Unopar-servico-social-questao-social-dl_7a19d78f6eb76dd2d90916f92da74e0f

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[ëe Jesé fes Kacpes/[P[ëe Jesé fes Kacpes/[P
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[I[VBCA FB BG[IGE P\B[BGKIAM KEGBKVAFE[I[VBCA FB BG[IGE P\B[BGKIAM KEGBKVAFE
KR\[E [B\^IÏE [EKIAMKR\[E [B\^IÏE [EKIAM
”A QRB[VËE [EKIAM B A P\BKA\IZAÏËE FE V\ALAMDE BC VBCPE[ FB”A QRB[VËE [EKIAM B A P\BKA\IZAÏËE FE V\ALAMDE BC VBCPE[ FB
PAGFBCIA GE L\A[IM–PAGFBCIA GE L\A[IM–
  
[ëe Jesé fes Kacpes/[P[ëe Jesé fes Kacpes/[P
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”A QRB[VËE [EKIAM B A P\BKA\IZAÏËE FE V\ALAMDE BC VBCPE[ FB”A QRB[VËE [EKIAM B A P\BKA\IZAÏËE FE V\ALAMDE BC VBCPE[ FB
PAGFBCIA GE L\A[IM–PAGFBCIA GE L\A[IM–
VrVralalamamde de apaprbrbsbsbgtgtafafe e atatraravévés s fe fe kukursrse e fbfb
[brviïe [ekiam kec e igtuite fb eltbgïëe fb[brviïe [ekiam kec e igtuite fb eltbgïëe fb
céfia licbstram gas fiskipmigas fb Agtrepemeoia,céfia licbstram gas fiskipmigas fb Agtrepemeoia,
KiKiêgêgkikia a PePemãmãtitikaka, , NuNugfgfacacbgbgtetes s DiDiststûrûrikikeses,,
Vbûrikes b Cbtefemûoikes fe [brviïe [ekiam II,Vbûrikes b Cbtefemûoikes fe [brviïe [ekiam II,
[brviïe [ekiam II b [ekiemeoia Kritika.[brviïe [ekiam II b [ekiemeoia Kritika.Irbces nazbr use fas fiskipmigas fe sbcbstrbIrbces nazbr use fas fiskipmigas fe sbcbstrb
para bmalerar e tralamde.para bmalerar e tralamde.
Eribgtafer: Pren.: Bmias Larrbire, Caria Oisbmb fbEribgtafer: Pren.: Bmias Larrbire, Caria Oisbmb fb
 Ambgkar, Paume [broie Arao Ambgkar, Paume [broie Araoëe b [tbnagi Nbgicagëe b [tbnagi Nbgicag
  
[RCÁ\IE[RCÁ\IE
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<< FB[BFB[BG^EM^G^EM ÎCBGVICBGVE.....E.........................................................................................................................................................................0......0>>
;; KEGKKEGKMR[ËMR[ËE.....E..................................................................................................................................................................................................1.......166
\BNB\ÊGKIA[...........................................................................................................1>\BNB\ÊGKIA[...........................................................................................................1>
  
11 IIGGVV\\EEFFRRÏÏËËEE
É É kekecuc cuc vbrvbrces ces bc bc jerjergaigais, s, rbvrbvististas, as, preprepaopaoagfagfas as b b fisfiskurkurses ses aa
anircaïëe qub ge Lrasim, tufe é cuite kare per kausa fes icpestes b qub aanircaïëe qub ge Lrasim, tufe é cuite kare per kausa fes icpestes b qub a
karoa trilutária lrasimbira é uca fas caierbs fe cugfe, qub oragfb partb feskaroa trilutária lrasimbira é uca fas caierbs fe cugfe, qub oragfb partb fes
rbkurses fes oevbrges sëe fbsviafes pbma kerrupïëe b qub e oevbrge sbcprbrbkurses fes oevbrges sëe fbsviafes pbma kerrupïëe b qub e oevbrge sbcprb
bstá fispeste a kriar geves trilutes para nigagkiar sbus oastes.bstá fispeste a kriar geves trilutes para nigagkiar sbus oastes.
 Até  Até qub qub pegte pegte dá dá vbrakifafb vbrakifafb gbssbs gbssbs nates, nates, quagte quagte fb fb icpeste icpeste bstábstá
bclutife ges prefutes qub afquirices, quagte e oevbrge arrbkafa b quagtebclutife ges prefutes qub afquirices, quagte e oevbrge arrbkafa b quagte
bmb oasta b kece e oevbrge oasta fe bmb oasta b kece e oevbrge oasta fe qub é arrbkafafe.qub é arrbkafafe.
É salife qub es oevbrges kecprecbtifes kec a fbcekrakia bsticumacÉ salife qub es oevbrges kecprecbtifes kec a fbcekrakia bsticumac
a tragsparêgkia b e kegtremb sekiam, tragsparêgkia é e fbvbr fe Bstafe kece ea tragsparêgkia b e kegtremb sekiam, tragsparêgkia é e fbvbr fe Bstafe kece e
ouarfiëe fb rbkurses qub pbrtbgkbc ae kegjugte fa sekibfafb fb prbstar ouarfiëe fb rbkurses qub pbrtbgkbc ae kegjugte fa sekibfafb fb prbstar 
kegtas aes feges fe figdbire, eu sbja, kegtas aes feges fe figdbire, eu sbja, tefes gûs, selrb e qub tefes gûs, selrb e qub bmb bstá nazbgfebmb bstá nazbgfe
kec e gesse sakrinikafe figdbire, e eutre mafe bgtbgfife kece e Kegtrembkec e gesse sakrinikafe figdbire, e eutre mafe bgtbgfife kece e Kegtremb
[e[ekikiam am eu eu papartirtikikipapaïëïëe e sesekikiamam, , é é e e bxbxbrbrkãkãkikie e fe fe fifirbrbitite e fbfbvbvbr r fe fe kikifafafëfëe,e,
niskamizar, cegiterar, keniskamizar, cegiterar, kegtremar b ignmubgkiar b gtremar b ignmubgkiar b kegtbstar as aïkegtbstar as aïòbs b es ates òbs b es ates fesfes
afcigistrafer púlmike.afcigistrafer púlmike.
E bxbrkãkie fe kegtremb sekiam é uc fes cais icpertagtbs cbkagiscesE bxbrkãkie fe kegtremb sekiam é uc fes cais icpertagtbs cbkagisces
fb prbvbgïëe fa kerrupïëe b nertambkicbgte fa kifafagia, já qub pbme tacagdefb prbvbgïëe fa kerrupïëe b nertambkicbgte fa kifafagia, já qub pbme tacagde
fe Bstafe é icpessãvbm qub as igstituiïòbs fb kegtremb sezigdas kegsioacfe Bstafe é icpessãvbm qub as igstituiïòbs fb kegtremb sezigdas kegsioac
assbourar a mboiticifafb fb tefes es ates fa afcigistraïëe púlmika. Decbgs,assbourar a mboiticifafb fb tefes es ates fa afcigistraïëe púlmika. Decbgs,
cumdbrbs, jevbgs b afumtes, igfbpbgfbgtbs fb sbxe, raïa eu rbmioiëe, sëe partbscumdbrbs, jevbgs b afumtes, igfbpbgfbgtbs fb sbxe, raïa eu rbmioiëe, sëe partbs
mboãticas para fbgugkiar eu kegtbstar es ates fa afcigistraïëe púlmika, sbjacmboãticas para fbgugkiar eu kegtbstar es ates fa afcigistraïëe púlmika, sbjac
sezigdes eu rbugifes bc assekiaïòbs, EGO’s eu sezigdes eu rbugifes bc assekiaïòbs, EGO’s eu orupes fb igtbrbssb.orupes fb igtbrbssb.
Pertagte, ae bmbobr e oevbrgagtb e kifafëe bcprbsta a kdavb fe kenrbPertagte, ae bmbobr e oevbrgagtb e kifafëe bcprbsta a kdavb fe kenrb
para e afcigistrafer púlmike, cas gëe mdb fá uc kdbqub bc lragke. [ailapara e afcigistrafer púlmike, cas gëe mdb fá uc kdbqub bc lragke. [aila
aegfb b kece e sbu figdbire bstá sbgfe oaste, é prbkise finikumtar a aïëe fesaegfb b kece e sbu figdbire bstá sbgfe oaste, é prbkise finikumtar a aïëe fes
epertugistas b fes aprevbitaferbs qub utimizac a afcigistraïëe púlmika bcepertugistas b fes aprevbitaferbs qub utimizac a afcigistraïëe púlmika bc
lbgbnãkie prûprie b assic irá ajufar uc paãs, uc Bstafe b uc cugikãpie cbmder lbgbnãkie prûprie b assic irá ajufar uc paãs, uc Bstafe b uc cugikãpie cbmder 
para obraïòbs nuturas.para obraïòbs nuturas.
Para bgtbgfbr as gbkbssifafbs fb uca mekamifafb, sb naz gbkbssáriePara bgtbgfbr as gbkbssifafbs fb uca mekamifafb, sb naz gbkbssárie
nazbr uca agámisb fbsta per cbie fb igfikaferbs, assic tbrá uc fiaogûstikenazbr uca agámisb fbsta per cbie fb igfikaferbs, assic tbrá uc fiaogûstike
sekiam, qub per sua vbz sb trata fb uca fbskriïëe cigukiesa qub luskasekiam, qub per sua vbz sb trata fb uca fbskriïëe cigukiesa qub luska
  
ignercar, auximiar b assbsserar e pmagbjacbgte b a obstëe púlmika, fb akerfeignercar, auximiar b assbsserar e pmagbjacbgte b a obstëe púlmika, fb akerfe
kec a rbamifafb mekam, para a cbmder bnbtivifafb ga bmaleraïëe b bxbkuïëe fbkec a rbamifafb mekam, para a cbmder bnbtivifafb ga bmaleraïëe b bxbkuïëe fb
aïòbs igstitukiegais, visagfe e fbsbgvemvicbgte bkegöcike b a quamifafb fbaïòbs igstitukiegais, visagfe e fbsbgvemvicbgte bkegöcike b a quamifafb fb
vifa. Améc fb sistbcatizar e mbvagtacbgte fb igfikaferbs selrb as ativifafbsvifa. Améc fb sistbcatizar e mbvagtacbgte fb igfikaferbs selrb as ativifafbs
prefutivas, e gãvbm fb ekupaïëe b fb rbgfa, es aspbktes fbceoránikes, aprefutivas, e gãvbm fb ekupaïëe b fb rbgfa, es aspbktes fbceoránikes, a
igkifêgkia fa pelrbza, as nigagïas púlmikas cugikipais b e gãvbm fb bnikiêgkiaigkifêgkia fa pelrbza, as nigagïas púlmikas cugikipais b e gãvbm fb bnikiêgkia
fe sbter púlmike ges cugikãpies, prekura-sb, selrbtufe, tergar akbssãvbis bfe sbter púlmike ges cugikãpies, prekura-sb, selrbtufe, tergar akbssãvbis b
ducagizar es igfikaferbs sekiebkegöcikeducagizar es igfikaferbs sekiebkegöcikes, fb cefe s, fb cefe a kegstruir uc a kegstruir uc rbnbrbgkiamrbnbrbgkiamfb fb agagámámisisb b ququb b umumtratrapapassssb b a a nenercrcamamififafafb b fefes s fafafefes s b b kekegsgsioioa a sbsbrvrvir ir fbfb
igstrucbgte prepesitive para as pemãtikas igstrucbgte prepesitive para as pemãtikas púlmikas.púlmikas.
Ga Assistêgkia sekiam, e prenissiegam luska igfikaferbs pbrtbgkbgtbs aeGa Assistêgkia sekiam, e prenissiegam luska igfikaferbs pbrtbgkbgtbs ae
cucugigikãkãpipie, e, b b tataclcléc éc fá fá susupepertb rtb papara ra e e cucugigikãkãpipie e ga ga bxbxbkbkuïuïëe ëe fb fb sbsbusus
tralamdes sekiais, assic, pefbc sbr bmbgkafe amoucas ativifafbs, pmages btralamdes sekiais, assic, pefbc sbr bmbgkafe amoucas ativifafbs, pmages b
firbites fbstb prenissiegam jugte aes ûroëes:Obstëe cugikipam fb assistêgkiafirbites fbstb prenissiegam jugte aes ûroëes:Obstëe cugikipam fb assistêgkia
sekiam rbkblb eribgtaïòbs b apeie tékgike fe ûroëe obster fa assistêgkia sekiamsekiam rbkblb eribgtaïòbs b apeie tékgike fe ûroëe obster fa assistêgkia sekiam
fe Bstafe8Pmage fb Cugikipam fb Assistêgkia [ekiam8Kegsbmde Cugikipam fbfe Bstafe8Pmage fb Cugikipam fb Assistêgkia [ekiam8Kegsbmde Cugikipam fb
 Assistêgkia  Assistêgkia [ekiam8E [ekiam8E kegsbmde kegsbmde paritárie, paritárie, fbmilbrative fbmilbrative b b niskamizafer, niskamizafer, b b rbamizarbamiza
rbugiëe ge fbkerrbr fe age8 Firbite ae rbugiëe ge fbkerrbr fe age8 Firbite ae Nugfe Cugikipam fb Assistêgkia [ekiam.Nugfe Cugikipam fb Assistêgkia [ekiam.
RmRmtiticacacbcbgtgtb, b, kekegsgsififbrbra-a-sb sb a a ququbsbstëtëe e sesekikiam am uc uc fefes s sbsbteterbrbs s cacaisis
icpertagtbs para e fbsbgvemvicbgte fb uca gaïëe. Assic, es assistbgtbsicpertagtbs para e fbsbgvemvicbgte fb uca gaïëe. Assic, es assistbgtbs
sekiais através fa agámisb fes igfikaferbs sekiais bgtbgfbc e nugkiegacbgtesekiais através fa agámisb fes igfikaferbs sekiais bgtbgfbc e nugkiegacbgte
faqubma mekamifafb e sbter qub vai lbc b e sbter qub bstá kec amoucafaqubma mekamifafb e sbter qub vai lbc b e sbter qub bstá kec amouca
finikumfafb, bc sbouifa bmalerac b apmikac pemãtikas púlmikas, nazbgfe kecfinikumfafb, bc sbouifa bmalerac b apmikac pemãtikas púlmikas, nazbgfe kec
qub es kifafëes fbsnrutbc fb sbus firbites b fbvbrbs, fbgtre fb uc paãsqub es kifafëes fbsnrutbc fb sbus firbites b fbvbrbs, fbgtre fb uc paãs
kapitamista.kapitamista.
 A  A cbtefemeoia cbtefemeoia apmikafa apmikafa gbstb gbstb tralamde tralamde nei nei lilmieoránika, lilmieoránika, egfb egfb gege
fbsfbsbgvbgvemvemvbr br fbsfbstb tb nernerac ac utiutimizmizafeafes, s, mivrmivres, es, rbvrbvististas, as, pbrpbriûfiûfikeikes, s, sitsitbs, bs, parparaa
nugfacbgtar e rbnbrbgkiam tbûrike ge nugfacbgtar e rbnbrbgkiam tbûrike ge fbsbgvemvbr fbsta ativifafb.fbsbgvemvbr fbsta ativifafb.
Gbstb ãgtbric, e eljbtive fbstb tralamde é vbrinikar e Vralamde, riqubza bGbstb ãgtbric, e eljbtive fbstb tralamde é vbrinikar e Vralamde, riqubza b
fbsiouamfafb ge Lrasim ‛ uca agámisb ga ûtika fe sbrviïe sekiam.fbsiouamfafb ge Lrasim ‛ uca agámisb ga ûtika fe sbrviïe sekiam.
  
<< FBFB[B[BG^G^EEMM^I^ICCBGBGVVEE
Varbna 1 ‛ Bstatãstika b Igfikaferbs [ekiaisVarbna 1 ‛ Bstatãstika b Igfikaferbs [ekiais
 A  A bxprbssëe ”kegtremb bxprbssëe ”kegtremb sekiam– tbc sekiam– tbc eriobc ga eriobc ga sekiemeoia. Fb sekiemeoia. Fb nerca qub nerca qub éé
apmapmikaikafa fa papara ra fbsfbsiogiogar ar es es cbcbkagkagiscisces es ququb b bstbstalbalbmbkmbkbc bc a a erferfbc bc seksekiamiam
fiskipmigagfe a sekibfafb b sulcbtbgfe es igfivãfues a fiskipmigagfe a sekibfafb b sulcbtbgfe es igfivãfues a fbtbrcigafes pafròbsfbtbrcigafes pafròbs
sesekikiaiais s b b prprigigkãkãpipies es ceceraraisis. . AsAssisic c sbsbgfgfe, e, asassbsbououra ra a a kekegngnerercicifafafb fb fbfb
kecpertacbgte fes igfivãfues a uc kegjugte fb rboras b prigkãpies prbskriteskecpertacbgte fes igfivãfues a uc kegjugte fb rboras b prigkãpies prbskrites
b sagkiegafes Caggdbic (19?1, p. 1?4) a b sagkiegafes Caggdbic (19?1, p. 1?4) a fbnigb kece e ”kegjugte fb fbnigb kece e ”kegjugte fb cétefescétefes
pbmes quais a sekibfafb ignmubgkia e kecpertacbgte ducage, tbgfe bc vistapbmes quais a sekibfafb ignmubgkia e kecpertacbgte ducage, tbgfe bc vista
cagtbr fbtbrcigafa erfbc–.cagtbr fbtbrcigafa erfbc–.
Dá tacléc kece cbie fb kecpmbcbgtar e Kegtremb [ekiam b a ObstëeDá tacléc kece cbie fb kecpmbcbgtar e Kegtremb [ekiam b a Obstëe
[[eekkiiaamm, , eeggffb b bbsstta a eerriibbggtta a aas s bbccpprrbbssaas s ggaas s aaïïòòbbs s b b pprerejjbbttees s ffbb
rbspegsalimifafb sekiam kerperativa qub vamerizbc e rbmakiegacbgte étike bgtrbrbspegsalimifafb sekiam kerperativa qub vamerizbc e rbmakiegacbgte étike bgtrb
bcprbsa, tralamdaferbs b a kecugifafb, kegtriluigfe para e fbsbgvemvicbgtebcprbsa, tralamdaferbs b a kecugifafb, kegtriluigfe para e fbsbgvemvicbgte
sustbgtávbm.sustbgtávbm.
Fbssa nerca, pefb-sb anircar qub es igfikaferbs gëe sëe secbgtbFbssa nerca, pefb-sb anircar qub es igfikaferbs gëe sëe secbgtb
fafes, gúcbres, bmbs ges afcitbc kecigar es fafes fb akerfe kec asfafes, gúcbres, bmbs ges afcitbc kecigar es fafes fb akerfe kec as
qubqubstòstòbs bs pespestas tas ga ga rbarbamifmifafb afb seksekiamiam, , eu eu sbjsbja, a, é é uca uca atratriluiluiïëiïëe e fb fb vavamermer,,
gúcbres a situaïòbs sekiais. Bgtrbtagte, é rbspbitávbm mbclrar qub bxistb ucagúcbres a situaïòbs sekiais. Bgtrbtagte, é rbspbitávbm mbclrar qub bxistb uca
qubqubrbmrbma a bgtbgtrb rb igfigfikaikafer fer seksekiam iam b b bstbstatãatãstistika ka púlpúlmikmika, a, bclbclera era bstbstbs bs sbjsbjacac
igtbrprbtafes kerriqubiracbgtb kec e cbsce kegkbite.igtbrprbtafes kerriqubiracbgtb kec e cbsce kegkbite.
Bc rbsuce, a geïëe b bcprboe fes igfikaferbs sekiais prekbfbc faBc rbsuce, a geïëe b bcprboe fes igfikaferbs sekiais prekbfbc fa
kaptaïëe fa kirkumaïëe fa tetamifafb, fa vifa fas sekibfafbs, fa pesturakaptaïëe fa kirkumaïëe fa tetamifafb, fa vifa fas sekibfafbs, fa pestura
pemãtika-ifbemûoika fb uc preoraca, prejbte sekiam. Es igfikaferbs sekiais, gepemãtika-ifbemûoika fb uc preoraca, prejbte sekiam. Es igfikaferbs sekiais, ge
cétefe fb obstëe, tergar-sb-ëe fbcasiafe sb agtbs gëe rbamizarces ucacétefe fb obstëe, tergar-sb-ëe fbcasiafe sb agtbs gëe rbamizarces uca
igtbrvbgïëe bgtrb a ignercaïëe selrb e kegkbite sekiam a sbr epbrakiegamizafe,igtbrvbgïëe bgtrb a ignercaïëe selrb e kegkbite sekiam a sbr epbrakiegamizafe,
bxpmagafe b e kegtbxte sekiam, bkegöcike bc tbsb. Assic, bc uc prejbtebxpmagafe b e kegtbxte sekiam, bkegöcike bc tbsb. Assic, bc uc prejbte
sekiam b bc sbu prekbsse fb obstëe, e igfikafer sekiam sbrá tife apbgas kecesekiam b bc sbu prekbsse fb obstëe, e igfikafer sekiam sbrá tife apbgas kece
uc fafe, uc gúcbre, sb gëe kecprbbgfbrces e kegkbite sekiam a qub bmb sbuc fafe, uc gúcbre, sb gëe kecprbbgfbrces e kegkbite sekiam a qub bmb sb
rbnbrb, peis e trugne fes igfikaferbs sekiais é far vifa b visilimifafb a ucrbnbrb, peis e trugne fes igfikaferbs sekiais é far vifa b visilimifafb a uc
kegkbite alstrate b suas bxprbssòbs.kegkbite alstrate b suas bxprbssòbs.
  
Cbfiagtb a [OA ‛ [ituaïëe Obrafera fb Aprbgfizaobc, a rboiëe qubCbfiagtb a [OA ‛ [ituaïëe Obrafera fb Aprbgfizaobc, a rboiëe qub
pessui a caier pepumaïëe bc ifafb ativa é rboiëe sufbstb, b a qub pessui apessui a caier pepumaïëe bc ifafb ativa é rboiëe sufbstb, b a qub pessui a
cbger pepumaïëe ativa, é a rboiëe gertb.cbger pepumaïëe ativa, é a rboiëe gertb.
Vratagfe-sb fa rboiëe qub pessui a caier taxa fb fbsbcprboe é aVratagfe-sb fa rboiëe qub pessui a caier taxa fb fbsbcprboe é a
rboiëe gerfbstb, b a qub pessui a rboiëe gerfbstb, b a qub pessui a cbger taxa fb fbsbcprboe é a rboiëe sum.cbger taxa fb fbsbcprboe é a rboiëe sum.
 A rboiëe gertb lrasimbira tbc kece Bsta A rboiëe gertb lrasimbira tbc kece Bstafe prigkipam a Acazögia qub é ffe prigkipam a Acazögia qub é fbb
oragfb icpertìgkia bkegöcika fb tefe e Lrasim, oragfb partb fes Bstafesoragfb icpertìgkia bkegöcika fb tefe e Lrasim, oragfb partb fes Bstafes
mekamizafes gbsta rboiëe nazbc nregtbiras kec eutres paãsbs, kausagfe ucmekamizafesgbsta rboiëe nazbc nregtbiras kec eutres paãsbs, kausagfe uc
kbrte nmuxe fb cioraïòbs.kbrte nmuxe fb cioraïòbs.
 A rboiëe Gerfbstb, é karaktbrizafa kece uca rboiëe pelrb, kec uc PIL A rboiëe Gerfbstb, é karaktbrizafa kece uca rboiëe pelrb, kec uc PIL
cuite laixe b uc IFD cais laixe aigfa, cestragfe e fbskase fe oevbrge paracuite laixe b uc IFD cais laixe aigfa, cestragfe e fbskase fe oevbrge para
kekec c bsbssa sa rbrboioiëeëe. . Má Má tataclcléc éc sësëe e bgbgkekegtgtrarafefes s es es cacais is lalaixixes es gãgãvbvbis is fbfb
bskemarifafb fb tefe e Lrasim.bskemarifafb fb tefe e Lrasim.
 A  A rboiëe rboiëe gerfbstb gerfbstb pefb pefb sbr sbr aprbsbgtafa aprbsbgtafa kece kece uca uca rboiëe rboiëe sekiamcbgtbsekiamcbgtb
qub gbkbssita passar per oragfbs cbmderias bc fivbrses aspbktes, assicqub gbkbssita passar per oragfbs cbmderias bc fivbrses aspbktes, assic
kece passa ga cbmderia fe prefute igtbrge lrute fa kece passa ga cbmderia fe prefute igtbrge lrute fa rboiëe.rboiëe.
É É pepessssãvãvbm bm ananirircacar r ququb b sb sb trtratata a fb fb ucuca a rbrboioiëe ëe kekec c igignrnrababststrurututurara
bxtrbcacbgtb prbkária, améc fb aprbsbgtar aspbktes prbkáries rbmakiegafesbxtrbcacbgtb prbkária, améc fb aprbsbgtar aspbktes prbkáries rbmakiegafes
ae sagbacbgte lásike, e qub igfika a prbsbgïa fb oragfb igkifêgkia fbae sagbacbgte lásike, e qub igfika a prbsbgïa fb oragfb igkifêgkia fb
febgïas ge mekam.febgïas ge mekam.
 A  A rboiëe rboiëe [ufbstb [ufbstb é é a a cais cais fbsbgvemvifa fbsbgvemvifa fe fe Lrasim. Lrasim. A A nakb nakb urlaga urlaga fefe
paãs, qub icioragtbs fb váries paãsbs ajufarac a kegstruir b paãs, qub icioragtbs fb váries paãsbs ajufarac a kegstruir b cisturar.cisturar.
Fbssa ugiëe fb peves, kerbs, kumturas, surobc à rboiëe kec a caier Fbssa ugiëe fb peves, kerbs, kumturas, surobc à rboiëe kec a caier 
pepepupumamaïëïëe e fe fe papaãsãs, , a a cacaieier r fbfbgsgsififafafb b fbfbceceororánánikika, a, a a bkbkegegececia ia cacaisis
fbsfbsbgvbgvemvemvifa ifa b b igfigfustustriariamizmizafaafa, , kegkegkbgkbgtratragfe gfe assassic, ic, caicais s fa fa cbtcbtafb afb fafa
prefuïëe fe paãs.prefuïëe fe paãs.
 A  A rboiëe rboiëe [ufbstb [ufbstb é é a a cais cais fbsbgvemvifa fbsbgvemvifa fe fe Lrasim. Lrasim. Vralamde, Vralamde, lbmbza,lbmbza,
aïëe, kegdbkicbgte, artb, pefbr, sem, praias, orutas, cegtagdas, prelmbcasaïëe, kegdbkicbgte, artb, pefbr, sem, praias, orutas, cegtagdas, prelmbcas
sekiais, arquitbtura fe bstime larreke ae umtra cefbrge, cevicbgte, kumigáriasekiais, arquitbtura fe bstime larreke ae umtra cefbrge, cevicbgte, kumigária
omeomelamlamizaizafa8 fa8 a a naknakb b urlurlaga aga fe fe paãpaãs, s, qub qub icioicioragragtbs tbs perpertuotuoubsubsbs, bs, itaitamiamiagesges,,
bspagdûis, áralbs, ambcëbs, eribgtais, bgtrb eutres, ajufarac a kegstruir bbspagdûis, áralbs, ambcëbs, eribgtais, bgtrb eutres, ajufarac a kegstruir b
cisturar.cisturar.
  
Fbssa ugiëe fb peves, acliïòbs, kumturas, kerbs, ifbais, pbmbs, kdbires,Fbssa ugiëe fb peves, acliïòbs, kumturas, kerbs, ifbais, pbmbs, kdbires,
sbgticbgtes, gbkbssifafbs8 surob a rboiëe kec a caier pepumaïëe fe paãs, asbgticbgtes, gbkbssifafbs8 surob a rboiëe kec a caier pepumaïëe fe paãs, a
caier fbgsifafb fbceoránika, a bkegecia cais fbsbgvemvifa b igfustriamizafa,caier fbgsifafb fbceoránika, a bkegecia cais fbsbgvemvifa b igfustriamizafa,
kegkbgtragfe, aqui, cais fa cbtafb fa prefuïëe fe paãs.kegkbgtragfe, aqui, cais fa cbtafb fa prefuïëe fe paãs.
 A  A \boiëe \boiëe Kbgtre-Ebstb Kbgtre-Ebstb lrasimbira lrasimbira é é a a sbougfa sbougfa caier caier bc bc bxtbgsëebxtbgsëe
tbrriteriam fe paãs, a cbges pepumesa bgtrb as kigke, kec peuke cais fb 16tbrriteriam fe paãs, a cbges pepumesa bgtrb as kigke, kec peuke cais fb 16
cimdòbs fb dalitagtbs, b uca fbgsifafb bgtrb as cbgerbs fe Lrasim, fb 4,9?cimdòbs fb dalitagtbs, b uca fbgsifafb bgtrb as cbgerbs fe Lrasim, fb 4,9?
dal./hc¼. Kecpesta pbmes bstafes fb Cate Oresse (CV), Cate Oresse fe [umdal./hc¼. Kecpesta pbmes bstafes fb Cate Oresse (CV), Cate Oresse fe [um
(C(C[) [) b b OeOeiáiás s (O(OE)E), , amaméc éc fe fe FiFiststririte te NbNbfbfbraram m (F(FN)N), , tbtbc c uc uc ÃgÃgfifikb kb fbfb
FbsbgvemvicbgFbsbgvemvicbgte Ducage fb te Ducage fb 0,412.0,412.
 A  A kapitam kapitam fe fe Lrasim Lrasim é é mekamizafa mekamizafa gbsta gbsta rboiëe, rboiëe, Lrasãmia Lrasãmia tbc tbc kbrka kbrka fb fb <,2<,2
cimdòbs fb dalitagtbs, sbgfe a kifafb cais pepumesa fe kbgtre-ebstb, sbouifacimdòbs fb dalitagtbs, sbgfe a kifafb cais pepumesa fe kbgtre-ebstb, sbouifa
per Oeiìgia, Kacpe Oragfb b Kuialá.per Oeiìgia, Kacpe Oragfb b Kuialá.
Varbna < ‛ Nercaïëe [ekiam, Distûrika b Pemãtika fe Varbna < ‛ Nercaïëe [ekiam, Distûrika b Pemãtika fe LrasimLrasim
Igikiamcbgtb dá amougs ages, a rbamizaïëe fa prátika assistbgkiam bstbvbIgikiamcbgtb dá amougs ages, a rbamizaïëe fa prátika assistbgkiam bstbvb
lalaststagagtb tb fifiststagagkikiafafa a fafas s rbrbmamaïòïòbs bs sesekikiaiais, s, brbra a asassesekikiafafa a à à ququbsbstëtëe e fbfb
karifafb. Ge vbmde Boite, ga Itámia, ga Ãgfia ges cais finbrbgtbs pegtes fekarifafb. Ge vbmde Boite, ga Itámia, ga Ãgfia ges cais finbrbgtbs pegtes fe
cugfe agtioe a assistêgkia bra tarbna rbsbrvafa às kegnrarias qub tigda ecugfe agtioe a assistêgkia bra tarbna rbsbrvafa às kegnrarias qub tigda e
eljbtive fb nakimitar a carkda fas karavagas ge fbsbrte. Para es Jufbus bssaseljbtive fb nakimitar a carkda fas karavagas ge fbsbrte. Para es Jufbus bssas
prátikas bc bspbkiam a fb visitas fecikimiarbs, sb fbstigafe às viúvas, ûrnëes,prátikas bc bspbkiam a fb visitas fecikimiarbs, sb fbstigafe às viúvas, ûrnëes,
ifeses b bgnbrces.ifeses b bgnbrces.
Ga agtiouifafb bc kafa rboiëe davia ugs sbouiferbs, kece ga OrékiaGa agtiouifafb bc kafa rboiëe davia ugs sbouiferbs, kece ga Orékia
Pmatëe igtbrbsseu-sb pbma pemãtika b pbma nimesenia pemãtika, b Aristûtbmbs qub neiPmatëe igtbrbsseu-sb pbma pemãtika b pbma nimesenia pemãtika, b Aristûtbmbs qub nei
kekegsgsififbrbrafafe e e e pipiegegbibire re fb fb cucuitites es kakacpcpes es fb fb igigvbvbststioioaïaïëe ëe ninimemessûnûnikikaa
kegtbcperìgba. Acles tigdac uc pesikiegacbgte ge sbgtife fb apegtar parakegtbcperìgba. Acles tigdac uc pesikiegacbgte ge sbgtife fb apegtar para
a gbkbssifafb fb sb rakiegamizar a prbstaïëe fa assistêgkia, bmicigagfe-mdb ea gbkbssifafb fb sb rakiegamizar a prbstaïëe fa assistêgkia, bmicigagfe-mdb e
karátbr fb caginbstaïëe cbracbgtb bvbgtuam eu karátbr fb caginbstaïëe cbracbgtb bvbgtuam eu bpisûfika.bpisûfika.
Bgtëe vbie tacléc e Kristiagisce qub nei e pegte krukiam b nugfacbgtamBgtëe vbie tacléc e Kristiagisce qub nei e pegte krukiam b nugfacbgtam
papara ra e e [b[brvrviïiïe e [e[ekikiamam. . As As vivirtrtufufbs bs tbtbememeoeoaiais s sësëe e as as cacais is icicpepertrtagagtbtbs s fefe
Kristiagisce, peis sb rbnbrbc firbtacbgtb à Fbus, bmas sb kmassinikac bc trêsKristiagisce, peis sb rbnbrbc firbtacbgtb à Fbus, bmas sb kmassinikac bc três
virtufbs tbemeoais: a né, a bspbragïa b a karifafb. Bgtëe as eriobgs fe [brviïevirtufbs tbemeoais: a né, a bspbragïa b a karifafb. Bgtëe as eriobgs fe [brviïe
[ekiam bstëe assekiafas ga assistêgkia prbstafa aes pelrbs, peréc, a partir fe[ekiam bstëe assekiafas ga assistêgkia prbstafa aes pelrbs, peréc, a partir fe
  
sursuroicoicbgtbgte e fa fa sesekibkibfaffafb b kapkapitaitamismista, ta, tertergeugeu-sb -sb gbkgbkbssbssáriárie e a a fbnfbnbsa bsa fesfes
igtbrbssbs fa luroubsia.igtbrbssbs fa luroubsia.
Fb akerfe kec Ciragfa b Kavamkagti, rbmatac selrb e suroicbgte feFb akerfe kec Ciragfa b Kavamkagti, rbmatac selrb e suroicbgte fe
sbrviïe sekiam ge Lrasim:sbrviïe sekiam ge Lrasim:
E suroicbgte fe [brviïe [ekiam ge Lrasim sb fá vãgkume à Iorbja para aE suroicbgte fe [brviïe [ekiam ge Lrasim sb fá vãgkume à Iorbja para a
rbkupbraïëe b a fbnbsa fb sbus igtbrbssbs jugte às kmassbs sulamtbrgas b àrbkupbraïëe b a fbnbsa fb sbus igtbrbssbs jugte às kmassbs sulamtbrgas b à
nacãmia epbrária ”acbaïafa– pbmas iféias kecugistas.Kece bstratéoia fesnacãmia epbrária ”acbaïafa– pbmas iféias kecugistas. Kece bstratéoia fes
sbsbteterbrbs s fefecicigagagtgtbs bs papara ra susua a mbmboioititicacaïëïëe, e, e e BsBstatafe fe irirá á igigkekerprpererá-á-meme
pespestbrtbrieriercbgcbgtb tb papara ra a a icpicpmbcmbcbgtbgtaïëaïëe e fb fb pempemãtiãtikas kas assassististbgkbgkiaiiais s luluskaskagfegfe
atbguar es kegnmites fb kmassb b é através fbssb bgnrbgtacbgte fa qubstëeatbguar es kegnmites fb kmassb b é através fbssb bgnrbgtacbgte fa qubstëe
sekiam qub ekerrb sua igstitukiegamizaïëe b sb amtbra sua ”kmibgtbma– para esekiam qub ekerrb sua igstitukiegamizaïëe b sb amtbra sua ”kmibgtbma– para e
atbgficbgte fa kmassb epbrária.atbgficbgte fa kmassb epbrária.
 Assic bssbgkiamcbgtb,  Assic bssbgkiamcbgtb, e e suroicbgte fe suroicbgte fe [brviïe [ekiam [brviïe [ekiam gëe gëe nei nei finbrbgtbfinbrbgtb
fes fbcais paãsbs, acles tigdac a cbsca nigamifafb b qub pessubc suasfes fbcais paãsbs, acles tigdac a cbsca nigamifafb b qub pessubc suas
rbmaïòbs sekiais agtaoögikas.rbmaïòbs sekiais agtaoögikas.
B tratagfe fbsta kiêgkia, gëe kegtigua finbrbgtb bsta prenissëe, bc cbieB tratagfe fbsta kiêgkia, gëe kegtigua finbrbgtb bsta prenissëe, bc cbie
a uc cugfe tëe fbsbgvemvife é finãkim a rbspegsalimifafb fb sb nazbr amoe pbmea uc cugfe tëe fbsbgvemvife é finãkim a rbspegsalimifafb fb sb nazbr amoe pbme
prûxice, cbsce sbgfe bsta uca prenissëe, já qub é getûrie a latamda fbprûxice, cbsce sbgfe bsta uca prenissëe, já qub é getûrie a latamda fb
cagtbr-sb nircb b cestrar uc para eutre qubc é e cbmder ge cbrkafecagtbr-sb nircb b cestrar uc para eutre qubc é e cbmder ge cbrkafe
nigagkbire. Kafa vbz cais, dá uca luska igkbssagtb pbma selrbvivêgkia, egfbnigagkbire. Kafa vbz cais, dá uca luska igkbssagtb pbma selrbvivêgkia, egfb
sb fbixa para trás e msb fbixa para trás e mafe prigkipam fa bssêgkia fa sekibfafb, ”a vifa–.afe prigkipam fa bssêgkia fa sekibfafb, ”a vifa–.
B kec bssa igsatisnaïëe suroirac amoucas rbvemtas ga sekibfafb, euB kec bssa igsatisnaïëe suroirac amoucas rbvemtas ga sekibfafb, eu
sbja, es cbges lbgbnikiafes kec a igkmusëe fas rbmaïòbs sekiais nikaracsbja, es cbges lbgbnikiafes kec a igkmusëe fas rbmaïòbs sekiais nikarac
fbskegtbgtbs b sicpmbscbgtb cestrarac-sb kegtráries às iféias fa Luroubsiafbskegtbgtbs b sicpmbscbgtb cestrarac-sb kegtráries às iféias fa Luroubsia
b Bstafe, já qub bstbs brac qubc b Bstafe, já qub bstbs brac qubc cais sb selrbssaiac kec prevbiteses mukrescais sb selrbssaiac kec prevbiteses mukres
bc kica fe sakrinãkie fa sekibfafb. Mutavac pbme Firbite a milbrfafb igfivifuambc kica fe sakrinãkie fa sekibfafb. Mutavac pbme Firbite a milbrfafb igfivifuam
b à vifa fioga8 Firbite fb iouamfafb b e Firbite a nratbrgifafb. Geta-sb qubb à vifa fioga8 Firbite fb iouamfafb b e Firbite a nratbrgifafb. Geta-sb qub
bssbs pelrbs decbgs qubriac apbgas e bssbgkiam qub a vifa enbrbkb, cas qubbssbs pelrbs decbgs qubriac apbgas e bssbgkiam qub a vifa enbrbkb, cas qub
ignbmizcbgtb es reulac, sbc a cbger pibfafb.ignbmizcbgtb es reulac, sbc a cbger pibfafb.
Rginikarac bgtëe para keilir bssas caginbstaïòbs a luroubsia, a IorbjaRginikarac bgtëe para keilir bssas caginbstaïòbs a luroubsia, a Iorbja
(b(bststa a brbra a ninigagagkgkiaiafa fa pbpbmemes s gegelrlrbsbs) ) b b e e BsBstatafefe. . B B cacais is ucuca a vbvbz z bsbssbsbss
fbfbsnsnavavererbkbkififes es nenerarac c icicpbpbfififefes s a a rbrbigigvivififikakar r pbpbmemes s sbsbus us fifirbrbititeses, , bb
bvifbgkiagfe assic, qub a kmassb amta gëe tigda gbgduca prbekupaïëe kec ebvifbgkiagfe assic, qub a kmassb amta gëe tigda gbgduca prbekupaïëe kec e
prûxice.prûxice.
  
B para caskarar bssa rbamifafb, a luroubsia b e Bstafe afetaracB para caskarar bssa rbamifafb, a luroubsia b e Bstafe afetarac
cbfifas para es tralamdaferbs kec a imusëe fb milbrfafb, assic kdacafa fbcbfifas para es tralamdaferbs kec a imusëe fb milbrfafb, assic kdacafa fb
”Mbi fes Pelrbs–. Egfb bsta nei precumoafa bc 149? b fbtbrcigava qub es”Mbi fes Pelrbs–. Egfb bsta nei precumoafa bc 149? b fbtbrcigava qub es
atbgfifesbc mekais pbma assistêgkia púlmika vivbssbc kegnigafes bc mekais aatbgfifesbc mekais pbma assistêgkia púlmika vivbssbc kegnigafes bc mekais a
bmbs fbstigafes kece a Kasa fb Kerrbïëe.bmbs fbstigafes kece a Kasa fb Kerrbïëe.
Peréc, sû através fa ugiëe cassiva fes tralamdaferbs, bc 14<6 gaPeréc, sû através fa ugiëe cassiva fes tralamdaferbs, bc 14<6 ga
IgIgomomatatbrbrra ra bmbmbs bs oaoagdgdararac ac e e fifirbrbitite e fb fb sb sb rbrbugugirirbc bc bc bc asasssekekiaiaïòïòbsbs. . EE
cecevivicbcbgtgte e fefes s trtralalamamdadafeferbrbs s tetergrgarara-a-sb sb kkafafa a vbvbz z cacais is ereroaoagigizazafefe
pemitikacbgtb b e prembtárie bra uca prbsbgïa carkafacbgtb sioginikativa gepemitikacbgtb b e prembtárie bra uca prbsbgïa carkafacbgtb sioginikativa ge
kbgárie sekiam.kbgárie sekiam.
Ga rbvemuïëe igfustriam es luroubsbs já fbtigdac es cbies fb prefuïëeGa rbvemuïëe igfustriam es luroubsbs já fbtigdac es cbies fb prefuïëe
qub sëe: as nálrikas, e kecérkie b e tralamdafer qub vbgfiac a sua nerïa fbqub sëe: as nálrikas, e kecérkie b e tralamdafer qub vbgfiac a sua nerïa fb
tralamde. Vbgfe a cáquiga a vaper b e tbar kece vbrfafbires fbusbs festralamde. Vbgfe a cáquiga a vaper b e tbar kece vbrfafbires fbusbs fes
kapitamistas b a nálrika e sbu tbcpme.kapitamistas b a nálrika e sbu tbcpme.
Varbna ; ‛ Varbna ; ‛ Akucumaïëe Kapitamista b Fbsiouamfafb [ekiamAkucumaïëe Kapitamista b Fbsiouamfafb [ekiam
Guca sekibfafb kapitamista eu gëe kapitamista e tralamde é e bmbcbgteGuca sekibfafb kapitamista eu gëe kapitamista e tralamde é e bmbcbgte
qub naz kec qub e decbc sb sustbgtb, sbgfe igtborafa a partikipaïëe sekiam.qub naz kec qub e decbc sb sustbgtb, sbgfe igtborafa a partikipaïëe sekiam.
Ge tbcpe fa kecugifafb pricitiva e decbc sb amicbgtava fb kaïas fbGe tbcpe fa kecugifafb pricitiva e decbc sb amicbgtava fb kaïas fb
vbobtais b agicais, gëe tigdac kasas (brac göcafbs), kec e passar fe tbcpevbobtais b agicais, gëe tigdac kasas (brac göcafbs), kec e passar fe tbcpe
nei aprbgfbgfe a kegtremar e tbcpe b prefuzir lbgs, ga vbrfafb , prefuziacnei aprbgfbgfe a kegtremar e tbcpe b prefuzir lbgs, ga vbrfafb , prefuziac
cacais is fe fe ququb b e e gbgbkbkbssssárárieie, , isiste te é é prprefefuzuziaiac c uc uc bxbxkbkbfbfbgtgtb b b b kekec c isissese
keckecbïabïarac rac a a naznazbr br tretrekas kas fb fb lbglbgs( s( e e keckecérkérkie),ie),obrobragfagfe e a a bxpbxpmermeraïëaïëe e bb
bskravifëe. Ga épeka fe bskravisce, a sekibfafb fivifiu-sb bc fuas kmassbs,bskravifëe. Ga épeka fe bskravisce, a sekibfafb fivifiu-sb bc fuas kmassbs,
cbsce pbrãefe bc qub surobc as pricbiras nercas fb cbsce pbrãefe bc qub surobc as pricbiras nercas fb pefbr pemãtike qub caispefbr pemãtike qub cais
tarfb sb kdaca Bstafe.tarfb sb kdaca Bstafe.
Ge pbrãefe nbufam es kacpegbsbs rbtiravac sbu sustbgte através fesGe pbrãefe nbufam es kacpegbsbs rbtiravac sbu sustbgte através fes
igsigstrutrucbgcbgtes tes fb fb tratralalamdemde, , perperéc, éc, kec kec keckecérkérkie ie krbkrbskbskbgtb gtb b b a a \bv\bvemuemuïëeïëe
Igfustriam deuvb sbparaïëe fe decbc b igstrucbgte, qub rbsumteu ge aucbgteIgfustriam deuvb sbparaïëe fe decbc b igstrucbgte, qub rbsumteu ge aucbgte
fes epbráries. A pbstb gbora b as lrioas bgtrb sbrves b sbgderbs kausarac efes epbráries. A pbstb gbora b as lrioas bgtrb sbrves b sbgderbs kausarac e
nic fe nbufamisce. Ge sékume TIT kai e Agtioe \boicb, suroigfe e cefe fbnic fe nbufamisce. Ge sékume TIT kai e Agtioe \boicb, suroigfe e cefe fb
prefuïëe kapitamista, qub finbrbgtb fe bskravisce b nbufamisce, kegstitui-sb gaprefuïëe kapitamista, qub finbrbgtb fe bskravisce b nbufamisce, kegstitui-sb ga
bxpmeraïëe fe tralamdafer, qub vbgfb sua nerïa fb tralamde per samárie. Abxpmeraïëe fe tralamdafer, qub vbgfb sua nerïa fb tralamde per samárie. A
  
prefuïëe kapitamista kegsemifeu-sb bgtrb es sékumes T^III a TIT b prefuïëe kapitamista kegsemifeu-sb bgtrb es sékumes T^III a TIT b ge sékumeTTIge sékume TTI
tergeu-sb uc sistbca pmagbtárie.tergeu-sb uc sistbca pmagbtárie.
Carx kmassinika e kapitamisce kece cefe fb prefuïëe partikumar qubCarx kmassinika e kapitamisce kece cefe fb prefuïëe partikumar qub
bsbstá tá gagas s cëcëes es fefes s kakapipitatamimiststasas, , rbrbssssamamtatagfgfe e a a icicpepertrtìgìgkikia a fa fa à à kmkmasassbsb
prembtariafe sb eroagizar, icpbfigfe e fecãgie fa kmassb luroubsa, oaragtigfeprembtariafe sb eroagizar, icpbfigfe e fecãgie fa kmassb luroubsa, oaragtigfe
sua bcagkipaïëe.sua bcagkipaïëe.
Dejb bc fia, a fbsiouamfafb ga fistriluiïëe fb rbgfas aucbgta kafaDejb bc fia, a fbsiouamfafb ga fistriluiïëe fb rbgfas aucbgta kafa
vbz cais a pelrbza, egfb es rbkurses qub sbriac para tefes kece saúfb,vbz cais a pelrbza, egfb es rbkurses qub sbriac para tefes kece saúfb,
bfukaïëe, amicbgtaïëe, kifafagia nikac bskasses.bfukaïëe, amicbgtaïëe, kifafagia nikac bskasses.
[bougfe \ilbire (<004) a bskema púlmika, sagbacbgte lásike, sbrviïes[bougfe \ilbire (<004) a bskema púlmika, sagbacbgte lásike, sbrviïes
púlmikes fb saúfb sëe prelmbcas qub e kifafëe bgnrbgta, peis, gëe sëepúlmikes fb saúfb sëe prelmbcas qub e kifafëe bgnrbgta, peis, gëe sëe
satisnatûries. Bxistb uca fivisëe, fb uc mafe aqubmbs qub pefbc paoar parasatisnatûries. Bxistb uca fivisëe, fb uc mafe aqubmbs qub pefbc paoar para
tbrbc cbmderbs sbrviïes, b fb eutre mafe, es qub nikac pbgagfe gas nimastbrbc cbmderbs sbrviïes, b fb eutre mafe, es qub nikac pbgagfe gas nimas
despitais bc luska fb atbgficbgte, kec isse gëe pefbces gboar qub adespitais bc luska fb atbgficbgte, kec isse gëe pefbces gboar qub a
fbsiouamfafb sekiam é bgercb, b sbu caier igfikafer é e kebnikibgtb fb Oigifbsiouamfafb sekiam é bgercb, b sbu caier igfikafer é e kebnikibgtb fb Oigi
(kriafe pbme bstatãstike itamiage KerrafeOigi). Pelrbza b bcpelrbkicbgte ae(kriafe pbme bstatãstike itamiage KerrafeOigi). Pelrbza b bcpelrbkicbgte ae
kegtrárie fe qub cuites pbgsac, têc kegkbites finbrbgtbs, e bcpelrbkicbgtekegtrárie fe qub cuites pbgsac, têc kegkbites finbrbgtbs, e bcpelrbkicbgte
sb rbnbrb às kegfiïòbs fb vifa qub e igfivãfue mbva, b a pelrbza sb rbnbrb àssb rbnbrb às kegfiïòbs fb vifa qub e igfivãfue mbva, b a pelrbza sb rbnbrb às
kegfiïòbs sekiais fb rbprefuïëe fe igfivãfue ([amaca, 199?, p.<2).Kec akegfiïòbs sekiais fb rbprefuïëe fe igfivãfue ([amaca, 199?, p.<2).Kec a
pelrbza b e bcpelrbkicbgte qub tbgfb a aucbgtar ges paãsbs fb tbrkbirepelrbza b e bcpelrbkicbgte qub tbgfb a aucbgtar ges paãsbs fb tbrkbire
cugfe, nika kafa vbz cais finãkim keclatbr a bxkmusëe sekiam(qub é e rbsumtafecugfe, nika kafa vbz cais finãkim keclatbr a bxkmusëe sekiam(qub é e rbsumtafe
ffe e nnuuggkkiieeggaaccbbggtte e ffe e ssiissttbbcca a kkaappiittaammiisstta a b b ffe e ffbbssbbggvveemmvviiccbbggttee
fbsoevbrgafe).Ges sékumes T^ b T^I kec e fbsalrekdacbgte fe kapitamisce,fbsoevbrgafe).Ges sékumes T^ b T^I kec e fbsalrekdacbgte fe kapitamisce,
igikieu-sb a omelamizaïëe qub vbie fas viaobgs b kegquistas, fe kemegiamisceigikieu-sb a omelamizaïëe qub vbie fas viaobgs b kegquistas, fe kemegiamisce
(ekupaïëe fe tbrritûrie) b per nic, ge sékume TT(sékume fas \bvemuïòbs) para(ekupaïëe fe tbrritûrie) b per nic, ge sékume TT(sékume fas \bvemuïòbs) para
carkaïëe fe tbrritûrie. Ges fias fb dejb, a finbrbgïa é a rapifbz fb sbucarkaïëe fe tbrritûrie. Ges fias fb dejb, a finbrbgïa é a rapifbz fb sbu
prekbsse, sbgfe kmare qub e cugfe tefe é kapitamista b omelamizafe.prekbsse, sbgfe kmare qub e cugfe tefe é kapitamista b omelamizafe.
[bougfe e obûorane Cimteg [agtes (199?) omelamizaïëe é e rbsumtafe fes[bougfe e obûorane Cimteg [agtes (199?) omelamizaïëe é e rbsumtafe fes
prekbsses pemãtikes qub kegdbkbces, pefbgfe sbr vista kece e gãvbm cais amteprekbsses pemãtikes qub kegdbkbces, pefbgfe sbr vista kece e gãvbm cais amte
fa igtbrgakiegamizaïëe fe cugfe kapitamista, sbgfe qub, gëe icperta sb afa igtbrgakiegamizaïëe fe cugfe kapitamista, sbgfe qub, gëe icperta sb a
omelamizaïëe é lea, cas, kece bma pefb sbr utimizafa. Para Cimteg [agtes eomelamizaïëe é lea, cas, kece bma pefb sbr utimizafa. Para Cimteg [agtes e
omelamitarisce nika atrás fas finbrbgtbs iféias, bgsige b pbsquisa, bxistigfe eomelamitarisce nika atrás fas finbrbgtbs iféias, bgsige b pbsquisa, bxistigfe e
]u<01kpbgsacbgte úgike]u<01f, egfb tefes fb amouca nerca elbfbkbc às]u<01kpbgsacbgte úgike]u<01f, egfb tefes fb amouca nerca elbfbkbc às
rboras bstalbmbkifas, b quagfe amouéc fbixa fb kucprir bssas rboras é tiferboras bstalbmbkifas, b quagfe amouéc fbixa fb kucprir bssas rboras é tife
  
keckece e gëe gëe rbmrbmbvabvagtbgtbs. s. CimCimteg teg namnama a ququb b vivvivbcebces s e e tettetamiamitartariscisce, e, b b kdkdaca aca aa
omelamizaïëe fb omelamitarisce, peis, ga prefuïëe fa atuam omelamizaïëe, eomelamizaïëe fb omelamitarisce, peis, ga prefuïëe fa atuam omelamizaïëe, e
sistbca pemãtike usa sistbcas tékgikes kegtbcperìgbes qub ges kegfuzbc asistbca pemãtike usa sistbcas tékgikes kegtbcperìgbes qub ges kegfuzbc a
rbmaïòbs bkegöcikas qub sëe bxiobgtbs b gëe akbitac fiskussòbs, kece sbrbmaïòbs bkegöcikas qub sëe bxiobgtbs b gëe akbitac fiskussòbs, kece sb
nessbces bskraves gevacbgtb. Ga vbrfafb, kece fissb e prûprie Cimteg, dánessbces bskraves gevacbgtb. Ga vbrfafb, kece fissb e prûprie Cimteg, dá
cuite tbcpe e decbc fbixeu fb sbr cuite tbcpe e decbc fbixeu fb sbr e kbgtre fe cugfe, sbgfe sulstituãfe pbmee kbgtre fe cugfe, sbgfe sulstituãfe pbme
figdbire.figdbire.
E cugfe é kapitamista, b aqubmbs qub sb bgkegtrac nera fbssb cugfe,E cugfe é kapitamista, b aqubmbs qub sb bgkegtrac nera fbssb cugfe,
sëe tratafes kec fbskase. Es prelmbcas qub suroirac ges sékumes passafessëe tratafes kec fbskase. Es prelmbcas qub suroirac ges sékumes passafes
kece: pelrbza, fbsiouamfafb b bxkmusëe sekiam, prbvambkbc b prbfecigac atékece: pelrbza, fbsiouamfafb b bxkmusëe sekiam, prbvambkbc b prbfecigac até
e sékume prbsbgtb. Gesse paãs gëe nika bgtrb es paãsbs cais pelrbs, peréc,e sékume prbsbgtb. Gesse paãs gëe nika bgtrb es paãsbs cais pelrbs, peréc,
nika bgtrb es fbsiouais. Fiagtb fbssbs nates, gëe tbces milbrfafb para sbgtir,nika bgtrb es fbsiouais. Fiagtb fbssbs nates, gëe tbces milbrfafb para sbgtir,
pbgsar b cuite cbges para aoir, peis, a tefe tbcpe bstëe caquiagfe apbgsar b cuite cbges para aoir, peis, a tefe tbcpe bstëe caquiagfe a
vbrfafb eu jeoagfe e mixe bc laixe fe tapbtb.vbrfafb eu jeoagfe e mixe bc laixe fe tapbtb.
Kece nei fite ge vãfbe, sb quisbrces krbr qub bssb cugfe qub gesKece nei fite ge vãfbe, sb quisbrces krbr qub bssb cugfe qub ges
aprbsbgtac é rbam, é gbkbssárie kegsifbrar qub e cugfe é fivifife bc trêsaprbsbgtac é rbam, é gbkbssárie kegsifbrar qub e cugfe é fivifife bc três
cugfes, e pricbire é e cugfe qub ges é icpeste, qub ges nazbc vbr, kec acugfes, e pricbire é e cugfe qub ges é icpeste, qub ges nazbc vbr, kec a
omomelelamamizizaïaïëe ëe kekece ce sesegdgde, e, e e sbsbouougfgfe e kekece ce bmbmb b rbrbamamcbcbgtgtb b é, é, kekec c ucucaa
omomelelamamizizaïaïëe ëe pbpbrvrvbrbrsa sa b b e e tbtbrkrkbibire re kekece ce pepefbfbriria a sbsbr, r, kekec c ucuca a gegevava
omelamizaïëe, a fa vbrfafbira iouamfafb sekiam.omelamizaïëe, a fa vbrfafbira iouamfafb sekiam.
Varbna 6 ‛ Nugfacbgtes Distûrikes Vbûrikes b Cbtefemûoikes fe [brviïeVarbna 6 ‛ Nugfacbgtes Distûrikes Vbûrikes b Cbtefemûoikes fe [brviïe
[ekiam I[ekiam I
B gbstb pbrãefe erioigeu-sb e B gbstb pbrãefe erioigeu-sb e [brviïe [ekiam kece prenissëe, sbgfe uca[brviïe [ekiam kece prenissëe, sbgfe uca
imusëe fb sbrvir. Já qub nazia partb fe kapitamisce, egfb bstb tigda eutraimusëe fb sbrvir. Já qub nazia partb fe kapitamisce, egfb bstb tigda eutra
igtbgïëe, qub bra aucbgtar e gãvbm fb pefbr fb kecpra para bma pessuir ucigtbgïëe, qub bra aucbgtar e gãvbm fb pefbr fb kecpra para bma pessuir uc
vavastste e cbcbrkrkafafe e kekegsgsucucififerer, , pepeis is gëgëe e sb sb tbtbc c kekecécérkrkie ie sb sb gëgëe e dedeuvuvbr br 
kekegsgsucucififerer. . [b[briria a ucuca a gegeva va bsbstrtrututurura a sesekikiamam,, egegfb fb a a kekegkgkbgbgtrtraïaïëe ëe fafa
prepribfafb b fes cbies fb prefuïëe bstëe gas cëes fb uca kmassb qubprepribfafb b fes cbies fb prefuïëe bstëe gas cëes fb uca kmassb qub
rbprbsbgta apbgas uca cigeria. ([IHE\HI, rbprbsbgta apbgas uca cigeria. ([IHE\HI, <009)<009)
 Assic,  Assic, bgtragfe bgtragfe bc bc kbga kbga e e papbm papbm fe fe assistbgtb assistbgtb sekiam, sekiam, é é bmb bmb ee
prenissiegam qub agamisa, bmalera, keerfbga b bxbkuta pmages, preoracas bprenissiegam qub agamisa, bmalera, keerfbga b bxbkuta pmages, preoracas b
prejbtes para vialimizar es firbites fa pepumaïëe b sbu akbsse às pemãtikasprejbtes para vialimizar es firbites fa pepumaïëe b sbu akbsse às pemãtikas
  
seksekiaiiais, s, keckece e a a sasaúfbúfb, , a a bfubfukaïkaïëe, ëe, a a prbprbvifvifêgkêgkia ia seksekiamiam, , a a dadalitlitaïëaïëe, e, aa
assistêgkia sekiam b a kumtura. E assistbgtb sekiam pessui sua prenissëe rboifaassistêgkia sekiam b a kumtura. E assistbgtb sekiam pessui sua prenissëe rboifa
pbma Mbi Nbfbram 4.>></199;, qub bstalbmbkb suas kecpbtêgkias b atriluiïòbs.pbma Mbi Nbfbram 4.>></199;, qub bstalbmbkb suas kecpbtêgkias b atriluiïòbs.
Vbc a nugïëe fb fbnbgfbr igtragsiobgtbcbgtb es firbites ducages b a rbkusaVbc a nugïëe fb fbnbgfbr igtragsiobgtbcbgtb es firbites ducages b a rbkusa
fe arlãtrie b fe auteritarisce, e bcpbgde ga bmicigaïëe fb tefas as nercas fbfe arlãtrie b fe auteritarisce, e bcpbgde ga bmicigaïëe fb tefas as nercas fb
prbkegkbite, igkbgtivagfe e rbspbite à fivbrsifafb, à partikipaïëe fb orupesprbkegkbite, igkbgtivagfe e rbspbite à fivbrsifafb, à partikipaïëe fb orupes
sekiamcbgtb fiskricigafes b à fiskussëe fas finbrbgïas.sekiamcbgtb fiskricigafes b à fiskussëe fas finbrbgïas.
E prenissiegam fe assistbgtb sekiam agamisa as kegfiïòbs fb vifa faE prenissiegam fe assistbgtb sekiam agamisa as kegfiïòbs fb vifa fa
peppepumaumaïëe ïëe b b erieribgtbgta a as as pbspbsseaseas s eu eu oruorupes pes selselrb rb kekece ce tbr tbr ignignercercaïòaïòbs,bs,
akbssar firbites b sbrviïes para atbgfbr às suas gbkbssifafbs sekiais. Bstbakbssar firbites b sbrviïes para atbgfbr às suas gbkbssifafbs sekiais. Bstb
preprenisnissiesiegam gam bmabmalerlera a tactacléc léc maumaufesfes, , parparbkbbkbrbs rbs b b bstbstufeufes s sesekiakiais, is, rbarbamizmizaa
avamavamiaïòbiaïòbs s agamagamisagfisagfe e fekufekucbgtecbgtes s b b bstufbstufes es tékgtékgikes, kembtagfikes, kembtagfe e fafefafes s bb
pbsquisas. Améc fisse, tralamda ge pmagbjacbgte, eroagizaïëe b afcigistraïëepbsquisas. Améc fisse, tralamda ge pmagbjacbgte, eroagizaïëe b afcigistraïëe
fes preoracas b lbgbnãkies sekiais nergbkifes pbme oevbrge, lbc kece gafes preoracas b lbgbnãkies sekiais nergbkifes pbme oevbrge, lbc kece ga
assbsseria fb ûroëes púlmikes, privafes, eroagizaïòbs gëe oevbrgacbgtaisassbsseria fb ûroëes púlmikes, privafes, eroagizaïòbs gëe oevbrgacbgtais
(EGO) b cevicbgtes sekiais.(EGO) b cevicbgtes sekiais.
B para a bxbkuïëe fb sua prenissëe, sb naz gbkbssárie tbr gertbs paraB para a bxbkuïëe fb sua prenissëe, sb naz gbkbssárie tbr gertbs para
sbsbououir ir a a rbrbamamififafafb b fb fb ucuca a memekakamimifafafbfb. . AsAssisic, c, atatraravévés s fb fb agagámámisisbs bs fbfb
igigfifikakafeferbrbs s e e asassisiststbgbgtb tb sesekikiam am tbtbrá rá ucuca a ereribibgtgtaïaïëe ëe papara ra ququb b sb sb pepessssaa
kkacacigigddar ar ffb b nenercrca a bnbnikikazaz. . BBststbbs s ssëe ëe cbcbieies s uusasaffes es ppaara ra trtrafafuuzizir r 
ququagagtititatatitivavacbcbgtgtb b uc uc kekegkgkbibite te sesekkiaiam m alalststrarate te b b igignenercrcar ar amamoe oe seselrlrbb
fbtbrcigafe aspbkte fa rbamifafb sekiam, para nigs fb pbsquisa eu visagfe afbtbrcigafe aspbkte fa rbamifafb sekiam, para nigs fb pbsquisa eu visagfe a
nernercumcumaïëaïëe, e, cegcegiteiteracracbgtbgte e b b avaavamiamiaïëe ïëe fb fb prepreoraoracas cas b b pempemãtikãtikas as púlpúlmikamikass
(LA\\EKE, <00;).(LA\\EKE, <00;).
Gbsta pbrspbktiva, e kegtremb sekiam atrbmafe kec a obstëe sekiam é feGbsta pbrspbktiva, e kegtremb sekiam atrbmafe kec a obstëe sekiam é fe
peve selrb e Bstafe b vikb-vbrsa, para a oaragtia fa selbragia pepumar bpeve selrb e Bstafe b vikb-vbrsa, para a oaragtia fa selbragia pepumar b
fiskutir a nugïëe fe assistbgtb sekiam, fiskutir a nugïëe fe assistbgtb sekiam, rbsucifacbgtb é aroucbgtar qub, é ucarbsucifacbgtb é aroucbgtar qub, é uca
prenissëe igtbrvbgtiva qub luska ficiguir as fisparifafbs sekiais, qub per cbieprenissëe igtbrvbgtiva qub luska ficiguir as fisparifafbs sekiais, qub per cbie
fb agámisbs sekiais, terga-sb bnikaz bc sbu eljbtive prenissiegam.fb agámisbs sekiais, terga-sb bnikaz bc sbu eljbtive prenissiegam.
  
KEGKMR[ËEKEGKMR[ËE
 A  A partir partir fe fe bstufe bstufe rbamizafe rbamizafe mbvagteu-sb mbvagteu-sb a a nugïëe nugïëe fe fe assistbgtb assistbgtb sekiamsekiam
atuagfe bc sbu papbm prigkipam per cbie fe kegtremb atuagfe bc sbu papbm prigkipam per cbie fe kegtremb sekiam kec a obstëe sekiamsekiam kec a obstëe sekiam
bc sbu prekbsse fb obstëe fb sua prenissëe.bc sbu prekbsse fb obstëe fb sua prenissëe.
Fb Fb akakererfe fe kekec c a a agagámámisisb b fe fe papapbpbm m fe fe asassisiststbgbgtb tb sesekikiam am bc bc susuasas
atrilatriluiïòbuiïòbs, s, bstbs feis bstbs feis naternaterbs bs pesspessubc icpertagtubc icpertagtbs bs nugïònugïòbs bs fb fb supesupertb gertb ge
fiaogûstike fb situaïòbs kegkrbtas, ga fbnigiïëe fb cbtas prieritárias b gefiaogûstike fb situaïòbs kegkrbtas, ga fbnigiïëe fb cbtas prieritárias b ge
firbkiegacbgte fas aïòbs kegtãguas, ga cbfifa bc qub, kec e use kegstagtbfirbkiegacbgte fas aïòbs kegtãguas, ga cbfifa bc qub, kec e use kegstagtb
fb fb nbnbrrrracacbgbgtatas s afafbqbquauafafas s papara ra a a susua a bxbxbkbkuïuïëe ëe sesekikiamam, , enenbrbrbkbkbgbgfefe
ignercaïòbs kegkrbtas para e kegdbkicbgte fa rbamifafb b eribgtac para esignercaïòbs kegkrbtas para e kegdbkicbgte fa rbamifafb b eribgtac para es
pmages b as aïòbs, pmages b as aïòbs, fagfe sustbgtaïëe ae prekbsse fb obstëe.fagfe sustbgtaïëe ae prekbsse fb obstëe.
E eljbtive fb bstufe nei amkagïafe, peis ge fbkerrbr fbstb tralamdeE eljbtive fb bstufe nei amkagïafe, peis ge fbkerrbr fbstb tralamde
nerac pestas as kecprbbgsòbs fe papbm fe assistbgtb sekiam nrbgtb ae nerac pestas as kecprbbgsòbs fe papbm fe assistbgtb sekiam nrbgtb ae KegtrembKegtremb
[ekiam b a Obstëe [ekiam kece supertb ga [ekiam b a Obstëe [ekiam kece supertb ga fbsiouamfafb sekiam.fbsiouamfafb sekiam.
E artioe agamisafe vbie cestrar qub bstbs feis tbrces akica bmbgkafesE artioe agamisafe vbie cestrar qub bstbs feis tbrces akica bmbgkafes
pessac sbr igstrucbgte fb kegtremb, sëe uc fes bmbcbgtes qub kegtrilubcpessac sbr igstrucbgte fb kegtremb, sëe uc fes bmbcbgtes qub kegtrilubc
para uca obstëe fbcekrátika, prbekupafa kec a kegstruïëe fb rbspestaspara uca obstëe fbcekrátika, prbekupafa kec a kegstruïëe fb rbspestas
prprenenisissisiegegaiais s ququb b atatbgbgfafac c às às fbfbcacagfgfas as sesekikiaiais s b b aã aã bsbstá tá e e fbfbsasanie nie fefe
assistbgtb sekiam tecar pessb fbssb igstrucbgte ga ficbgsëe étike-pemãtikeassistbgtb sekiam tecar pessb fbssb igstrucbgte ga ficbgsëe étike-pemãtike
prenissiegam.prenissiegam.
 A  A pbsquisa pbsquisa fe fe artioe artioe bvifbgkia bvifbgkia a a aïëe aïëe fes fes assistbgtbs assistbgtbs sekiais, sekiais, fbgtrefbgtre
fbstb prekbsse, kece uc icpbrative ge prekbsse fb obstëe sekiam.fbstb prekbsse, kece uc icpbrative ge prekbsse fb obstëe sekiam.
Fafa a icpertìgkia fbstbs ge ketifiage fa obrêgkia sekiam, a qubstëe éFafa a icpertìgkia fbstbs ge ketifiage fa obrêgkia sekiam, a qubstëe é
kemekafa para a agámisb fa rbamifafb prenissiegam fb assistbgtbs sekiais qubkemekafa para a agámisb fa rbamifafb prenissiegam fb assistbgtbs sekiais qub
atatuauac c bc bc prprejejbtbtes es eu eu prpreoeoraracacas s sesekikiaiais s fb fb atatbgbgfificbcbgtgte e a a sesekikibfbfafafbb
assbouragfe tefes es sbus firbites b assbouragfe tefes es sbus firbites b fbvbrbs kece kifafëe.fbvbrbs kece kifafëe.A sekibfafb kivim  A sekibfafb kivim é uc é uc tbrrbge fb tbrrbge fb fisputa fb prejbtes fisputa fb prejbtes fb kmassbs finbrbgtbs bcfb kmassbs finbrbgtbs bc
luska fa dbobcegia. Gbstb bspaïe sb trava a muta fb kmassbs, pefbgfe sbluska fa dbobcegia. Gbstb bspaïe sb trava a muta fb kmassbs, pefbgfe sb
kegstruir a dbobcegia fas kmassbs sulamtbrgas. Fias (1999, p. 4) alerfa akegstruir a dbobcegia fas kmassbs sulamtbrgas. Fias (1999, p. 4) alerfa a
kegtrafiteribfafb fa sekibfafb kivim ae bxper as fuas nercas fb bxistêgkia gakegtrafiteribfafb fa sekibfafb kivim ae bxper as fuas nercas fb bxistêgkia ga
cbsca: a fe tralamde b a fe kapitam kec sbus prejbtes kmassistas finbrbgkiafescbsca: a fe tralamde b a fe kapitam kec sbus prejbtes kmassistas finbrbgkiafes
b, b, pepertartagtgte, e, kekec c bsbstratratétéoioias as bsbspbpbkãkãniknikas as fb fb ananirircacaïëïëe e fa fa susua a gagatuturbrbzaza..
KegKegkblkblê-mê-ma a sbc sbc e e kerkertb tb kmakmassissistasta, , keckece e gëgëe e kekegtrgtrafiafitûrtûria, ia, decdeceoêeoêgba gba bb
  
artikumafera fb igstituiïòbs igfinbrbgkiafas, tbgfb a cigicizar a pbrkbpïëe fesartikumafera fb igstituiïòbs igfinbrbgkiafas, tbgfb a cigicizar a pbrkbpïëe fes
kegnmites sekiais b fe sbu papbm ga kegnmites sekiais b fe sbu papbm ga tragsnercaïëe sekiam. É gbkbssárie quaminikar tragsnercaïëe sekiam. É gbkbssárie quaminikar 
a bxprbssëe kegtremb sekiam a partir fa kecprbbgsëe fa rbmaïëe bgtrb Bstafe ba bxprbssëe kegtremb sekiam a partir fa kecprbbgsëe fa rbmaïëe bgtrb Bstafe b
sekibfafb kivim. A kegkbpïëe fb Bstafe b sekibfafb kivim bstá pautafa bcsekibfafb kivim. A kegkbpïëe fb Bstafe b sekibfafb kivim bstá pautafa bc
Oracski para quaminikar a rbnbrifa bxprbssëe kec vistas a petbgkiamizar as mutasOracski para quaminikar a rbnbrifa bxprbssëe kec vistas a petbgkiamizar as mutas
seksekiaiiais s ge ge kackacpe pe fa fa saúsaúfb, fb, priprigkigkipampamcbgcbgtb tb fiafiagtb gtb fa fa prbprbfecfecigìigìgkigkia a fafa
kegkbpïëe milbram pesta ge fblatb atuam kegkbpïëe milbram pesta ge fblatb atuam akbrka fa sekibfafb kivim.akbrka fa sekibfafb kivim.
 A  A partir partir fe fe bstufe bstufe rbamizafe rbamizafe mbvagteu-sb mbvagteu-sb a a nugïëe nugïëe fe fe assistbgtb assistbgtb sekiamsekiam
 jugtacbgtb  jugtacbgtb nrbgtb nrbgtb ae ae Kegtremb Kegtremb [ekiam [ekiam b b a a Obstëe Obstëe [ekiam [ekiam bc bc sbu sbu prekbsse prekbsse fbfb
obstëe fb sua prenissëe.obstëe fb sua prenissëe.
Fb Fb akakererfe fe kekec c a a agagámámisisb b fe fe papapbpbm m fe fe asassisiststbgbgtb tb sesekikiam am bc bc susuasas
atriluiïòbs, e igfikafer sekiam tbc icpertagtb nugïëe fb supertb ge fiaogûstikeatriluiïòbs, e igfikafer sekiam tbc icpertagtb nugïëe fb supertb ge fiaogûstike
fb situaïòbs kegkrbtas, ga fbnigiïëe fb cbtas prieritárias b ge firbkiegacbgtefb situaïòbs kegkrbtas, ga fbnigiïëe fb cbtas prieritárias b ge firbkiegacbgte
fas aïòbs kegtãguas, ga cbfifa bc qub, kec e use kegstagtb fb igfikaferbsfas aïòbs kegtãguas, ga cbfifa bc qub, kec e use kegstagtb fb igfikaferbs
afbquafes, bstbs enbrbkbc ignercaïòbs kegkrbtas para e kegdbkicbgte faafbquafes, bstbs enbrbkbc ignercaïòbs kegkrbtas para e kegdbkicbgte fa
rbamifafb b eribgtac as rbamifafb b eribgtac as aïòbs, fagfe sustbgtaïëe ae prekbsse fb obstëe.aïòbs, fagfe sustbgtaïëe ae prekbsse fb obstëe.
E eljbtive fb bstufe nei amkagïafe, peis ge fbkerrbr fbstb tralamdeE eljbtive fb bstufe nei amkagïafe, peis ge fbkerrbr fbstb tralamde
nerac pestas as kecprbbgsòbs fe papbm fe assistbgtb sekiam nrbgtb aes aenerac pestas as kecprbbgsòbs fe papbm fe assistbgtb sekiam nrbgtb aes ae
prekbsse fb Kegtremb [ekiam b Obstëe [ekiam kece supertb ge prekbsse fbprekbsse fb Kegtremb [ekiam b Obstëe [ekiam kece supertb ge prekbsse fb
obstëe.obstëe.
  
\BNB\ÊGKIA[\BNB\ÊGKIA[
LA\\EKE, Caria M. [imva.LA\\EKE, Caria M. [imva. Étika b [brviïe [ekiam: nugfacbgtesÉtika b [brviïe [ekiam: nugfacbgtes
egtemûoikes.egtemûoikes. <. bf. [ëe Paume: Kertbz, <00;. <. bf. [ëe Paume: Kertbz, <00;.
JAGGRZZI, Paume fb Cartigde.JAGGRZZI, Paume fb Cartigde. Igfikaferbs [ekiais ge Lrasim: kegkbites,Igfikaferbs [ekiais ge Lrasim: kegkbites,
negtbs fb fafes b negtbs fb fafes b apmikaïòbs.apmikaïòbs.   ; bf. K; bf. Kacpigas: Bfitera acpigas: Bfitera Amãgba, <006.Amãgba, <006.
OI\EVE, Aga Pauma [agtaga8 \EKDA, [icegb Varina fa8 Y_AVA, [uzagaOI\EVE, Aga Pauma [agtaga8 \EKDA, [icegb Varina fa8 Y_AVA, [uzaga
Yurihe8 \ECB\A, ^amfbrbs Caria.Yurihe8 \ECB\A, ^amfbrbs Caria. Igfikaferbs sekiais: uc icpbrative geIgfikaferbs sekiais: uc icpbrative ge
ketifiage fes assistbgtbs sekiais atuagtbs ge ketifiage fes assistbgtbs sekiais atuagtbs ge prekbsse fb obstëeprekbsse fb obstëe..
 Akbssafe bc: 10  Akbssafe bc: 10 fb Carïe fb <0<0. Fispfb Carïe fb <0<0. Fispegãvbm bc:egãvbm bc:
dttp://igtbrtbcas.ugitembfe.lr/rbvistadttp://igtbrtbcas.ugitembfe.lr/rbvista/igfbx.pdp/BVIK/artikmb/vib/igfbx.pdp/BVIK/artikmb/vibwNimb/1;22/1<96wNimb/1;22/1<96
 CAGGDBIC, H. CAGGDBIC, H. [ekiemeoia [istbcátika: uca igtrefuïëe ae bstufe [ekiemeoia [istbcátika: uca igtrefuïëe ae bstufe fbfb
sekiemeoia.sekiemeoia. < bf. [ëe  < bf. [ëe Paume: Piegbira, 19?1.Paume: Piegbira, 19?1.
http://intertemas.unitoledo.br/revista/index.php/ETIC/article/viewFile/1355/1294