EM_V07_INGLÊS LIVRO DE ATIVIDADES COM SOLUÇÕES

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©Shutter
stock/Jea
n-Francoi
s Rivard
Livro do Professor
Volume 7
Livro de 
atividades
Língua Inglesa
Alexandre Batista
©Editora Positivo Ltda., 2017 
Proibida a reprodução total ou parcial desta obra, por qualquer meio, sem autorização da Editora.
Dados Internacionais para Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) 
(Maria Teresa A. Gonzati / CRB 9-1584 / Curitiba, PR, Brasil)
B333 Batista, Alexandre.
 Língua inglesa : livro de atividades : Alexandre Batista. – 
Curitiba : Positivo, 2017.
 v. 7 : il.
 ISBN 978-85-467-1635-7 (Livro do aluno)
 ISBN 978-85-467-1588-6 (Livro do professor)
 1. Ensino médio. 2. Língua inglesa – Estudo e ensino. 
I. Título.
CDD 373.33
13
The big screen: the w
orld 
of the movies
Present perfect: since, for, ever, before, yet, already
He has acted in the theater twice this year. (The action is completed. We don't know exactly when he 
acted in the theater this year.)
To form affirmative sentences in the present perfect, use have or has and the past participle of the main verb.
Jessica and Karen have bought the tickets for us. 
Susan has paid for the drinks and popcorn. 
It is possible to contract the subject and the auxiliary verb.
Add not after have/has in negative sentences.
Tom has not (hasn't) watched this movie yet. Don’t tell him the ending. 
I have not (haven't) traveled in a year. 
And place have or has before the subject in questions.
The present perfect tense is used to talk about completed actions at an unspecified time in the past and about ongoing states as well.
 • the action is finished, but we don't know when.
Has it stopped snowing? Yes, it has./No, it hasn't.
How long have Kelly and Richard been together? Ten years.
With reference to the words that are often used with the present perfect, use since and for to talk about ongoing events. Since is used when the 
starting point of an event is mentioned. For is used to mention how long the event has been in progress.
 • Since (questions, affirmatives and negatives)
She has loved jazz music since last year.
 • For (questions, affirmatives and negatives)
She has been here for a year.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTRACTED FORM
I have = I’ve It has = it’s
you have = you’ve we have = we’ve
he has = he’s you have = you’ve
she has = she’s they have = they’ve
 • an event started in the past and continues up to the present.
I have been a TV director for two years now. (The speaker is still a TV director. The state is ongoing.)
2 Volume 7
Subject and object questions
English is an SVO language, which means that its sentences follow a subject-verb-object order.
Alexandre loves music.
 subject verb object 
When a question is directed at the subject of a sentence, it is called a subject question. To form a subject question, it is not necessary to use 
inversions or auxiliary verbs other than the ones that are already part of the sentence. The verb used in a subject question is always in the third 
person singular form.
SUBJECT QUESTIONS OBJECT QUESTIONS
Who is cooking tonight?
What makes you happy?
Who has eaten my cake?
What is keeping you from talking to her?
What are you cooking tonight?
Who is she going out with?
Why did he eat it?
What have you been doing lately?
Yet and already are used to talk about recent experiences. Yet is used to ask if a given event has already happened or to state that 
something has not happened up to the present time. Already is used in affirmatives to state that an event has taken place, or in questions 
to express surprise.
 • Yet (questions and negatives)
Have you had dinner yet?
No, I haven't had dinner yet.
 • Already (affirmatives and questions)
Yes, I have already had dinner.
Have you finished your dinner already? I haven't even touched mine yet. 
Alexandre and Edward love music. 
 subject
Who loves music?
 subject question
Questions directed at the object of a sentence are called object questions. Unlike subject questions, object questions require inversions and 
auxiliary verbs. 
Alexandre and Edward like music.
 object
What do Alexandre and Edward like?
 object question
Use ever and before to talk about life experience. Ever is used in questions when we want to know if an event has happened at any time 
during someone's life, and in affirmatives to express astonishment. Use before in affirmatives or interrogatives to talk about or confirm if an 
event has happened at any time up to now.
 • Ever (questions and affirmatives)
Have you ever been to Japan?
This is the best movie I've ever seen.
 • Before (questions and affirmatives). 
Have you seen this movie before?
I have been to this restaurant before.
3Língua Inglesa
Activities
1. (PUC Minas – MG)
Getting Real About the High Price of Cheap Food
Horror stories about the food industry have been with us since 1906, when Upton Sinclair’s novel 
The Jungle told ugly truths about how America produces its meat. Nowadays, things have got much 
better, and in some ways much worse. The U.S. agricultural industry can now produce unlimited 
quantities of meat and grains at remarkably cheap prices. But it does so at a high cost to the 
environment, animals and humans. Some of those hidden prices are the erosion of fertile farmland 
and the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria among farm animals. 
Some Americans are noticing such warnings and working to transform the way the country eats 
— farmers who are raising sustainable food in ways that don't ruin the earth. Documentaries and 
the work of journalists are reprising Sinclair's work, awakening a sleeping public to the realities of 
how we eat. Change is also coming from the very top. First Lady Michelle Obama's White House 
garden has so far raised a lot of organic produce — and tons of powerful symbolism. Nevertheless, 
despite increasing public awareness, sustainable agriculture, remains a tiny enterprise: according to 
recent data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, less than 1% of American cropland is farmed 
organically. Sustainable food is also pricier than conventional food and harder to find. 
Unless Americans radically rethink the way they grow and consume food, they face a future of 
eroded farmland and high health costs. Sustainable food has an elitist reputation, but each of us 
depends on the soil, animals and plants. And as every farmer knows, if you don't take care of your 
land, it can't take care of you. By BRYAN WALSH Friday, Aug. 21, 2009.
(Adapted from:http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1917458,00.html)
 First Lady Michelle Obama's White House garden has been an effort to
a) transform America’s economy. 
b) promote America’s food industry.
X c) change the way Americans eat. 
d) encourage Americans to cook at home.
 (UFAC) O texto a seguir serve como base para as questões 2 e 3.
Google Instant promises live search results
by Maggie Shiels
Technology reporter,
BBC News, Silicon Valley
“Google has speeded up its internet search engine by launching a product called Instant that 
displays results as soon as users type in queries.
The service predicts a user's query and modifies the displayed results as more letters are typed 
into the search box.
The company described it as ‘search at the speed of thought’.
Previously Google's suggested search terms and did not reveal results until the ‘enter’ key was hit 
or the ‘search’ button was clicked.
Google Instant goes live in the next week and on mobile devices by autumn.
The service will initially be rolled out in the US, UK, Spain, Germany, France and Russia. 
Challenge to Microsoft? 
4 Volume 7
In a demo event held at San Francisco's Museum of Modern Art, Marissa Mayer, Google's 
vice-president of search products and user experience, typed in ‘sfm’ into the search box to 
demonstrate the new service.
As she typed, results appeared instantly for ‘SF MOMA’ - the first predicted search result.
In another demo, when the letter ‘w’ was entered, a list of links offeringthe ‘weather’ appeared 
along with images showing the temperature.
‘We've actually predicting what query you are likely to do and we're giving you results for that,’ 
said Ms Mayer. 
Google estimates that the typical user spends nine seconds entering a query and 15 seconds 
looking for answers.
The company says Google Instant could shave between two and five seconds off a typical web search. 
‘Google is betting all they have that speed is everything,’ Harry McCracken of technology blog 
Technologizer.com told the BBC. 
‘Saving one or two seconds isn't that big of a deal. One of my instant thoughts is that I am going 
to see results I don't want because until I type enough that it knows what I want, it is going to 
show me links I am not interested in.’
Technology commentator Robert Scoble said that the new feature would present a real challenge 
to Microsoft search engine Bing, which has been slowly chipping away at Google's lead in the 
search market.
‘Playing with it, it dramatically changes the way I do searches. I think it is a pretty major leap 
forward but this means that Bing becomes far less interesting and they now have to step up,’ said 
Mr. Scoble.
Microsoft currently commands around 11% of the US search market compared to Google's 66%, 
according to research firm Comscore. 
Bing has gradually increased its market share since launch, although its growth has recently 
slowed.”
http://www.bbc.co.uk/newstechnology-11239037.
2. Read the sentences below and judge them (T) TRUE or (F) FALSE:
 I. Google Instant makes the queries faster.
 II. With Google Instant query results will be revealed before the enter button is hit.
 III. Search terms will not be suggested anymore.
 IV. Mobile users will not have access until autumn.
 V. Initially the service will not be available for the British people.
a) T-T-T-F-F.
b) T-F-T-T-F.
X c) T-T-F-T-F.
d) T-F-F-T-F.
e) F-T-F-T-F.
3. By saying “We’ve actually been predicting what query you are likely to do and we’re giving you results for that”, 
Google’s vice-president means:
a) Today we can predict your query and what your favorite activities are and give you results for that.
X b) We can preview what you are probably searching and give you the results for that.
c) The service can offer instant results based on what you like.
d) The service can preview your query completely and offer you the best results.
e) Today we can certainly predict what your queries are and give you results for that.
Língua Inglesa 5
 (UFAM) O texto a seguir serve de base para as questões 
4 a 6.
Leonardo DiCaprio is to star as 28th 
US president Woodrow Wilson in a 
film that he will also produce.
Warner Bros are in early negotiations to 
pick up the rights to Wilson, the presidential 
biography written by A. Scott Berg. The 
book was published last week to positive 
reviews. Wilson is known for leading the 
US to join the allies in World War I and his 
support for the Treaty of Versailles. He also 
created the Federal Reserve – the central 
banking system of the United States. Berg's 
biography is a heroic portrayal of Wilson, 
whose time in office ran from 1913 to 1921. 
In 1919, he was awarded the Nobel Prize 
for Peace for his efforts to create the League 
of Nations. But his critics have pointed out 
that he failed to support racial integration 
during his presidency. DiCaprio will produce 
the film with his company, the Appian Way, 
along with writer Berg and Jennifer Davisson 
Killoran.The actor was last seen on the big 
screen in Baz Luhrmann's The Great Gatsby, 
based on F Scott Fitzgerald's novel.He can 
next be seen in Martin Scorsese's Wolf of 
Wall Street as a risk-taking investment 
banker. It is the actor's fifth collaboration 
with the revered director.
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-24123576
4. Quem foi Woodrow Wilson, personagem que será 
interpretado por Leonardo DiCaprio no cinema?
a) O 28º. presidente do “Federal Reserve Bank”.
b) Vencedor do prêmio Nobel de Literatura.
X c) O 28º. Presidente dos Estados Unidos.
d) Escritor da biografia de Berg.
e) Um grande defensor da Integração Racial nos 
Estados Unidos.
5. Um dos últimos filmes estrelado por Leonardo 
DiCaprio foi:
a) Wall Street
b) The Appian Way
c) The Treaty of 
Versailles
X d) The Great Gatsby
e) The Allies in World 
War I
6. A palavra “revered” na linha 25 pode ser traduzida 
por:
a) Resgatado
b) Copiado
c) Publicado
X d) Reverenciado
e) Criticado
 O texto a seguir serve de base para as questões 7 a 12.
Metrosexuals: It’s a Guy Thing!
An emerging breed of man, the metrosexual, 
shows his soft, sensitive, feminine side. 
By Richard Trubo
WebMD Feature
Reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD 
There, deep in the hair-care aisle, carefully 
selecting the product du jour, or in the 
salon having his nails buffed to the perfect 
shine while checking out the latest fashion 
magazines – it's not a bird, not a gay man, it's 
a metrosexual!
And judging by the popularity of the new TV 
program Queer Eye for the Straight Guy, many 
more once slovenly men want to join the ranks 
of this new breed of Renaissance man.
Not yet familiar with the new buzzword, 
"metrosexual"? Some social observers and 
product marketers believe it's just a matter 
of time until "metrosexual" becomes part of 
your vocabulary – and perhaps a description 
of your own lifestyle as well.
So what makes a metrosexual man? He's 
been defined as a straight, sensitive, well-
educated, urban dweller who is in touch with 
his feminine side. He may have a standing 
appointment for a weekly manicure, and he 
probably has his hair cared for by a stylist 
rather than a barber. He loves to shop, he 
may wear jewelry, and his bathroom counter 
is most likely filled with male-targeted 
grooming products, including moisturizers 
(and perhaps even a little makeup). He may 
work on his physique at a fitness club (not a 
gym) and his appearance probably gets him 
lots of attention – and he's delighted by every 
stare.
[...]
TRUBO, Richard. Metrosexuals: It's a Guy Thing! Available 
at: <http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/features/
metrosexuals-its-guy-thing>. Accessed on: 8 Sept., 2015.
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7. What is the tone of the text?
X a) playful
b) serious
c) worried
d) depressing
e) solemn
8. Which of the following words means "for men"?
a) grooming
b) well-educated
X c) male-targeted
d) delighted
e) renaissance
9. What is the purpose of the article?
a) To warn men not to be metrosexuals.
b) To teach men to be metrosexuals.
X c) To inform the reader about metrosexuality.
d) To make fun of metrosexuals.
e) To discuss the consequences of being a 
metrosexual.
10. What is true according to the article?
a) A metrosexual man doesn't get a manicure.
b) A metrosexual man always looks scruffy.
c) A metrosexual man is afraid of getting in touch with 
his feminine side.
d) A metrosexual man refuses to see a hair stylist.
X e) A metrosexual takes pride in looking sharp.
11. Explain why the author uses the modal verb "may" 
quite often.
To list different possibilities for being a metrosexual man.
12. "Dweller" (line 19) could be replaced by
a) hater
b) lover
c) planner
d) architect
X e) resident
13. Look at the following sentence and mark the options 
that are true about it.
 Have you 1 visited the Eiffel Tower 2 ?
X (01) "Ever" can be used in blank 1.
X (02) "Before" can be used in blank 2.
(04) "Yet" cannot be used in either of the blanks.
X (08) "Since" cannot be used in either of the blanks.
(16) "For" can be used in blank 2.
(32) "Yet" can be used in blank 1.
X (64) "Already" can be used in blank 1 when 
expressing surprise.
14. Choose the option that best completes the following 
sentence.
 "Harry’shouse is located in a leafy and wealthy 
suburb of London. He has lived there alone 
________ over two decades."
x a) for
b) since
c) ever
d) before
e) already
15. (UFGD – MS) 
"Don't panic. Maybe he hasn't picked it up yet. 
You could try to delete it before he sees it..." Ali 
Disponível em: Acesso em: 15 ago. 2014. 
 Which sentence doesn´t change the meaning of the 
sentence above: 
a) Possibly he hasn´t showed it up yet. 
x b) Maybe he hasn´t got it yet. 
c) Maybe he hasn´t watched it yet. 
d) Maybe he has already picked it up. 
e) Possibly he hasn´t erased it yet.
Língua Inglesa 7
14
That’s my jam!
Present perfect continuous
The present perfect continuous is used to talk about actions 
that started in the past and continue up to the present. To form the 
present perfect continuous, use have or has + been + the present 
participle form of the main verb. 
I
have
been reading.
You
He
hasShe
It
We
haveYou
They
To make negative sentences add not after have or has.
I haven’t/
have not
been reading.
You
He
hasn’t /
has not
She
It
We
haven’t/
have not
You
They
For questions, place have or has before the subject. Short answers 
are formed with have or has and the appropriate subject.
Have
I
been reading?
you
Has
he
she
it
Have
we
you
they
Have you been exercising? Yes, I have./No, I haven't.
Have your friends been helping you? Yes, they 
have./No, they haven't.
The present perfect continuous tense can also be used to talk 
about actions that have recently finished, but whose results are 
noticeable now.
You look tired. Have you been running?
Something smells good. Have you been cooking? 
Her eyes are red. She has been chopping onions.
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8 Volume 7
Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a dependent clause to an independent one. Some examples of subordinating conjunctions are 
although, as, since, even though, because, in order that, whereas, so that, and while. 
Although/even though I wasn't hungry, I ate two sandwiches and a cereal bar.
As she had an early meeting the following day, she set her alarm.
She went home early because she had an important meeting the following day.
Leon was all smiles since Margot had accepted his proposal.
David left for Berlin so that/in order that he could get over with the persona he had created.
While/whereas some people may think that digital dirt may not keep them from landing their dream job, some others 
have been ego-surfing and making sure that what shows up communicates whatever they want to communicate.
If the subordinate clause comes before the independent clause, use a comma to separate the clauses. No comma is necessary if the 
subordinate clause follows the independent one unless the conjunction is whereas or while.
He's already eating dinner although it's only five o'clock.
Although it's only five o'clock, he's already eating dinner.
I am lactose intolerant, while/whereas my wife is allergic to gluten. 
While/whereas my wife is allergic to gluten, I am lactose intolerant.
Reason and purpose Contrast and concession
as, since, because, in order that, so that although, even though, whereas, while
9Língua Inglesa
Activities
1. Which alternative is closest in meaning to the following sentence?
 "It is raining now. It started raining five hours ago."
a) It has rained before.
b) It rained five hours ago.
c) It always rains at five.
d) It rained for five hours.
X e) It has been raining for five hours.
2. (UFRGS – RS)
Advice Gratis to Certain Women – 
By a Woman 
O, my strong-minded sisters, aspiring to vote, 
And to row with your brothers, all in the same boat, 
When you come out to speak to the public your mind, 
Leave your tricks, and your airs, and your graces behind! 
For instance, when you by the world would be seen 
As reporter, or editor (first-class, I mean), 
I think – just to come to the point in one line – 
What you write will be finer, if 'tis not too fine. 
Pray, don't let the thread of your subject be strung 
With "golden," and "shimmer," "sweet," "filter," and "flung;" 
Nor compel, by your style, all your readers to guess 
You've ........looking up words Webster marks obs. 
And another thing: whatever else you may say, 
Do keep personalities out of the way; 
Don't try every sentence to make people see 
What a dear, charming creature the writer must be! 
Don't mistake me; I mean that the public's not home, 
You must do as the Romans do, when you're in Rome; 
I would have you be womanly, while you are wise; 
'Tis the weak and the womanish tricks I despise. 
'Tis a good thing to write, and to rule in the state, 
But to be a true, womanly woman is great: 
And if ever you come to be that, 'twill be when 
You can cease to be babies, nor try to be men! 
Adaptado de: CAREY, Phoebe. Advice Gratis to Certain Women. In: RATTINER, Susan (ed.). 
Great Poems by American Women: An Anthology. Mineola: DoverThrift, 1998. p. 72. 59. 
 Assinale a alternativa que completa corretamente a lacuna da linha 12.
a) be
X b) been
c) being
d) to be
e) are
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10 Volume 7
3. Which of the following subordinating conjunctions 
correctly completes the sentence below?
 "He had to lift weights for 6 months _____________ 
he would be fit for his role in Troy."
a) because
b) whereas
c) even though
X d) in order that
e) as
 O trecho abaixo serve de base para as questões 4 a 8.
This is a man's world, this is a man's world
But it wouldn't be nothing, nothing without a 
woman or a girl
You see, man made the cars to take us over 
the road
Man made the trains to carry heavy loads
[...]
BROWN, J. It's a man's man'sman's world. Available at: <http://
www.vagalume.com.br/james-brown/its-a-mans-mans-mans-
world.html>. Accessed on: 7 Sept., 2015.
4. Rewrite the first two lines using "although".
Although this is a man's world, it would be nothing without a 
woman or a girl.
5. Rewrite the last line using "so that".
Man made the trains so that he could carry heavy loads.
6. Write a question so that the answer is "Man".
"Man made the trains to carry heavy loads"
Who made the trains to carry heavy loads?
7. Still based on the previous sentence, write a question 
so that the answer is "the trains".
What did man make to carry heavy loads?
8. Mark the subject questions.
X (01) What happened?
(02) What kinds of music are you listening to these 
days?
(04) Where does the movie take place?
X (08) Who does the cooking in your home?
(16) How many hours do you spend on the Internet 
per day?
(32) What is this ad for?
X (64) Who plays the leading role in this movie?
 O texto a seguir serve de base para as questões 
9 a 12.
Lactose Intolerance
What is lactose intolerance?
Lactose intolerance is the inability to 
digest lactose, the sugar primarily found in 
milk and dairy products. It is caused by a 
shortage of lactase in the body, an enzyme 
produced by the small intestine that is 
needed to digest lactose. While lactose 
intolerance is not dangerous, its symptoms 
can be distressing.
What are the symptoms of lactose 
intolerance?
Symptoms of lactose intolerance occur 
when there is not enough lactase being 
produced by the body to digest the 
lactose consumed. Symptoms of lactose 
intolerance include nausea, cramps, gas, 
bloating, or diarrhea within 30 minutes 
to 2 hours after consuming milk or dairy 
products. The severity of symptoms varies, 
depending on the amount of lactose an 
individual person can tolerate. Some 
people may be sensitive to extremely 
small amounts of lactose-containing foods 
while others can eat larger amounts before 
they notice symptoms. Age and digestion 
rate may influence how much lactose an 
individual may tolerate.
CLEVELAND CLINIC. Lactose intolerance. Available at:<https://
my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_Lactose_
Intolerance>. Accessed on: 8 Sept., 2015.
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Língua Inglesa 11
9. What is true about the excerpt?
a) Lactose is a vitamin. 
b) Lactose intolerance is dangerous.
c) Lactose intolerance occurs when an excess of 
lactase is produced by our body.
d) Symptoms of lactose intolerance may occur two 
days after consuming milk or dairy products.
X e) Different people may tolerate different amounts of 
lactose.
10. What is the primary purpose of the excerpt?
a) To outline the causes of lactose intolerance.
b) To review the latest research on latest medication 
for lactose intolerance.
c) To convince the reader that lactose intolerance is 
psychological.
X d) To explain what lactose intolerance is and list its 
symptoms.
e) To teach the reader to prepare dairy-free recipes.
11. "While" (line 24) could be replaced by
X a) although
b) because
c) as
d) since
e) in order that
12. In the excerpt, the use of can (line 21) and may (26) 
respectively indicates
a) possibility and ability.
b) advice and possibility.
c) obligation and ability.
d) permission and possibility.
X e) ability and possibility.
13. Choose the word that best completes the following 
statement.
 "I have been cooking ______ I woke up."
a) for
b) yet
c) already
d) ever
X e) since
 (UECE) O texto a seguir serve de base para as questões 14 e 15. 
Brazil plowed billions of dollars into building a railroad across arid backlands, only for the 
longdelayed project to fall prey to metal scavengers. Curvaceous new public buildings designed 
by the famed architect Oscar Niemeyer were abandoned right after being constructed. There was 
even an ill-fated U.F.O. museum built with federal funds. Its skeletal remains now sit like a lost ship 
among the weeds. 
As Brazil sprints to get ready for the World Cup in June, it has run up against a catalog of delays, 
some caused by deadly construction accidents at stadiums, and cost overruns. It is building bus and 
rail systems for spectators that will not be finished until long after the games are done. But the World 
Cup projects are just a part of a bigger national problem casting a pall over Brazil’s grand ambitions: 
an array of lavish projects conceived when economic growth was surging that now stand abandoned, 
stalled or wildly over budget. 
Some economists say the troubled projects reveal a crippling bureaucracy, irresponsible allocation 
of resources and bastions of corruption.
Huge street protests have been aimed at costly new stadiums being built in cities like Manaus 
and Brasília, whose paltry fan bases are almost sure to leave a sea of empty seats after the World 
Cup events are finished, adding to concerns that even more white elephants will emerge from the 
tournament.
“The fiascos are multiplying, revealing disarray that is regrettably systemic,” said Gil Castello 
Branco, director of Contas Abertas, a Brazilian watchdog group that scrutinizes public budgets. 
“We’re waking up to the reality that immense resources have been wasted on extravagant projects 
when our public schools are still a mess and raw sewage is still in our streets.” 
The growing list of troubled development projects includes a $3.4 billion network of concrete 
canals in the drought-plagued hinterland of northeast Brazil — which was supposed to be finished 
in 2010 — as well as dozens of new wind farms idled by a lack of transmission lines and unfinished 
luxury hotels blighting Rio de Janeiro’s skyline. 
12 Volume 7
Economists surveyed by the nation’s central bank see Brazil’s economy growing just 1.63 percent 
this year, down from 7.5 percent in 2010, making 2014 the fourth straight year of slow growth. 
President Dilma Rousseff’s supporters contend that the public spending has worked, helping 
to keep unemployment at historical lows and preventing what would have been a much worse 
economic slowdown had the government not pumped its considerable resources into infrastructure 
development. 
Still, a growing chorus of critics argues that the inability to finish big infrastructure projects reveals 
weaknesses in Brazil’s model of state capitalism. First, they say, Brazil gives extraordinary influence to 
a web of state-controlled companies, banks and pension funds to invest in ill-advised projects. Then 
other bastions of the vast public bureaucracy cripple projects with audits and lawsuits. 
“Some ventures never deserved public money in the first place,” said Sérgio Lazzarini, an 
economist at Insper, a São Paulo business school, pointing to the millions in state financing for 
the overhaul of the Glória hotel in Rio, owned until recently by a mining tycoon, Eike Batista. The 
project was left unfinished, unable to open for the World Cup, when Mr. Batista’s business empire 
crumbled last year. “For infrastructure projects which deserve state support and get it,” Mr. Lazzarini 
continued, “there’s the daunting task of dealing with the risks that the state itself creates.” 
The Transnordestina, a railroad begun in 2006 here in northeast Brazil, illustrates some of the 
pitfalls plaguing projects big and small. Scheduled to be finished in 2010 at a cost of about $1.8 
billion, the railroad, designed to stretch more than 1,000 miles, is now expected to cost at least $3.2 
billion, with most financing from state banks. Officials say it should be completed around 2016. 
But with work sites abandoned because of audits and other setbacks months ago in and around 
Paulistana, a town in Piauí, one of Brazil’s poorest states, even that timeline seems optimistic. Long 
stretches where freight trains were already supposed to be running stand deserted. Wiry vaqueiros, 
or cowboys, herd cattle in the shadow of ghostly railroad bridges that tower 150 feet above parched 
valleys. “Thieves are pillaging metal from the work sites,” said Adailton Vieira da Silva, 42, an 
electrician who labored with thousands of others before work halted last year. “Now there are just 
these bridges left in the middle of nowhere.” 
Brazil’s transportation minister, César Borges, expressed exasperation with the delays in finishing 
the railroad, which is needed to transport soybean harvests to port. He listed the bureaucracies that 
delay projects like the Transnordestina: the Federal Court of Accounts; the Office of the Comptroller 
General; an environmental protection agency; an institute protecting archaeological patrimony; 
agencies protecting the rights of indigenous peoples and descendants of escaped slaves; and the 
Public Ministry, a body of independent prosecutors. Still, Mr. Borges insisted, “Projects get delayed in 
countries around the world, not just Brazil.” 
Some economists contend that the way Brazil is investing may be hampering growth instead 
of supporting it. The authorities encouraged energy companies to build wind farms, but dozens 
cannot operate because they lack transmission lines to connect to the electricity grid. Meanwhile, 
manufacturers worry over potential electricity rationing as reservoirs at hydroelectric dams run dry 
amid a drought. 
Then there is the extraterrestrial museum in Varginha, a city in southeast Brazil where residents 
claimed to have seen an alien in 1996. Officials secured federal money to build the museum, but 
now all that remains of the unfinished project is the rusting carcass of what looks like a flying saucer. 
“That museum,” said Roberto Macedo, an economist at the University of São Paulo, “is an insult to 
both extraterrestrials and the terrestrial beings like ourselves who foot the bill for yet another project 
failing to deliver.”
Adapted from www.nytimes.com/April 12, 2014
Língua Inglesa 13
14. The sentence “…immense resources have been wasted on extravagant projects when our public schools are still a 
mess and raw sewage is still in our streets” contains a/an 
a) coordinatingconjunction. 
b) defining relative clause. 
c) non-defining relative clause. 
X d) subordinating conjunction.
15. The sentences “Officials secured federal money to build the museum, but now all that remains of the unfinished 
project is the rusting carcass of what looks like a flying saucer.” and “While an economic crisis here still seems like a 
remote possibility, investors have grown increasingly pessimistic” contain, respectively, 
X a) a coordinating conjunction and a subordinating conjunction.
b) a coordinating conjunction and a coordinating conjunction. 
c) a subordinating conjunction and a coordinating conjunction. 
d) a subordinating conjunction and a subordinating conjunction.
 (UNIFESP) O texto a seguir serve de base para as questões 16 a 18.
Will we ever… understand why music makes us feel good? 
19 April 2013
Philip Ball
No one knows why music has such a potent effect on our emotions. But thanks to some recent 
studies we have a few intriguing clues. Why do we like music? Like most good questions, this one 
works on many levels. We have answers on some levels, but not all.
We like music because it makes us feel good. Why does it make us feel good? In 2001, 
neuroscientists Anne Blood and Robert Zatorre at McGill University in Montreal provided an answer. 
Using magnetic resonance imaging they showed that people listening to pleasurable music had 
activated brain regions called the limbic and paralimbic areas, which are connected to euphoric 
reward responses, like those we experience from sex, good food and addictive drugs. Those rewards 
come from a gush of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. As DJ Lee Haslam told us, music is the 
drug.
But why? It’s easy enough to understand why sex and food are rewarded with a dopamine rush: 
this makes us want more, and so contributes to our survival and propagation. (Some drugs subvert 
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that survival instinct by stimulating dopamine release on false pretences.) But why would a sequence 
of sounds with no obvious survival value do the same thing?
The truth is no one knows. However, we now have many clues to why music provokes intense 
emotions. The current favourite theory among scientists who study the cognition of music – how 
we process it mentally – dates back to 1956, when the philosopher and composer Leonard Meyer 
suggested that emotion in music is all about what we expect, and whether or not we get it. Meyer 
drew on earlier psychological theories of emotion, which proposed that it arises when we’re unable 
to satisfy some desire. That, as you might imagine, creates frustration or anger – but if we then find 
what we’re looking for, be it love or a cigarette, the payoff is all the sweeter.
This, Meyer argued, is what music does too. It sets up sonic patterns and regularities that tempt 
us to make unconscious predictions about what’s coming next. If we’re right, the brain gives itself a 
little reward – as we’d now see it, a surge of dopamine. The constant dance between expectation and 
outcome thus enlivens the brain with a pleasurable play of emotions.
(www.bbc.com. Adaptado.)
16. Segundo o texto, a pergunta apresentada no primeiro parágrafo
a) é intrigante e merece uma reflexão por parte de músicos e psicólogos.
b) mostra que a música está relacionada à sobrevivência do ser humano.
c) introduz uma questão científica ainda não abordada.
d) indica que a música pode auxiliar em tratamentos para depressão.
X e) pode ser abordada a partir de diversas perspectivas.
17. According to McGill University neuroscientists, music one enjoys makes the person feel good because
X a) two brain regions related to pleasure are stimulated.
b) they used magnetic resonance imaging to enhance dopamine.
c) most people feel euphoric and start to move their bodies or dance.
d) it recalls memories related to sex and other good experiences.
e) it is often played in social gatherings where food, sex and drugs may be present.
18. No trecho do último parágrafo – The constant dance between expectation and outcome thus enlivens the brain with 
a pleasurable play of emotions. –, a palavra thus pode ser corretamente substituída, mantendo-se o sentido, por
X a) thereby.
b) moreover.
c) whereas.
d) although.
e) notwithstanding.
19. Read the excerpt below and choose the correct alternative according to the use of conjunctions in bold.
[…]
So you see, if you fall into a lion’s pit, the reason the lion will tear you to pieces is not because it’s 
hungry – be assured, zoo animals are amply fed – or because it’s bloodthirsty, but because you’ve 
invaded its territory.
As an aside, that is why a circus trainer must always enter the lion ring first, and in full sight of the 
lions. In doing so, he establishes that the ring is his territory, not theirs, a notion that he reinforces 
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Língua Inglesa 15
by shouting, by stomping about, by snapping his whip. The lions are impressed. Their disadvantage 
weighs heavily on them. Notice how the come in: mighty predators though they are, “kings of 
beasts”, they crawl in with their tails low and they keep to the edges of the ring, which is always 
round so that they have nowhere to hide. They are in the presence of a strongly dominant male, a 
super-alpha male, and they must submit to his dominance rituals. So they open their jaws wide, they 
sit up, they jump through paper-covered hoops, they crawl through tubes, they walk backwards, 
they roll over. “He’s a queer one,” they think dimly. “Never seen a top lion like him. But he runs a 
good pride. The larder’s always full and – let’s be honest, mates – his antics keeps us busy. Napping 
all the time does get a bit boring. At least we’re not riding bicycles like the brown bears or catch 
flying plates like the chimps.” 
[…]
MARTEL, Yann. Life of Pi. Orlando: Harcourt Books, 2001. p. 43.
X a) The subordinating conjunction because is used to express reason.
b) Because and so are examples of coordinating conjunctions.
c) But is a subordinate conjunction used to express contrast.
d) So that is a subordinating conjunction and is used to express contrast.
e) Because can be replaced by so that in line 2. 
20. The following excerpt was taken from Coraline, by Neil Gaiman. Read the excerpt and choose the alternative that 
indicates the conjunctions that correctly fill in the blanks.
“We wish you luck,” said the winged girl. “Good fortune and wisdom and courage – (1) 
_____________ you have already shown that you have all three of these blessings, and in 
abundance.”
“She hates you,” blurted out the boy. “She hasn’t lost anything for so long. Be wise. Be brave. Be 
tricky.”
“(2) ___________ it’s not fair,” said Coraline, in her dream, angrily. “It’s just not fair. It should be 
over.”
The boy with the dirty face stood up (3) _____________ hugged Coraline tightly. “Take comfort in 
this,” he whispered. “Th’art alive. Thou livest.”
GAIMAN, Neil. Coraline. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2002. p. 145.
a) (1) because; (2) Since; (3) but
b) (1) although; (2) Because; (3) and
X c) (1) although; (2) But; (3) and
d) (1) while; (2) But; (3) and
e) (1) because; (2) Although; (3) but
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