adults usually have open access to this habitat: the rivers, lakes, beaches, oceans;
	
	Among band-level cultures law and order stem directly from the relations between people and the natural habitat from which subsistence is derived
	
Explicação:
A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph. Sometimes referred to as a focus sentence, the topic sentence helps organize the paragraph by summarizing the information in the paragraph. In formal writing, the topic sentenceis usually the first sentence in a paragraph (although it doesn't have to be).
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	There are some basic uses of the simple present tense. We use it for, except:
		
	 
	Non-habitual actions.
	
	Observations and declarations
	
	Future references (for timetables, etc).
	 
	The present period (= this is the situation at present).
	
	Permanent truths
	
Explicação:
There are seven basic uses of the simple present tense. We use it for:
1. Permanent truths:  Summer follows spring.
2. Thepresentperiod¿(=this is the situation at present¿): My sister works in a bank.
3. Habitual actions: I get up at 7.
4. Future references (for timetables, etc): The concert begins at 7.30 next Friday evening.
5. Observations and declarations: I love you / It says here that¿
6. Instructions: First you weigh the ingredients.
7. Commentaries: Becker serves to Lendi.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia este parágrafo para responder à pergunta abaixo
"It seems the art of survival - or continual positive projection - in the world of pop music these days, depends very much on change. If artists fail to recreate their persona-chameleon-like, over and over again, they risk facing accusations of dullness; that they are not fashionable."
 
O ponto principal deste número é dizer ao leitor que os artistas precisam:
		
	 
	keep an image that the public knows and loves
	 
	recreate themselves to survive
	
	not be fashionalble
	
	stay sexy to survive
	
	avoid being dull at all costs
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	It is important to know how to write a paragraph. Below you find certain rules you should follow in order to write a good paragraph and to know how to write term papers. EXCEPT FOR ONE. Choose the alternative that is WRONG:
		
	 
	There is no need of being coherent and cohesive when writing a paragraph.
	
	Last, you should have a concluding sentence which reasserts your opinion, but does not have the same wording. Going by these helpful rules will lead to good paragraph writing.
	
	It should strictly not contain any supporting ideas which MUST feature in the next sentence.
	
	Your first sentence should be a topic sentence and should contain the topic and an opinion on the topic.
	
	You should write at least three sentences supporting your ideas, with facts, reasons, examples, statistics, comparison, or an anecdote.
	
Explicação:
Step 1: Decide the Topic of Your Paragraph
Step 2: Develop a Topic Sentence
Step 3: Demonstrate Your Point
Step 4: Give Your Paragraph Meaning
Step 5: Conclude
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto com atenção e assinale a alternativa em que a resposta não combina com a pergunta. Considere o conteúdo do texto para fazer a sua opção:
FOR THE LOVE OF CHILDREN
 Camille and Mike Geraldi live in London and they love their children. It¿s a good thing they do because they have 22.Mike and Camille met when they were working at the same hospital. Mike was a pediatrician and Camille was a nurse. After dating for two years, they got married. Soon they had two healthy daughters so they moved to a bigger house. Two months later, a baby-girl was abandoned at the hospital where they worked. They decided to adopt the abandoned child. They soon realized that they needed to do something to help the children in need. So they started to adopt babies and toddlers who are mentally and physically challenged. Now they have twenty-two children and twenty of them were adopted. Their eldest children help Camille with the younger ones. Also, three adults come to their house to help them every day. Camille and Mike are tired but happy. They are proud to take care of such a number of kids. They say they truly enjoy their lives and the choice they once made of adopting their children.
		
	 
	Why did they decide to adopt children? A baby-girl was abandoned at the hospital where they worked. They soon realized that they needed to do something to help the children in need.
	
	How many children of their own do they have? They have two daughters of their own
	
	Why can we say that Camille and Mike love children? //Because besides the two daughters they had they adopted 20 challenged children.
	
	What do Camille and Mike do? Camille is a nurse and Mike is a pediatrician.
	 
	How can they cope with such a large family? They manage to take care of the children and the house without any help.
	
Explicação:
How can they cope with such a large family? Their eldest children help Camille with the younger ones. Also, three adults come to their house to help them every day.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	READ the sentences below:
[1] Finally,two weeks later, I was so excited I could barely pack.
[2] I just couldn´t believe my eyes when he told me that. Everything was about to change the summer after my sophomore year of high school.
[3] At that time, my dad announced that we were going to Singapore for vacation!
[4] Today I've been all over the world, but until I was 15 I had never left the United States.
 
► What is the most logical order for the sentences above?
		
	
	3, 2, 1, 4
	
	1, 3, 2, 4
	 
	4, 3, 2, 1
	 
	4, 2, 3, 1
	
	1, 2, 3, 4 (as it is now)
	
Explicação:
[4] Today I've been all over the world, but until I was 15 I had never left the United States.
[3] At that time, my dad announced that we were going to Singapore for vacation!
[2] I just couldn´t believe my eyes when he told me that. Everything was about to change the summer after my sophomore year of high school.
[1] Finally, two weeks later, I was so excited I could barely pack.
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	About adverbs, it is correct to assert that: ( Pense no emprego dos advérbios e escolha a frase que apresenta uma afirmação verdadeira sobre eles)
		
	
	They are descriptive words which convey the sense of which, what kind, or how many/much.
	
	They represent people, places or things and can be physical entities or abstract ideas. They may serve as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects or objects of the preposition.
	 
	They are words that express ideas of how, when, where, or why. Its meaning can be applied to a verb, an adjective, or to another adverb.
	 
	They help us create smooth and logical transitions between one part of a sentence to another and are also responsible for the creation of different types of linking between these parts.
	
	They substitute nouns and may be personal, reflexive, interrogative, relative, demonstrative or indefinite.
	
Explicação:
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, determiner, noun phrase, clause, or sentence. Adverbs typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, etc., answering questions such as how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to what extent?. This function is called the adverbial function, and may be realized by single words (adverbs) or by multi-word expressions (adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses).
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	READ the text below:
"The maintenance of order in pre-state societies is rooted in a commonality of material interests. The greater the amount of common interests, the less need there is for law-and-order specialists. Among band-level cultures law and order stem directly from the relations between people and the natural habitat from which subsistence is derived. All adults usually have open access to this habitat: the rivers, lakes, beaches, oceans; all the plants and animals; the soil and the subsoil. In so far as these are basic to the extraction of life-sustaining energy and materials they are communal "property."
(Adapted from: http://www.uefap.com/writing/exercise)
►The topic sentence of the previous paragraph is (choose the right option):
		
	
	All adults usually have open access to this habitat: the rivers, lakes, beaches, oceans;
	
	The greater the amount of common interests, the less need there is for law-and-order specialists
	
	In so far as these are basic to the extraction of life-sustaining energy and materials they are communal "property."
	 
	The maintenance of order in pre-state societies is rooted in a commonality of material interests
	
	Among band-level cultures law and order stem directly from the relations between people and the natural habitat from which subsistence is derived
	
Explicação:
A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph. Sometimes referred to as a focus sentence, the topic sentence helps organize the paragraph by summarizing the information in the paragraph. In formal writing, the topic sentence is usually the first sentence in a paragraph (although it doesn't have to be).
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Mark the option which completes the following sentence: My father is very absent minded and always --------------his keys.
		
	
	catches
	
	finds
	
	brings
	
	keeps
	 
	forgets
	
Explicação:
Absent minded = distraído, so he always FORGETS his keys.
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Read the two sentences below and decide how they are related.
"Sometimes when we don't get enough sleep we become very short-tempered."
"It is important to set a time to go to bed that is realistic."
		
	 
	The first sentence explains the meaning of the second.
	
	The second sentence makes a digression concerning the first.
	 
	The second sentence proposes a solution.
	
	The second sentence explains why a lack of sleep afffects us.
	
	The second sentence contradicts the first.
	
Explicação:
Sometimes when we don't get enough sleep we become very short-tempered."
"It is important to set a time to go to bed that is realistic."
The sentences can be connect by 'so'. It is a conlusion, a solution. 
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	READ the text below:
A quick tour through my house will convince you that I am an extremely messy person. In fact, some would say I'm a slob. Starting in my bedroom, you will see clothes tossed around as if thieves had just looted the place. T-shirts dangle from door knobs, socks sit balled up on top of the dresser, and blue jeans cover the floor like a drop cloth. A trail of shoes and sneakers leads you out of the bedroom and into the bathroom. There you will stand on a sopping towel and see a blow-dryer and a copy of Newsweek lying on the sink alongside an uncapped tube of Crest.
►Mark the option which presents the topic sentence of the previous text:
		
	
	you will see clothes tossed around as if thieves had just looted the place.
	
	T-shirts dangle from door knobs.
	
	A trail of shoes and sneakers leads you out of the bedroom.
	
	Newsweek lying on the sink alongside an uncapped tube of Crest.
	 
	A quick tour through my house will convince you that I am an extremely messy person.
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	 
 Leia a seguinte passagem sobre as rotinas de Paulo Souza e de seu amigo Paul, escolhendo um dos verbos entre parênteses para completer cada sentença:
My name is Paulo Souza and I am a doctor. I work at a big hospital in Resende. I get up very early and I usually ( have/ has) a small breakfast. I eat fruit, bread, cheese and I generally drink coffee, but my friend Paul, who is an American, always ( have/has) bacon and eggs for breakfast. He ( eat/eats) bacon and eggs and ( drink/drinks) orange juice. After breakfast we go to work. Paul ( go/goes) downtown by subway. At midday, we stop for lunch. I try to eat healthy food but Paul ( do/does) not ( worry/worries) about that. He ( try/tries) to find a place where he can eat far food. Then, we go back to work and in the evening we go home. I never drink alcoholic drinks, but he (do/does). I go to bed by eleven but Paul always ( watch/ watches/ a good film before sleeping.
Assinale a alternativa cujos verbos completam corretamente as sentenças do texto.
		
	
	has/has/eats/drinks/go/do/worry/try/do/watch
	 
	have/has/eats/drinks/goes/does/worry/tries/does/watches
	
	have/have/eats/drink/go/do/worries/tries/do/watches
	
	has/have/eat/drink/go/do/worry/try/do/watch
	
	have/has/eats/drinks/go/do/worry/tries/do/watches
	
Explicação:
Third person sigular =- verb in the simple present = add S or ES.
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o parágrafo abaixo e escolha a alternativa que apresenta sua idéia principal:
Carla, I would like to inform you thatit has been interesting and profitable working with you, said Mr . Oliveira, when he called her to come to his office that morning.  You are a very nice young lady, but it seems we need someone to work here who would have a more dynamic personality. Therefore, I have to ask you to resign your position here and wish you have all the luck to find a new position at another company.
		
	
	O Sr. Oliveira pensa que Carla não gosta do emprego.
	 
	O Sr. Oliveira está educadamente demitindo Carla.
	
	O Sr. Oliveira pensa que Carla é boa demais para o cargo que ocupa
	
	O Sr. Oliveira quer promover Carla.
	
	O Sr. Oliveira deseja que Carla encotre um emprego melhor.
	
Explicação:
You are a very nice young lady, but it seems we need someone to work here who would have a more dynamic personality. Therefore, I have to ask you to resign your position here and wish you have all the luck to find a new position at another company.
RESIGN THE POSITION = DEMITIR-SE.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	READ the text below:
"Though the United States has spent billions of dollars on foreign aid programs, it has captured neither the affection nor esteem of the rest of the world. In many countries today Americans are cordially disliked; in others merely tolerated. The reasons for this sad state of affairs are many and varied, and some of them are beyond the control of anything this country might do to try to correct them. But harsh as it may seem to the ordinary citizen, filled as he is with good intentions and natural generosity, much of the foreigners' animosity has been generated by the way Americans behave."
(Adapted from: http://www.uefap.com/writing/exercise)
The topic sentences in the previous paragraph is (choose the right option):
		
	
	The reasons for this sad state of affairs are many and varied,
	
	much of the foreigners' animosity has been generated by the way Americans behave.
	 
	Though the United States has spent billions of dollars on foreign aid programs, it has captured neither the affection nor esteem of the rest of the world.
	
	In many countries today Americans are cordially disliked; in others merely tolerated.
	
	and some of them are beyond the control of anything this country might do to try to correct them.
	
Explicação:
A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph. Sometimes referred to as a focus sentence, the topic sentence helps organize the paragraph by summarizing the information in the paragraph. In formal writing, the topic sentence is usually the first sentence in a paragraph (although it doesn't have to be).
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	READ the text below:
"Anthropology is the study of humankind, especially of Homo sapiens, the biological species to which we human beings belong. It is the study of how our species evolved from more primitive organisms; it is also the study of how our species developed a mode of communication known as language and a mode of social life known as culture. It is the study of how culture evolved and diversified. And finally, it is the study of how culture, people, and nature interact wherever human beings are found."
► Identify the topic sentences in the previous paragraph.
		
	
	And finally, it is the study of how culture, people, and nature interact wherever human beings are found.
	
	It is the study of how culture evolved and diversified
	 
	Anthropology is the study of humankind.
	
	it is also the study of how our species developed a mode of communication known as language and a mode of social life known as culture.
	
	It is the study of how our species evolved from more primitive organisms.
	
Explicação:
A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph. Sometimes referred to as a focus sentence, the topic sentence helps organize the paragraph by summarizing the information in the paragraph. In formal writing, the topic sentence is usually the first sentence in a paragraph (although it doesn't have to be).
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the alternative which classifies correctly the word given in bold letters: (Escolha a alternativa que classifica corretamente a palavra em negrito
                            Mary fasted for a week.
 
 
		
	
	Adjective
	 
	Verb
	
	Adverb
	
	Preposition
	
	Conjunction
	
Explicação:
Mary FASTED for a week.
TO FAST = jejuar (verb).
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Identify the topic sentences in the following paragraph.
"The maintenance of order in pre-state societies is rooted in a commonality of material interests. The greater the amount of common interests, the less need there is for law-and-order specialists. Among band-level cultures law and order stem directly from the relations between people and the natural habitat from which subsistence is derived. All adults usually have open access to this habitat: the rivers, lakes, beaches, oceans; all the plants and animals; the soil and the subsoil. In so far as these are basic to the extraction of life-sustaining energy and materials they are communal "property."
		
	
	All adults usually have open access to this habitat: the rivers, lakes, beaches, oceans;
	 
	The maintenance of order in pre-state societies is rooted in a commonality of material interests
	
	In so far as these are basic to the extraction of life-sustaining energy and materials they are communal "property."
	
	Among band-level cultures law and order stem directly from the relations between people and the natural habitat from which subsistence is derived
	
	The greater the amount of common interests, the less need there is for law-and-order specialists
	
Explicação:
A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph. Sometimes referred to as a focus sentence, the topic sentence helps organize the paragraph by summarizing the information in the paragraph. In formal writing, the topic sentenceis usually the first sentence in a paragraph (although it doesn't have to be).
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	There are some basic uses of the simple present tense. We use it for, except:
		
	
	Permanent truths
	
	Observations and declarations
	
	Future references (for timetables, etc).
	 
	Non-habitual actions.
	
	The present period (= this is the situation at present).
	
Explicação:
There are seven basic uses of the simple present tense. We use it for:
1. Permanent truths:  Summer follows spring.
2. Thepresentperiod¿(=this is the situation at present¿): My sister works in a bank.
3. Habitual actions: I get up at 7.
4. Future references (for timetables, etc): The concert begins at 7.30 next Friday evening.
5. Observations and declarations: I love you / It says here that¿
6. Instructions: First you weigh the ingredients.
7. Commentaries: Becker serves to Lendi.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto com atenção e assinale a alternativa que apresenta um exemplo de mau comportamento acidental:
Children and Difficult Behaviour /May 2010 - Newsweek
 Every child misbehaves from time to time. This is always distressing to us as parents because we would all like to be perfect parents of perfect children! Children can misbehave by accident or on purpose, and it is important to understand the difference, for example: ¿ Accidental misbehaviour - Your eight-year old throws a snowball in a friendly snowball fight and injure another child because a stone was accidentally packed into the snowball. ¿ Intentional misbehaviour - Your child steals candy from the corner store after you refused to give his/ her allowance two days early. The most important things you can do are to be patient, avoid losing your temper and remember that love is more persuasivethan punishment. Before you act, try to think a few things through - ask yourself questions. Then, act as calmly and as thoughtfully as you can.
		
	
	Stealing a toy,
	
	Using bad language,
	 
	Dropping a glass.
	
	Lying to parents,
	
	Destroying property,
AULA 04
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	READ the text below:
"Reports last week said Pakistan had redeployed some troops from the north-west to the Indian border and cancelled some army leave. Air strikes against militants in the restive Swat and Bajaur regions had been scaled down, officials said. But one Pakistani military official told Reuters that reports of thousands of troops being redeployed were 'absolute rubbish'. India's military has denied any significant bolstering of troops on the border."
► Choose the best summary of the story you have just read about India and Pakistan.
		
	
	Hostilities are likely in South Asia as Pakistan builds up troop numbers on the frontier with India and India prepares to retaliate.
	 
	Pakistan has denied reports that it is making military preparations close to the Indian border. India says it is not increasing troop numbers in the area either.
	
	Pakistan is moving thousands of troops from the north-west to the Indian border. India is not significantly increasing the number of troops on the border.
	
	Pakistan is moving troops from the Indian border to attack militants in Swat and Bajaur. India is not sending reinforcements.
	
	Pakistan has denied reports that its troops will leave the Indian border.
	
Explicação:
Pakistan has denied reports that its troops will leave the Indian border. 
False. Pakistan has denied reports that army leave (holiday) has been cancelled.
Pakistan is moving troops from the Indian border to attack militants in Swat and Bajaur. India is not sending reinforcements.
Completely untrue. Pakistan has denied reports that it is moving troops in the opposite direction.
Pakistan has denied reports that it is making military preparations close to the Indian border. India says it is not increasing troop numbers in the area either. 
Correct. This is the best summary.
Pakistan is moving thousands of troops from the north-west to the Indian border. India is not significantly increasing the number of
troops on the border. 
While this may be true, it is not the best summary as the report stated that Pakistan had denied this.
Hostilities are likely in South Asia as Pakistan builds up troop numbers on the frontier with India and India prepares to retaliate.
While this may be true, it is not the best summary as the report stated that both India and Pakistan had denied increasing troop numbers
near the border.
 
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	READ the story below:
Long ago, there lived a pig that was given plenty of good food to eat each day. Needless to say, the pig was quite satisfied with his life. Satisfied, that is, until one morning when the farmer's wife brought his food and said, "Enjoy this good food while you can, dear pig. For you shan't be around much longer!"
► Make a prediction: What does the farmer's wife most likely tell the pig next?
		
	
	"We are moving to another farm!"
	
	"We will be giving you away."
	 
	"When next we meet, you will be on our dinner table!"
	
	"We will put you on a diet because you are getting fat!"
	
	"You are being sold to a pet store!"
	
Explicação:
Prediction - When you use this strategy, you are able to create hypotheses about the themes you are going to read about in the texts. Afterwards, when you read the texts, you can agree or modify your first impressions about them. When you use this strategy, you are mentally preparing yourself for the reading. Try to understand the title of the text, if there is a one,  or search for  any other visual clues because they generally function as a summary of the text.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto abaixo e assinale a alternativa que explica por que "The legacy of environmental catastrophes is, instead, a hybrid of amnesia and habituation":
HOW QUICKLY WE FORGET
 OUR ADDICTION TO CHEAP ENERGY HAS A WAY OF CLOUDING MEMORIES OF EVEN THE MOST VIVID DISASTERS
By Sharon Begley | NEWSWEEK Published May 7, 2010
The legacy of environmental catastrophes is, instead, a hybrid of amnesia and habituation. That is, the public forgets more quickly now than in the past, and understands that no source of energy is risk-free. Coal kills miners, including the 25 in West Virginia last month. Natural-gas pipelines sometimes explode and occasionally kill, as in a 2000 accident that left 12 people dead in New Mexico. Nuclear reactors, despite industry assurances, will never be risk-free; no technology is. The "risks" of renewable such as wind and solar are higher energy prices, which too many people are less acceptable than the environmental and human costs of fossil fuel. "There has been a generational change in risk tolerance," says engineering professor Henry Petroski of Duke University, author of the 2010 book The Essential Engineer. "The public has become more familiar with the concept of risk, and the fact that it is ubiquitous. The bumper sticker S--T HAPPENS used to be a fringe phenomenon, but now it's mainstream: people have become resigned to risk."
		
	
	People are very concerned about the risks of energy production.
	 
	Our addiction to cheap energy made us too tolerant to the risks of energy production.
	
	These diseases are caused by long hours of work in coal mines.
	
	These diseases are caused by long hours of work in natural-gas pipelines.
	 
	Governments and society are planning new ways of obtaining cheap energy.
	
Explicação:
That is, the public forgets more quickly now than in the past, and understands that no source of energy is risk-free. 
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Here are some techniques and strategies for improving your comprehension skills. Which of them is NOT correct?
		
	
	Determine what you know about the topic, what you want to know, and what you learned.
	
	Keep a vocabulary journal.
	
	Identify key words, cognates and false friends.
	
	Learn affixes: knowing prefixes and suffixes will increase your word recognition.
	 
	If you don't understand a word, stop and look it up in the dictionary.
	
Explicação:
If you don't understand a word or section, keep reading ahead. Come back to the section or word again and try to figure out the meaning. Use a dictionary if necessary.
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto com atenção o anúncio e assinale a alternativa incorreta em relação ao que foi lido:
 (The New York Times) SECRETARY Leading architectural, engineering, and planning firm is seeking an entry-level secretary/receptionist for immediate replacement. Responsibilities include report preparation, correspondence, travel arrangements, and answering phones. The ideal candidate must have excellent client contact and organizational skills, as well as Microsoft Word and Excel. Bilingual (English/Spanish) a plus. Position offers a complete benefit package and salary is commensurate with experience. Please send/fax resume by November 11th to: STV/SILVER & ZISKIND 233 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10003 FAX: 212-473-2780 Attn: V. Hall For more information on STV, visit our Web site: http://www.stvinc.com/
 Mark the incorrect statement:
		
	
	The firm promisses a fair salary and other advantages.
	
	The candidates should have various language skills.
	 
	The candidates should apply by e-mailing their resume.
	
	The advertisement was published in the newspaper by a big firm.
	
	The selected candidate will be hired immediately.
	
Explicação:
Please send/fax resume by November 11th to: STV/SILVER & ZISKIND 233 ParkAvenue South New York, NY 10003 FAX: 212-473-2780 Attn: V. Hall For more information on STV, visit our Web site: http://www.stvinc.com/
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	a-       Relacione as estratégias de leitura com as definições apresentadas e marque a alternativa      que exprime a relação correta:
Estratégias
 1- Previsão
2- Skimming
3- Scanning
4- Predição
 5- Inferência
 Definições
 A- Encontrar a idéia geral do texto após uma olhada ligeira.
 B- Identificar idéias que não estão expressas no texto.
 C- Ler o texto rapidamente para achar o tópico, a idéia principal e a organização do texto.
 D- Ler o texto rapidamente para achar uma informação específica.
E- Antecipar o que vai ser dito no texto
 
		
	 
	1-c; 2-a; 3-d; 4-e; 5-b
	 
	1-a; 2-b; 3-c; 4-d; 5-e
	
	1-d; 2-e; 3-b; 4-c; 5-a
	
	1-d; 2-a; 3-e; 4-c; 5-b
	
	1-b; 2-c; 3-e; 4-a; 5-d
	
Explicação:
Scanning helps the reader obtain information from the text without need reading all text. It is a quick preview of the text, you just read the information contained in that space. You do the scanning moving your eyes from up to down and vice-verse, looking for the main words, or specific phrases or key words, etc. When you are doing the scanning pay attention to the punctuations of the author, such us, marks with numbers, letters, asterisk, etc. Look for underlined word, words in bold, in italic, different sizes of letters or words. This process is useful, like already said, for whom wants to find specific information, such as, a name, a date of birth, a phone number in a list, a word in a dictionary and so on.
Skimming allows the reader identify quickly the main idea of the text. It 's more embracing than scanning, and the reader need to has more knowledge about the text organization, perception of the vocabulary, ability to infer, decode, understand and interpret the ideas of the text. The skimming is more use when you have a lot of things to read and not much time, so this is a technique that helps a lot, because with it the reading is made with the speed three to four times higher than a normal reading.
Prediction - When you use this strategy, you are able to create hypotheses about the themes you are going to read about in the texts. Afterwards, when you read the texts, you can agree or modify your first impressions about them. When you use this strategy, you are mentally preparing yourself for the reading. Try to understand the title of the text, if there is a one, or search for any other visual clues because they generally function as a summary of the text.
Extensive reading is used to obtain a general understanding of a subject and includes reading longer texts for pleasure, as well as business books. Use extensive reading skills to improve your general knowledge of business procedures. Do not worry if you understand each word.
Intensive reading is used on shorter texts in order to extract specific information. It includes very close accurate reading for detail. Use intensive reading skills to grasp the details of a specific situation. In this case, it is important that you understand each word, number or fact.
An inference is a conclusion that you draw about something by using information that you already have about it.
 
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	"It enables readers to get a sense of what the text is about and how it is organized before reading it closely. This simple strategy includes seeing what you can learn from the headnotes or other introductory material." We are talking about.
		
	
	Skimming
	
	Guessing meaning from contexts
	 
	Prediction
	
	Inferences
	
	Scanning
	
Explicação:
When you use this strategy, you are able to create hypotheses about the themes you are going to read about in the texts. Afterwards, when you read the texts, you can agree or modify your first impressions about them. When you use this strategy, you are mentally preparing yourself for the reading. Try to understand the title of the text, if there is a one,  or search for  any other visual clues because they generally function as a summary of the text.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Match each reading technique to its definition
1. Prediction (Predição)______
2. Visuals (Inferência visual)_______
3. Guessing (Adivinhar, deduzir, interpretar significados)_______
a. When you use this strategy, you are able to create hypotheses about the themes you are going to read about in the texts. Afterwards, when you read the texts, you can agree or modify your first impressions about them.
b. During the process of a text comprehension written in foreign language, the reader should try to understand all unknown words in the context they are employed. Then, we should consider: The text subject; everything the reader knows about the subject; grammatical relations.
c. Elements such as titles, dates, subtitles, illustrations, photos, diagrams, charts, bold types, quotation marks, different types of letters, etc. are important to help the reader to make inferences and logical deductions.
		
	
	1(c), 2(b), 3(a)
	
	1(a), 2(c), 3(c)
	
	1(b), 2(c), 3(a)
	
	1(b), 2(a), 3(c)
	 
	1(a), 2(c), 3(b)
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	
A intenção principal do texto acima é fazer um anúncio sobre:
		
	
	Serviços em geral
	
	Natal
	 
	Emprego
	
	Entregas
	
	Vendas
	
Explicação:
Emprego = employment = job opportunities.
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Sobre as atividades de pré- leitura, é correto afirmar que:
		
	
	They are generally useless in helping students understand the text they will be reading next, as they are not responsible for the activation of any prior knowledge.
	 
	They are intended to develop students¿ abilities to writing better, because they deal with new grammar and lexis the teacher expects the students to use in their compositions.
	
	They are essential to the development of the four skills anyone should develop when learning a language: reading, writing, speaking, and listening.
	
	They improve students¿ abilities to understand oral speech, as they are based on listening activities which precede the reading activity.
	 
	They help students activate their background knowledge about important abilities, strategies and lexis which are going to be necessary in the text.
	
Explicação:
The pre-reading  activates the previous knowledge of the students in relation to the knowledge of the world: exploit the title, drawings, graphs, figures, author, source, lexical items ( Once upon a time), textual organization, the purposes.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	"Your course will start with an initial assessment in week 1, followed by a guided tour of the building." This is an example of:
		
	
	Instructive text
	 
	Informative text
	
	Descriptive text
	
	Persuasive text
	
	Narrative text
	
Explicação:
Informational text is nonfiction writing, written with the intention of informing the reader about a specific topic. It is typically found in magazines, science or history books, autobiographies and instruction manuals. They are written using special text features that allow the reader to easily find key information and understand the main topic. 
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto com atenção e assinale a alternativa que explica o por que, de acordo com o mesmo texto, uma pessoa acima do peso se sente inferior perante a sociedade:
Fat Kids, Cruel World
By Lesley Kinzel | Newsweek Web Exclusive Apr 20, 2010
 After a decade of dieting, false hopes, and dead ends, I was out of options. I was an obese child, now assured of a life as an obese adult. The path I ultimately chose was self-acceptance. I chose to shed self-hatred andto respect myself, something I'd never done before. It was a long time coming; it didn't happen in a week or even a year. But I came to realize that it wasn't my fatness that made me hate exercise; it was the social expectations associated with being fat that did so. It wasn't my fatness that made me feel inferior to and isolated from people I met; it was the cultural ideology which dictated that fat people are lonely, miserable, and unloved.
 
		
	 
	The cultural ideology which dictates that fat people are different and full of negative problems
	 
	Eating more food than regular weight people and spending much more money on this heavy diet.
	
	Having to shop for clothes in specialized stores and feeling that fashion is not suitable for fat people.
	
	Feeling hungry all the time and never being satisfied, as they are always looking for more food.
	
	Going to the gym and facing skinny and healthy fellows who never seems to be lonely or upset.
	
Explicação:
 But I came to realize that it wasn't my fatness that made me hate exercise; it was the social expectations associated with being fat that did so. It wasn't my fatness that made me feel inferior to and isolated from people I met; it was the cultural ideology which dictated that fat people are lonely, miserable, and unloved.
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Read the following statement ¿ just knowing the meanings taken from the dictionary does not guarantee the comprehension of the word in the varied contexts it may appear¿. Which strategy can be used to grasp the general or approximate meaning of the word in a context?
		
	
	repeated words
	
	studying idioms
	 
	inference
	 
	checking the dictionary
	
	memorizing words
	
Explicação:
Inferences are what we figure out based on an experience. Helping students understand when information is implied, or not directly stated, will improve their skill in drawing conclusions and making inferences. These skills will be needed for all sorts of school assignments, including reading, science and social studies. Inferential thinking is a complex skill that will develop over time and with experience.
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto abaixo e responda a pergunta que o segue.
Autumn is the season that falls between summer and winter. There are many changes that begin in this fascinating season. Days become shorter. Leaves of trees turn from green to vibrant red, yellow and orange. Trees need sunlight to keep their leaves a lively green. Without sunlight leaves turn colors. The grass is no longer blanketed with dew but with frost, almost every morning, as temperatures reach the freezing point. Animals start storing up a food supply to last through the long winter months. These changes occur as we adjust from the heat of the summer to the chill of the winter.
Qual das seguintes mudanças pode ocorrer no Outono?
		
	
	days become longer
	 
	days become shorter
	
	there is more sunlight
	
	it becomes very hot
	
	snow fall's very often.
	
Explicação:
Autumn is the season that falls between summer and winter. There are many changes that begin in this fascinating season. Days become shorter. Leaves of trees turn from green to vibrant red, yellow and orange.
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Choose the alternative that names the four subskills of reading are: (Escolha a alternativa que revele os nomes que se dá às quatro sub habilidades de leitura:)
		
	
	skimming - extensive reading - reading for gist - intensive reading
	
	scanning - skimming - extensive reading - reading for gist
	 
	scanning - skimming - extensive reading - intensive reading
	
	scanning - skimming - reading for detail - extensive reading
	
	skimming - reading for gist - extensive reading - intensive reading
	
Explicação:
skimming - reading for general meaning or gist 
scanning - reading for specific information 
Extensive reading is used to obtain a general understanding of a subject and includes reading longer texts for pleasure, as well as business books. Use extensive reading skills to improve your general knowledge of business procedures. Do not worry if you understand each word.
Intensive reading is used on shorter texts in order to extract specific information. It includes very close accurate reading for detail. Use intensive reading skills to grasp the details of a specific situation. In this case, it is important that you understand each word, number or fact.
 
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	In order to be able to make inferences and draw conclusions, the reader is supposed to use the following resources, EXCEPT:
		
	
	Knowledge on textual organization: clues and information from the title, subtitles, thesis statements, etc.
	
	Semantic context: the meaning of the text as a whole, i.e., to guess the meaning of the words and ideas based on the context, taking into consideration the words, phrases and sentences which precede and proceed them, and which contribute to the construction of the text as a whole.
	
	Non-linguistic context (non-verbal information): information presented on maps, tables, pictures, drawings
	
	Linguistic context: clues which determine if the word is a noun, a verb, an adjective, etc.
	 
	Background or previous knowledge: When you use this strategy, you are able to create hypotheses about the themes you are going to read about in the texts. Afterwards, when you read the texts, you can agree or modify your first impressions about them.
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	Which reading strategy would be used for a telephone directory?
		
	
	Previewing
	
	Inference
	
	Detailed Reading
	 
	Skimming
	 
	Scanning
	
Explicação:
Scanning é uma leitura mais detalhada e tem o objetivo de fazer o leitor ter mais informações sobre o texto , ou seja, informações especifica. 
É realmente um processo de scanear o texto com os olhos, buscar palavras mais especificas e informações precisas.
 
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	 Mark the alternative in which all the words are formed by adding a prefix to a root word: (Marque a alternativa em que todas as palavras são formadas pela adição de um prefixo a um radical)
		
	 
	coordinate, hemisphere, ultraviolet
	
	clearish, chairs, won¿t, obligation
	
	carpenter, wood, hammer, nail
	
	had, head; their, there; sale, sail
	
	angry, mad, furious, inflamed
	
Explicação:
coordinate, hemisphere, ultravioleta
co = with or together
hemi = half
ultra = super - excess
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Match the reading skills with their definitions:
(i) skimming                                  (a) Accurate reading for detailed understanding.
(ii) scanning                                   (b) Used to find a particular piece of information.
(iii) extensive reading                     (c) Used to understand the "gist" or main idea.
(iv) intensive reading                      (d) Used for pleasure and general understanding.
		
	
	(i) - d
(ii) - a
(iii) - b
(iv) - c
	 
	(i) - b
(ii) - a
(iii) - d
(iv) - c
	 
	(i) - c
(ii) - b
(iii) - d
(iv) - a
	
	(i) - b
(ii) - c
(iii) - a
(iv) - d
	
	(i) - a
(ii) - d
(iii) - c
(iv) - b
	
Explicação:
Extensive reading is used to obtain a general understanding of a subject and includes reading longer texts for pleasure, as well as business books. Use extensive reading skills to improve your general knowledge of business procedures. Do not worry if you understand each word.
Intensive reading is used on shorter texts in order to extract specific information. It includes very close accurate reading for detail. Use intensive reading skills to grasp the details ofa specific situation. In this case, it is important that you understand each word, number or fact.
A quick reading -  skimming
An objective reading looking for specific information - scanning
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	A son writes ... Last week I asked my Mum if I could go to a rock festival. No',shesaid,the music will be too loud ... there'll be crowds of people ... you won't know anybody ...'. These excuses were so lame I decided there was some other secret reason why she didn't want me to go. After all, this is the first time my mum has ever shown any concern about the dangers of loud music. I think the real reason Mum is worried about my going to the festival is that my friends and I will have to survive by ourselves for a couple of days. This might not sound like much of a challenge, but surviving means preparing food as well as eating it, putting tents up as well as sleeping in them ... Mum has obviously realized that if I went to the festival I would soon find out how totally dependent on her I am. And once I realized how incapable I am of surviving on my own, I would never leave home again. Then Mum would have a pathetic teenager / adult under her feet for the rest of her life.
Choose a, b, or c, in each question below. Only one choice is correct. The son wanted to go to the festival for ...
		
	
	two days at home.
	
	a couple of weekends.
	
	a month
	
	two days alone.
	 
	two days with his friends.
	
Explicação:
I think the real reason Mum is worried about my going to the festival is that my friends and I will have to survive by ourselves for a couple of days. This might not sound like much of a challenge, but surviving means preparing food as well as eating it, putting tents up as well as sleeping in them .
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia com atenção a situação abaixo e relacione-a com a técnica de leitura a qual se assemelha, assinalando a respectiva opção: You decide to buy your mom a book for her birthday. During lunchtime, you visit the closest bookstore and start reading the back of some books so to decide the best one to buy her. When doing so, which reading subskill are you applying?
		
	
	extensive reading
	
	scanning
	 
	skimming
	
	intensive reading
	
	reading for detail
	
Explicação:
Skimming allows the reader identify quickly the main idea of the text. It 's more embracing than scanning, and the reader need to has more knowledge about the text organization, perception of the vocabulary, ability to infer, decode, understand and interpret the ideas of the text. Skimming is more use when you have a lot of things to read and not much time, so this is a technique that helps a lot, because with it the reading is made with the speed three to four times higher than a normal reading.
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto com atenção e assinale a razão apontada para o autor como sendo a responsável por manter a religião viva no coração humano. .
World Religions
 From the earliest known the evidence of human religion by Homo sapiens neanderthalensis around 100,000 years ago to the present day, religion continues to be a very influential aspect of human lives. Today, there are numerous challenges and problems faced by humans from every possible background, location and social class. Every day people must face issues of health, safety and mortality. It is because of these daily challenges that religion continues to exist. Religion is the universal tool for explaining things which we do not understand through the context the known physical world. Although there are countless religions, each different from the other, they all serve the same purpose. Each answers questions which all humans seem to be programmed to ask: Why are we here?
		
	 
	Everyday challenges and problems faced by humans.
	
	Religion can explain things that cannot be understood by human mind.
	
	Violence and stress motivgate people to look for comfort in religion.
	
	Fear from eternal damnation make people run to churches.
	
	Different backgrounds are a plausible reason.
	
Explicação:
Today, there are numerous challenges and problems faced by humans from every possible background, location and social class. Every day people must face issues of health, safety and mortality. It is because of these daily challenges that religion continues to exist.
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia atenciosamente o texto baixo.
American Customs
America is well-known for its equality, liberty, fraternity. Everyone is very friendly and informal. Children often call their parents by their first names and at work, subordinates do not normally use "Mister" when addressing their supervisors. To those visitors who come from a more rigid and stratified society, such casualness can be confusing, leading to egregious blunders. Conversely, many worldly, sophisticated Americans appear mortified because they feel America is not "civilized," with a capital "C." However, we know of terribly embarrassing incidents from mistakes which only an innocent foreigner would have made.
De acordo com o sentido do texto podemos afirmar que:
		
	
	Americans are friendly, but they do not like to mix up
	
	Americans are well-known for their selfishness.
	
	Americans are snobish and elitist.
	
	Americans are quite formal people
	 
	Americans are well-known for its equality, liberty, fraternity and informal
	
Explicação:
America is well-known for its equality, liberty, fraternity. Everyone is very friendly and informal.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto com atenção e, usando a técnica da inferência, assinale a alternativa que indica para que a palavra STAYCATION é usada:
 Staying Home for the Holidays: Strapped vacationers are discovering the attractions in their own backyards. Bad news for the global economy. 
 Sophie Grove | NEWSWEEK/Published May 2, 2009
 Juliet Murrell has packed her suitcase. But she's not going anywhere. The 28-year-old interior designer is vacationing at home this year. Murrell, who usually travels to southern France and beyond, is embarking on a "staycation," taking a fortnight off work to swim, cycle and explore areas of her own city, East London, a former industrial zone that has a gritty charm but is hardly the Côte d'Azur. "You have to wake up in the morning with the spirit of adventure," she says. "It's about mentally reviving yourself and your environment." As the pound weakens to near parity with the euro, scores of Britons are canceling their trips to the Mediterranean or the French Riviera and braving the notoriously unpredictable weather at home.
		
	
	as a synonym to Cote d¿Azur, southern France and East London
	
	to express the parity between the pound and the euro in money market nowadays
	
	As a slang to define Londoners long vacations ahead
	 
	as a slang to define the way Londoners are spending their holidays: at home
	
	nominate a mental travel throughout Europe
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	READ the text below:
 
Success at making inferences depends on the background knowledge and the facts given in the text. Logical reasoning will help you to make inferences about ideas or concepts that the author has not directly stated.
Source: http://studylib.net/doc/7843494/reading-strategies
 
Consider the following situation: 
''Mike is a student in Professor Brown's Biology class. Class starts at 9 a.m. It is now 9.15 a.m. and Professor Brown is speaking to the class. Mike opens the door and walks into the classroom''.
Based on the previous situatio, we may infer that (choose the correct option):
		
	
	Mike is a student.
	
	The professor started the class at 9 a.m. sharp. .
	
	Professor Brown teaches Biology
	
	Theclass is listening
	 
	Mike is late
	
Explicação:
An inference is a conclusion that you draw about something by using information that you already have about it.
Class starts at 9 a.m. It is now 9.15 a.m. and Professor Brown is speaking to the class. Mike opens the door and walks into the classroom'
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto com atenção e assinale a alternativa que expressa a intenção de Stacey ao dizer: "I mentally scheduled time to clean up the rogue and glitter."
MEMORABLE MOTHER'S DAY MESSES
 By KitchenDaily Editors  www.aol.com
Everything in the Bathroom Sink - Reader Stacey Anne Yates says her son, Wyatt, takes holidays very seriously, especially Mother's Day, and always presents her with a card and a homemade snack. "When Wyatt was six years old, he disappeared into the bathroom promising me a surprise," Stacey relates. "I figured the bathroom had become his card making lair and I mentally scheduled time to clean up the rogue glue and glitter. Twenty minutes later, he popped out very pleased with his Mother's Day surprise. He darted into the kitchen and returned with two spoons. With spoons in hand he led me, eyes closed, into the bathroom. SURPRISE! Wyatt had made me Macaroni & Cheese in his small bathroom sink. You know the stuff: the box of noodles with the dried cheese packet. Now imagine that orange powder embedded in the tile grout and the noodles expanding in the P-trap. Not to mention the butter that was "hand stirred" into the concoction and spread across most of the bathroom's surfaces and the towels. YUM! He was so proud of his mushy cheesy masterpiece that I had no choice but to dig in. It was a plumber's nightmare but an unforgettable Mother's Day meal."
What did Stacey mean when she said: "I mentally scheduled time to clean up the rogue and glitter."
		
	 
	She thought Wyatt would gave her a beautiful card.
	 
	She thought it would be hard to clean up the mess.
	
	She thought her son would make no mess at all.
	
	She thought the bathroom would be cleaned by Wyatt.
	
	She thought it would be a nice and creative surprise.
	
Explicação:
When Wyatt was six years old, he disappeared into the bathroom promising me a surprise," Stacey relates. "I figured the bathroom had become his card making lair and I mentally scheduled time to clean up the rogue glue and glitter. 
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Qual dos marcadores discursivos abaixo completa corretamente a frase seguinte? It's quite a problem, I don't know if I can do it. __________________, I'll help you, don't worry.
		
	
	Well
	
	Do you mind
	
	Mind you
	 
	Listen
	
	Let me see
	
Explicação:
'Listen' - it is used to call someone's attention to a fact or to what will be said.
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia a afirmação abaixo e assinale a alternativa que está de acordo com o seu conteúdo: Only a few Brazilian artists are as internationally successful as Rodrigo Santoro.
		
	
	All Brazilian artists are internationally famous.
	
	Many brazilina artists are known around the world.
	
	Rodrigo Santoro is not successful abroad.
	 
	Only a few brazilian artists have succeeded abroad
	
	Rodrigo Santoro is the only internationally successful artist.
	
Explicação:
Only a few Brazilian artists are as internationally successful as Rodrigo Santoro.
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	De acordo com o texto, que alternativa NÃO é verdadeira sobre Nova York: NEW YORK New York is the largest city in the United States. More than eight million people live in the Big Apple. New York City is also home of the United Nations. New York city is located in the state of New York. New York City is home to two hundred and fifty museums, four hundred art galleries, and the world famous Broadway for entertainment. New York City is the business capital of the world and many national and international corporations have their headquarters in New York City. Wall Street, the world's leading center of finance and the home of the American Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange. As far as professional sports go, this city has two of everything. Two professional baseball, basketball, hockey, and football teams are located in the city.
		
	 
	b. Chicago is larger than New York.
	
	d. New York is the smallest city in USA
	
	e. There is no bigger city than New Yourk in the USA
	
	a. Chicago is smaller than New York.
	
	c. Little athletics takes place in New York because it is a city.
	
Explicação:
False. NEW YORK New York is the largest city in the United States. 
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Some lexical items generally bring some difficulty to the readers, except:
		
	
	idiomatic expressions
	 
	slangs
	
	meaning transfer
	
	false friends
	 
	cognates
	
Explicação:
According to the Longman Dictionary of Applied¿Linguistics, a cognate is ¿a word in one language which is similar in form and meaning to a word in another language because both languages are related¿ (Richards et al., 1985, p. 43). For example, important and interesting and importante e interessante, in English and Portuguese respectively, are cognates. English and Portuguese have many cognate words due to the fact that Portuguese originated from Latin and more than seventy percent of the English vocabulary derives from Latin. Thus, the meaning of many unknown English words can be easily guessed from the context whenever a Brazilian learner is reading an English text. Not surprisingly, researchers who study L1 and L2/FL acquisition have found that students benefit from cognate awareness. Cognate awareness is the ability to use cognates from the native language as a tool for understanding a second language.
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Sobre atividades pós-leitura, é correto afirmar que:
		
	
	They help students activate their background knowledge about important abilities, strategies and lexis which are going to be necessary in the text.
	
	They improve students¿ abilities to understand oral speech, as they are based on listening activities which precede the reading activity.
	 
	They help students make sense of what they have just read and emphasize the need of going from reading a text to using what has been learnt from the text.
	
	They are generally useless in helping students understand the text they will be reading next, as they are not responsible for the activation of any prior knowledge.
	
	They are essential to the development of the four skills anyone should develop when learning a language: reading, writing, speaking, and listening.
	
Explicação:
The post-reading is a level in which the main focus is based on the relationship of the student´s world with the author´s ideas.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia os versos abaixo:
PROMISES( ERIC CLAPTON)
I don't care if you never come home I don't mind if you just keep on rowin' away on a distant sea 'Cause I don't love you and you don't love me
Lendo essa estrofe da canção de Eric Clapton, podemos concluir que:
		
	
	It talks about a couple separated by distance.
	
	It talks about endless love.
	
	It talks about a relationship based on trust and confidence.
	 
	It talks about two lovers that are about to brake up.
	
	It talks about two people that hate each other.
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	Leia com atenção a situação abaixo e relacione-a com a técnica de leitura a qual se assemelha, assinalando a respectiva opção: When you look for a number in a telephone directory, you do not read all the text. Instead, you prefer to hurry over the text until you find the information you want. When doing so, whichreading subskill are you applying?
		
	
	skimming
	
	extensive reading
	 
	scanning
	
	intensive reading
	
	reading for gist
	
Explicação:
Scanning helps the reader obtain information from the text without need reading all text. It is a quick preview of the text, you just read the information contained in that space. You do the scanning moving your eyes from up to down and vice-verse, looking for the main words, or specific phrases or key words, etc. When you are doing the scanning pay attention to the punctuations of the author, such us, marks with numbers, letters, asterisk, etc. Look for underlined word, words in bold, in italic, different sizes of letters or words. This process is useful, like already said, for whom wants to find specific information, such as, a name, a date of birth, a phone number in a list, a word in a dictionary and so on.
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto para responder a questão:
Missouri is called the "Show Me State," because its people have a reputation for believing only what they see. Its name is an Algonquin Indian term meaning "river of the big canoes." Originally home to a number of Indian tribes, the state entered the Union in 1821. Today, more than half the population lives in Missouri's two major cities--Kansas City and St. Louis. The dogwood is the state tree, the bluebird is the state bird and the capital is Jefferson City.
De acordo com o texto acima, marque a assertiva correta.
		
	 
	Many of the Indian tribes used to live in Missouri .
	
	Kansas City and St. Louis are names of churches.
	
	Jefferson City is the capital of the Union
	 
	The dogwood is a kind of representation of Jefferson City.
	
	Missouri people only believe in things which can be tested.
	
Explicação:
Many of the Indian tribes used to live in Missouri . - Originally home to a number of Indian tribes...
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Reading a text quickly to absorb general information is a valuable skill:
"Reports last week said Pakistan had redeployed some troops from the north-west to the Indian border and cancelled some army leave. Air strikes against militants in the restive Swat and Bajaur regions had been scaled down, officials said. But one Pakistani military official told Reuters that reports of thousands of troops being redeployed were 'absolute rubbish'. India's military has denied any significant bolstering of troops on the border."
Choose the best summary of the story you have just read about India and Pakistan.
		
	
	Pakistan has denied reports that its troops will leave the Indian border.
	
	Hostilities are likely in South Asia as Pakistan builds up troop numbers on the frontier with India and India prepares to retaliate.
	
	Pakistan is moving thousands of troops from the north-west to the Indian border. India is not significantly increasing the number of troops on the border.
	
	Pakistan is moving troops from the Indian border to attack militants in Swat and Bajaur. India is not sending reinforcements.
	 
	Pakistan has denied reports that it is making military preparations close to the Indian border. India says it is not increasing troop numbers in the area either.
	
Explicação:
Pakistan has denied reports that its troops will leave the Indian border.
False. Pakistan has denied reports that army leave (holiday) has been cancelled.
 
Pakistan is moving troops from the Indian border to attack militants in Swat and Bajaur. India is not sending reinforcements.
Completely untrue. Pakistan has denied reports that it is moving troops in the opposite direction.
 
Pakistan is moving thousands of troops from the north-west to the Indian border. India is not significantly increasing the number of troops on the border.
While this may be true, it is not the best summary as the report stated that Pakistan had denied this.
 
Hostilities are likely in South Asia as Pakistan builds up troop numbers on the frontier with India and India prepares to retaliate.
While this may be true, it is not the best summary as the report stated that both India and Pakistan had denied increasing troop numbers near the border.
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	"Students are given access to data, and are provided with structured opportunities to work out rules, principles and, so on for themselves. The concept here is that information will be more deeply processed and stored if learners are given an opportunity to work things out for themselves, rather than simply being told."
The text above is about:
		
	
	classifying
	
	inferencing
	 
	inductive reasoning
	 
	predicting
	
	previewing
	
Explicação:
We are exposed to several different examples of a situation, and from those examples, we conclude a general truth. For instance, you visit your local grocery store daily to pick up necessary items. You notice that on Friday, two weeks ago, all the clerks in the store were wearing football jerseys. Again, last Friday, the clerks wore their football jerseys. Today, also a Friday, they're wearing them again. From just these observations, you can conclude that on all Fridays, these supermarket employees will wear football jerseys to support their local team.
This type of pattern recognition, leading to a conclusion, is known as inductive reasoning.
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	a-       Relacione as estratégias de leitura com as definições apresentadas e marque a alternativa      que exprime a relação correta:
Estratégias
 1- Previsão
2- Skimming
3- Scanning
4- Predição
 5- Inferência
 Definições
 A- Encontrar a idéia geral do texto após uma olhada ligeira.
 B- Identificar idéias que não estão expressas no texto.
 C- Ler o texto rapidamente para achar o tópico, a idéia principal e a organização do texto.
 D- Ler o texto rapidamente para achar uma informação específica.
E- Antecipar o que vai ser dito no texto
 
		
	 
	1-c; 2-a; 3-d; 4-e; 5-b
	
	1-a; 2-b; 3-c; 4-d; 5-e
	
	1-b; 2-c; 3-e; 4-a; 5-d
	
	1-d; 2-a; 3-e; 4-c; 5-b
	
	1-d; 2-e; 3-b; 4-c; 5-a
	
Explicação:
Scanning helps the reader obtain information from the text without need reading all text. It is a quick preview of the text, you just read the information contained in that space. You do the scanning moving your eyes from up to down and vice-verse, looking for the main words, or specific phrases or key words, etc. When you are doing the scanning pay attention to the punctuations of the author, such us, marks with numbers, letters, asterisk, etc. Look for underlined word, words in bold, in italic, different sizes of letters or words. This process is useful, like already said, for whom wants to find specific information, such as, a name, a date of birth, a phone number in a list, a word in a dictionary and so on.
Skimming allows the reader identify quickly the main idea of the text. It 's more embracing than scanning, and the reader need to has more knowledge about the text organization, perception of the vocabulary, ability to infer, decode, understand and interpret the ideas of the text. The skimming is more use when you have a lot of things to read and not much time, so this is a technique that helps a lot, because with it the reading is made with the speed three to four times higher than a normal reading.
Prediction - When you use this strategy, you are able to create hypotheses about the themes you are going to read about in the texts. Afterwards, when you read the texts, you can agree or modify your first impressions about them. When you use this strategy, you are mentally preparing yourself for the reading. Try to understand the title of the text, if there is a one, or search for any other visual clues because they generally function as a summary of the text.
Extensive reading is used to obtain a generalunderstanding of a subject and includes reading longer texts for pleasure, as well as business books. Use extensive reading skills to improve your general knowledge of business procedures. Do not worry if you understand each word.
Intensive reading is used on shorter texts in order to extract specific information. It includes very close accurate reading for detail. Use intensive reading skills to grasp the details of a specific situation. In this case, it is important that you understand each word, number or fact.
An inference is a conclusion that you draw about something by using information that you already have about it.
 
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	READ the story below:
Long ago, there lived a pig that was given plenty of good food to eat each day. Needless to say, the pig was quite satisfied with his life. Satisfied, that is, until one morning when the farmer's wife brought his food and said, "Enjoy this good food while you can, dear pig. For you shan't be around much longer!"
► Make a prediction: What does the farmer's wife most likely tell the pig next?
		
	
	"We will put you on a diet because you are getting fat!"
	
	"You are being sold to a pet store!"
	
	"We will be giving you away."
	
	"We are moving to another farm!"
	 
	"When next we meet, you will be on our dinner table!"
	
Explicação:
Prediction - When you use this strategy, you are able to create hypotheses about the themes you are going to read about in the texts. Afterwards, when you read the texts, you can agree or modify your first impressions about them. When you use this strategy, you are mentally preparing yourself for the reading. Try to understand the title of the text, if there is a one,  or search for  any other visual clues because they generally function as a summary of the text.
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto com atenção o anúncio e assinale a alternativa incorreta em relação ao que foi lido:
 (The New York Times) SECRETARY Leading architectural, engineering, and planning firm is seeking an entry-level secretary/receptionist for immediate replacement. Responsibilities include report preparation, correspondence, travel arrangements, and answering phones. The ideal candidate must have excellent client contact and organizational skills, as well as Microsoft Word and Excel. Bilingual (English/Spanish) a plus. Position offers a complete benefit package and salary is commensurate with experience. Please send/fax resume by November 11th to: STV/SILVER & ZISKIND 233 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10003 FAX: 212-473-2780 Attn: V. Hall For more information on STV, visit our Web site: http://www.stvinc.com/
 Mark the incorrect statement:
		
	
	The firm promisses a fair salary and other advantages.
	
	The advertisement was published in the newspaper by a big firm.
	
	The candidates should have various language skills.
	 
	The candidates should apply by e-mailing their resume.
	
	The selected candidate will be hired immediately.
	
Explicação:
Please send/fax resume by November 11th to: STV/SILVER & ZISKIND 233 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10003 FAX: 212-473-2780 Attn: V. Hall For more information on STV, visit our Web site: http://www.stvinc.com/
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	READ the text below:
"Reports last week said Pakistan had redeployed some troops from the north-west to the Indian border and cancelled some army leave. Air strikes against militants in the restive Swat and Bajaur regions had been scaled down, officials said. But one Pakistani military official told Reuters that reports of thousands of troops being redeployed were 'absolute rubbish'. India's military has denied any significant bolstering of troops on the border."
► Choose the best summary of the story you have just read about India and Pakistan.
		
	
	Pakistan has denied reports that its troops will leave the Indian border.
	
	Pakistan is moving thousands of troops from the north-west to the Indian border. India is not significantly increasing the number of troops on the border.
	
	Pakistan is moving troops from the Indian border to attack militants in Swat and Bajaur. India is not sending reinforcements.
	 
	Pakistan has denied reports that it is making military preparations close to the Indian border. India says it is not increasing troop numbers in the area either.
	
	Hostilities are likely in South Asia as Pakistan builds up troop numbers on the frontier with India and India prepares to retaliate.
AULA 05
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	In the paragraph below, one word has been replaced with a nonsense word. Use the context to guess what the underlined nonsense word means. "In Hanoi, it is wise to get yourself a wup as soon as possible. It is very easy to get lost if you leave the main streets. You can get free wups at a tourist information center, but they are not complete. Better wups can be found in the bookstores. These have more details, and they provide names of all the streets."
		
	
	hotel
	
	suitcase
	
	magazine
	
	guide
	 
	map
	
Explicação:
A palavra é "wup", a ser substituída por 'map". Há várias indicações, como: It is very easy to get lost if you leave the main streets. You can get free wups at a tourist information center, but they are not complete. They provide names of all the streets.
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto com atenção e responda a questão proposta abaixo dele. GLOBAL WARMING Rising sea levels are driven by two things: the thermal expansion of sea water, and additional water from melting sources of ice. Both processes are caused by global warming. The ice sheet that sits atop Greenland, for example, contains enough water to raise world ocean levels by seven metres (23 feet), which would bury sea-level cities from Dhaka to Shanghai. Segundo o texto, o aumento nos níveis de água é especialmente perigoso para pequenas nações insulares e:
		
	
	c. people who live on the beach
	 
	a. low-lying urban areas.
	
	e. insects related to grains
	
	d. animals living in the forests
	 
	b. all coastal cities.
	
Explicação:
All coastal cities = which would bury sea-level cities from Dhaka to Shanghai.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Which alternative DOES NOT suit an instructive text? Instructive texts sometimes:
		
	
	Use numbered or bulleted points
	
	Use diagrams or pictures to help understanding.
	
	Use direct language and unnecessary words are left out
	
	Use 'must' and 'must not'.
	 
	Use verbs in the past, placed at the beginning of the sentence, that tell you to do something;
	
Explicação:
Instructive text (injunctive) - give orders and directions.
So, they use diagrams and pictures, use direct language (verbs in the imperative), use 'must' and 'must not'.
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	LOOK at the image below:
The image is an example of a recipe. Based on its structure, the text type which is predominant in it is (choose the right option):
		
	 
	instructive
	
	persuasive
	
	narrative
	
	expository
	
	descriptive
	
Explicação:
Instructive texts are concerned with concrete future activity. Central to these texts are imperatives (Hand me the paper) or forms which substitute for them, such as polite questions (Would you hand me the paper?) or suggestive remarks (I wonder what the paper says about the weather). A recipe is an example of an instructive text.
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	CONSIDER the following situation:
''Your course will start with an initial assessment in week 1, followed by a guided tour of the building.''
►The situation above is an example of (choose the right option):Narrative text
	
	Persuasive text
	 
	Informative text
	
	Descriptive text
	
	Instructive text
	
Explicação:
An informative text is a text that wants to advise or tell you about something.
A newspaper article might give you information about a health issue like giving up smoking.
A website might give you information about a movie, band or something that you are interested in.
A handout from school might be advising you about what your child will be doing during the next term.
Informative texts usually:
avoid repetition
contain facts
give information in a clear way - introducing the subject.
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	READ the text below:
Enjoy an Enchanting Holiday in the Maldives. Scattered across the Indian Ocean lie islands with the finest white sand beaches and clearest crystal blue waters. These are the MALDIVES! Over 1,000 coral islands. Temperatures here are always in the 80s. What can our holiday offer you? Luxurious accommodation aboard the fabulous Orient Explorer. Water sports for the entire duration of your holiday. Drinks and entertainment included at no extra charge. Chauffeur-driven limousine to and from the airport. Combine this with another seven-night holiday in our opulent apartments at the Kelai Country Club. Prices start from just £899 per person.
https://is.muni.cz/el/1441/podzim2015/A2BP_PJ1A/um/35513232/Text_types.txt
 
► The purpose of the text above is:  
		
	
	To tell a story
	
	To expose the facts about the island.
	 
	To persuade
	
	To describe a place
	
	To be mandatory
	
Explicação:
A persuasive text is a text that is constructed to make you do something. For example, an advertisement.
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	When reading something, it helps to know what type of text it is. It also helps to know why it has been written.
►Which alternative DOES NOT correspond to the purpose of the text in each situation?
		
	
	A novel might describe somewhere or someone to you.
	
	A car manual might instruct you how to do something to your car.
	 
	A leaflet that comes with a piece of furniture tells you how to put it together or take care of it.
	
	A letter from school might inform you about something.
	 
	A manual might try to persuade you to buy something.
	
Explicação:
Directive texts are concerned with concrete future activity. Central to these texts are imperatives (Hand me the paper) or forms which substitute for them, such as polite questions (Would you hand me the paper?) or suggestive remarks (I wonder what the paper says about the weather). A manual is an example of injunctive text.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	De acordo com o texto, assinale a alternativa que revela qual foi a maior descoberta do estudo em questão sobre o aquecimento global: The world's oceans have warmed 50 percent faster over the last 40 years than previously thought due to climate change, Australian and US climate researchers reported Wednesday. Higher ocean temperatures expand the volume of water, contributing to a rise in sea levels that is submerging small island nations and threatening to wreak havoc in low-lying, densely-populated delta regions around the globe. Trying to figure out how much each of these factors contributes to rising sea levels is critically important to understanding climate change, and forecasting future temperature rises, scientists say. Being so, new studies have been done in order to investigate the situation. A new study, led by Catia Domingues, of the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, is the first to reconcile the models with observed data. Using new techniques to assess ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 metres (2,300 feet) from 1961 to 2003, it shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.53 millimetre-per-year rise in sea levels rather than the 0.32 mm rise reported by the IPCC. According to the text, what was the main finding of the study?
		
	 
	a. That ocean waters have warmed faster than scientists had previously thought.
	 
	b. That the warming of the world's oceans is not a threat.
	
	d. That the oceans will dry entirely
	
	e. that the mountains will melt into sweet water oceans
	
	c. That not enough is being done about global warming.
	1a Questão
	
	
	
	Qual das opções abaixo NÃO representa uma característica dos gêneros textuais?
		
	
	A specific layout
	 
	A specific verb tense
	
	A specific grammatical structure
	
	A specific communicative function
	
	A specific vocabulary
	
Explicação:
Gêneros textuais podem ser entendidos como sistemas discursivos complexos, socialmente construídos pela linguagem, com padrões de organização facilmente identificáveis, e configurados pelo contexto sócio-histórico que engendra as atividades comunicativas.
Temos dois conhecimentos específicos de modelo textual: a) um conhecimento fundado em características textuais - aspectos léxicos, prosódicos, sintáticos e outros; b) conhecimento de modelos funcionais - que dizem respeito à função para a qual se destina o texto e considerando aspectos discursivos, socioculturais; rotinas em sentido estrito.
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	De acordo com o texto, assinale a alternativa que revela qual foi a maior descoberta do estudo em questão sobre o aquecimento global: The world's oceans have warmed 50 percent faster over the last 40 years than previously thought due to climate change, Australian and US climate researchers reported Wednesday. Higher ocean temperatures expand the volume of water, contributing to a rise in sea levels that is submerging small island nations and threatening to wreak havoc in low-lying, densely-populated delta regions around the globe. Trying to figure out how much each of these factors contributes to rising sea levels is critically important to understanding climate change, and forecasting future temperature rises, scientists say. Being so, new studies have been done in order to investigate the situation. A new study, led by Catia Domingues, of the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, is the first to reconcile the models with observed data. Using new techniques to assess ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 metres (2,300 feet) from 1961 to 2003, it shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.53 millimetre-per-year rise in sea levels rather than the 0.32 mm rise reported by the IPCC. According to the text, what was the main finding of the study?
		
	 
	a. That ocean waters have warmed faster than scientists had previously thought.
	
	b. That the warming of the world's oceans is not a threat.
	
	e. that the mountains will melt into sweet water oceans
	
	d. That the oceans will dry entirely
	
	c. That not enough is being done about global warming.
	
Explicação:
The world's oceans have warmed 50 percent faster over the last 40 years than previously thought due to climate change.
All the others are secondary ideas.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto com atenção e responda a questão proposta abaixo dele. GLOBAL WARMING Rising sea levels are driven by two things: the thermal expansion of sea water, and additional water from melting sources of ice. Both processes are caused by global warming. The ice sheet that sits atop Greenland, for example, contains enough water to raise world ocean levels by seven metres (23 feet), which would bury sea-level cities from Dhaka to Shanghai. Segundo o texto, o aumento nos níveis de água é especialmente perigoso para pequenas nações insulares e:
		
	
	d. animals living in the forests
	 
	b. all coastal cities.
	
	e. insects related to grains
	
	a. low-lying urban areas.
	
	c. people who live on the beach
	
Explicação:
All coastal cities= which would bury sea-level cities from Dhaka to Shanghai.
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Which alternative DOES NOT suit an instructive text? Instructive texts sometimes:
		
	
	Use diagrams or pictures to help understanding.
	
	Use numbered or bulleted points
	
	Use 'must' and 'must not'.
	
	Use direct language and unnecessary words are left out
	 
	Use verbs in the past, placed at the beginning of the sentence, that tell you to do something;
	
Explicação:
Instructive text (injunctive) - give orders and directions.
So, they use diagrams and pictures, use direct language (verbs in the imperative), use 'must' and 'must not'.
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	LOOK at the image below:
The image is an example of a recipe. Based on its structure, the text type which is predominant in it is (choose the right option):
		
	 
	instructive
	
	descriptive
	
	expository
	
	narrative
	
	persuasive
	
Explicação:
Instructive texts are concerned with concrete future activity. Central to these texts are imperatives (Hand me the paper) or forms which substitute for them, such as polite questions (Would you hand me the paper?) or suggestive remarks (I wonder what the paper says about the weather). A recipe is an example of an instructive text.
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	CONSIDER the following situation:
''Your course will start with an initial assessment in week 1, followed by a guided tour of the building.''
►The situation above is an example of (choose the right option):
		
	 
	Persuasive text
	 
	Informative text
	
	Descriptive text
	
	Instructive text
	
	Narrative text
	
Explicação:
An informative text is a text that wants to advise or tell you about something.
A newspaper article might give you information about a health issue like giving up smoking.
A website might give you information about a movie, band or something that you are interested in.
A handout from school might be advising you about what your child will be doing during the next term.
Informative texts usually:
avoid repetition
contain facts
give information in a clear way - introducing the subject.
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	READ the text below:
Enjoy an Enchanting Holiday in the Maldives. Scattered across the Indian Ocean lie islands with the finest white sand beaches and clearest crystal blue waters. These are the MALDIVES! Over 1,000 coral islands. Temperatures here are always in the 80s. What can our holiday offer you? Luxurious accommodation aboard the fabulous Orient Explorer. Water sports for the entire duration of your holiday. Drinks and entertainment included at no extra charge. Chauffeur-driven limousine to and from the airport. Combine this with another seven-night holiday in our opulent apartments at the Kelai Country Club. Prices start from just £899 per person.
https://is.muni.cz/el/1441/podzim2015/A2BP_PJ1A/um/35513232/Text_types.txt
 
► The purpose of the text above is:  
		
	
	To tell a story
	
	To describe a place
	
	To expose the facts about the island.
	 
	To persuade
	
	To be mandatory
	
Explicação:
A persuasive text is a text that is constructed to make you do something. For example, an advertisement.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	When reading something, it helps to know what type of text it is. It also helps to know why it has been written.
►Which alternative DOES NOT correspond to the purpose of the text in each situation?
		
	
	A novel might describe somewhere or someone to you.
	
	A car manual might instruct you how to do something to your car.
	
	A letter from school might inform you about something.
	
	A leaflet that comes with a piece of furniture tells you how to put it together or take care of it.
	 
	A manual might try to persuade you to buy something.
	
	
	 1a Questão
	
	
	
	
	In the paragraph below, one word has been replaced with a nonsense word. Use the context to guess what the underlined nonsense word means. "In Hanoi, it is wise to get yourself a wup as soon as possible. It is very easy to get lost if you leave the main streets. You can get free wups at a tourist information center, but they are not complete. Better wups can be found in the bookstores. These have more details, and they provide names of all the streets."
		
	
	magazine
	
	guide
	 
	map
	
	hotel
	
	suitcase
	
Explicação:
A palavra é "wup", a ser substituída por 'map". Há várias indicações, como: It is very easy to get lost if you leave the main streets. You can get free wups at a tourist information center, but they are not complete. They provide names of all the streets.
	
	 
	
	 2a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Leia o texto com atenção e responda a questão proposta abaixo dele. GLOBAL WARMING Rising sea levels are driven by two things: the thermal expansion of sea water, and additional water from melting sources of ice. Both processes are caused by global warming. The ice sheet that sits atop Greenland, for example, contains enough water to raise world ocean levels by seven metres (23 feet), which would bury sea-level cities from Dhaka to Shanghai. Segundo o texto, o aumento nos níveis de água é especialmente perigoso para pequenas nações insulares e:
		
	
	c. people who live on the beach
	
	a. low-lying urban areas.
	 
	b. all coastal cities.
	
	d. animals living in the forests
	
	e. insects related to grains
	
Explicação:
All coastal cities = which would bury sea-level cities from Dhaka to Shanghai.
	
	 
	
	 3a Questão
	
	
	
	
	Which alternative DOES NOT suit an instructive text? Instructive texts sometimes:
		
	
	Use 'must' and 'must not'.
	 
	Use verbs in the past, placed at the beginning of the sentence, that tell you to do something;
	
	Use direct language and unnecessary words are left out
	
	Use numbered or bulleted points
	
	Use diagrams or pictures to help understanding.
	
Explicação:
Instructive text (injunctive) - give orders and directions.
So, they use diagrams and pictures, use direct language (verbs in the imperative), use 'must' and 'must not'.
	
	 
	
	 4a Questão
	
	
	
	
	LOOK at the image below:
The image is an example of a recipe. Based on its structure, the text type which is predominant in it is (choose the right option):
		
	
	narrative
	
	persuasive
	
	descriptive
	 
	instructive
	
	expository
	
Explicação:
Instructive texts are concerned with concrete future activity. Central to these texts are imperatives (Hand me the paper) or forms which substitute for them, such as polite questions (Would you hand me the paper?) or suggestive remarks (I wonder what the paper says about the weather). A recipe is an example of an instructive text.
	
	 
	
	 5a Questão
	
	
	
	
	CONSIDER the following situation:
''Your course will start with an initial assessment in week 1, followed by a guided tour of the building.''
►The situation above is an example of (choose the right option):
		
	
	Instructive text
	 
	Informative text
	 
	Descriptive text
	
	Persuasive text
	
	Narrative text
	
Explicação:
An informative text is a text that wants to advise or tell you about something.
A newspaper article might give you information about a health issue like giving up smoking.
A website might give you information about a movie, band or something that you are interested in.
A handout from school might be advising you about what your child will be doing during the next term.
Informative texts usually:
avoid repetitioncontain facts
give information in a clear way - introducing the subject.
	
	 
	
	 6a Questão
	
	
	
	
	READ the text below:
Enjoy an Enchanting Holiday in the Maldives. Scattered across the Indian Ocean lie islands with the finest white sand beaches and clearest crystal blue waters. These are the MALDIVES! Over 1,000 coral islands. Temperatures here are always in the 80s. What can our holiday offer you? Luxurious accommodation aboard the fabulous Orient Explorer. Water sports for the entire duration of your holiday. Drinks and entertainment included at no extra charge. Chauffeur-driven limousine to and from the airport. Combine this with another seven-night holiday in our opulent apartments at the Kelai Country Club. Prices start from just £899 per person.
https://is.muni.cz/el/1441/podzim2015/A2BP_PJ1A/um/35513232/Text_types.txt
 
► The purpose of the text above is:  
		
	
	To tell a story
	 
	To persuade
	
	To be mandatory
	
	To expose the facts about the island.
	
	To describe a place
	
Explicação:
A persuasive text is a text that is constructed to make you do something. For example, an advertisement.
	
	 
	
	 7a Questão
	
	
	
	
	When reading something, it helps to know what type of text it is. It also helps to know why it has been written.
►Which alternative DOES NOT correspond to the purpose of the text in each situation?
		
	
	A letter from school might inform you about something.
	
	A leaflet that comes with a piece of furniture tells you how to put it together or take care of it.
	
	A novel might describe somewhere or someone to you.
	
	A car manual might instruct you how to do something to your car.
	 
	A manual might try to persuade you to buy something.
	
Explicação:
Directive texts are concerned with concrete future activity. Central to these texts are imperatives (Hand me the paper) or forms which substitute for them, such as polite questions (Would you hand me the paper?) or suggestive remarks (I wonder what the paper says about the weather). A manual is an example of injunctive text.
	
	 
	
	 8a Questão
	
	
	
	
	De acordo com o texto, assinale a alternativa que revela qual foi a maior descoberta do estudo em questão sobre o aquecimento global: The world's oceans have warmed 50 percent faster over the last 40 years than previously thought due to climate change, Australian and US climate researchers reported Wednesday. Higher ocean temperatures expand the volume of water, contributing to a rise in sea levels that is submerging small island nations and threatening to wreak havoc in low-lying, densely-populated delta regions around the globe. Trying to figure out how much each of these factors contributes to rising sea levels is critically important to understanding climate change, and forecasting future temperature rises, scientists say. Being so, new studies have been done in order to investigate the situation. A new study, led by Catia Domingues, of the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, is the first to reconcile the models with observed data. Using new techniques to assess ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 metres (2,300 feet) from 1961 to 2003, it shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.53 millimetre-per-year rise in sea levels rather than the 0.32 mm rise reported by the IPCC. According to the text, what was the main finding of the study?
		
	
	c. That not enough is being done about global warming.
	 
	a. That ocean waters have warmed faster than scientists had previously thought.
	
	b. That the warming of the world's oceans is not a threat.
	
	e. that the mountains will melt into sweet water oceans
	
	d. That the oceans will dry entirely